Torrey, Reubeu, a Congregational minister, was born at Weymouth, Mass., April 3, 1789, and was a graduate of Brown University in the class of 1816. He was licensed to preach in 1817 by the Khode Island Congregational (Consociation, and, while pursuing his theological studies, preached more or less in different places. He was ordained in ]May, 1820, and became jiastor of the Congrega- tional Church in Eastford, Coim., where he remain- ed for twenty years (1820-40). On resigning, he acteil as a supply of the pulpit of the Church in North Mansfield, Conn., for two years (1841-43), and for the next five years (1843-48) was pastor of the Church in Trospect, Coim. Subsequently lie was pastor for seven or eiglit years of the Chureh in North jMadison, Conn., and in 1852 removed to Elm wood, a part of Providence, IJ. I., to take charge of a Church newly formed in that section of the city. His pastorate with this Church continued for eight years (1852-60). Tiie remainder of his life was spent in Providence, where he died, Sept. 22, 1870. (J. C. S.)
Torrigiano, Pietro, a celebrated Italian sculptor, was born at Florence about 1472. He studied the an- tiquities in the gardens of Lorenzo the IVIagnificent in company with jMichael Angelo; but, becoming jealous -of the growing distinction of the latter, he assaulted him so violently that he was obliged to leave Florence. He went to Home, where he was employed by pope Alexander VI ; but he afterwards gave up his profes- sion, and became a soldier under the didie of Valentino, and also under Vitelli and Piero de' JMedici. He again returned to his profession, and, executing several bronze figures for some Florentine merchants, accompanied them to England. He was employed by Henry VIII in erecting the tomb of Henry VII in A\'estminster Abbey, which was completed in 1519, and, it is supposed, the tomb of jMari^aret, countess of IJichmond, in Henry VII's Chapel. He left England finally in 1519, and visited S|)ain, where he executed several pieces of sculpture for convents, etc., and, among others, a group of the I'ir'/in and Infant. This was so beautiful tliat the duke de Ar- cos commissioned him to make a copy of it, promising liberal payment. Disappointed in receiving a large (piantify of copper coin, amounting to only thirty duc- ats, he seized a mallet and shivered the work into a thousand pieces. The duke accused him to the Inipiisi- tion as a sacrilegious heretic for destroying a figure of the Holy Virgin. Torrigiano was condemned, but avoided the ignominious end which awaited him bv X.-I I
starving himself. He died in 15-22. See Spooner, Biog. Diet, of Fine A rts, s. v.
Tortoise (3il, tsub, so called, according to Gese- nius, from morin// slotrly ; Sept. o KpoKoCtikoQ i> \tfi- (Talot; ; Vulg. crocudilus) occurs oidy in Lev. xi, 29 as the name of some unclean animal. Bochart (Hieroz.u, 463) witli mucli reason refers the llel). term to the kin- dred Araljic dhcd),^' a. large kin<i <if lizard," which, from the description of it as given by Damir, appears to be the Psaiinnosaurus scincns. or Monitor terjestris of Cuvier (Ri?f/ne Anim. ii, 26). This lizard is the waran el-hard of the Arabs, i.e. the land- waran {Varanus arena ritis), in contradistinction from the waran el-bahr, i. e. the water-lizard {Monitor Niloticns). It is common enough in the deserts of Palestine and North Africa. It is probably tlie Kf)OKoCu\oQ ;^£pfrnt()(; of Herodotus (iv, 192) and Dioscorides (ii, 71), or perhaps their (TK(yKOf, the Scincus ojjicinalis. — Smith. See Snaii,. The land-monitor (Psammosaurus scincus) is a lizard three or four feet in length, which, living in the sandy and rocky wastes, subsists on the beetles aiid other small animals that are found in such arid situations. It is of a yellowish or dusky tint, with darker green spots and bands, and with yellow , claws. Tristram, however, thinks the animal in question is the " Cromastix spi- nipis, d large spttits of It/ard \tr\ comm( n in tiit des-
Cromastix spiHT/vcs.
ert and sands of North Africa and Arabia. It is also well known in the .TudaBan wilderness, living in holes of the rocks and burrowing in the sand. It sometimes attains the length of two feet. Its most peculiar char- acteristic is its powerful spiny tail, broad and massive, and incrusted with close rows of stout prickly scale.e. This is its weapon of defence, which it uses with effect against its assailant. Its color is grass green, spotted with brown, but darker when irritated. It has a slow and awkward gait, turning its head from side to side with great caution as it walks. It rarely bites, but when it does so nothing will induce it to relinquish its grasp. It feeds chiefly on beetles, but will attack larger animals, even chickens, when in confinement. It is eaten by the Arabs"' [Xut. Hist, of the Bible, p. 255). See Ltzari>.
The same Hebrew word S3, Isab, is translated "cov- ered [wagons]" in Numb, vii, 3, and the same idea seems to be prominent in Isa. Ixvi, 20, where our trans- lators have rendered it "litters." According to Gese- nius, it means in both these passages a sedan or palan- quin (so called from beinc; gently borne). See Littkr.
Several kinds of tortoise inhabit Palestine and the surrounding regions. Among the land- tortoises the bordered tortoise (Testvdo mart/inata), prohahly the XeXw^l xifjrrala of Aristotle — a little species closely re- sembling the common T. Grcecu — replaces this latter in Egypt and the coast of Barbary ; and a near ally, T. Mauritanica, extends throughout North Africa and Western Asia, from Algiers to the Caspian. Besides