See U.irnum, Romanism as If Is (index); Jardine, On the Use of Torture in the Criminal Laiu of Krie/land (Lond. 1839, 8vo); Maclanrin, Introduction to Criminal Trials ; Nicolas, Si la Torture est vn Moi/en Sir a verifier les Crimes Secrets (1681, r2mo) ; Reitemaier, Sur la Question chez les Gives et les Eomains; Mitter- maier. Das deutsche Strafrerfahren, vol. i. See Tou-
.MENTOH.
Tor-wood Excommunication, .\fter the skir- mish at .\irsmoss and the exerution of Cameron, Cargill, during a fleld-preaching at Torwood, near .Stirling, pub- licly excommunicated the king, the did<e of York, the duke of Jlonmouth, the duke of Lauderdale, the duke of Rothes, General Dalziel, and Sir (ieorge jMackenzie. According to tradition, Rothes, during a dangerous sick- ness the following year, sent for some of the Presbyterian ministers, and in a fit of remorse confessed the justice of the sentence. The duke of Hamilton added, "We banish these men. and yet when dying we send for them."- — Eadie, Eccles. Ci/clop. s. v.
Tosaphoth (nsOin) denotes those additions or supplementary r/losses to Rashi's (q. v.) commentary on the Talmud which are found along with the latter in every edition of the Talmud. The disciples of Rashi, when they found that their master's ex]iositioiis could be extended and improved, set about this work of ex- position immediately after his death, filling up every gap, and using up every scrap which their searcher had left. Out of reverence for him, they would not
TOSI
499 TOULOUSE, COUNCILS OF
put down their opinions in an independent manner, but (Iciiomiiiated them riEDir., addiliuns, and hence they \vere called Tasuphi-'ts. The first Tosaphists \vere Ids two soiis-iu-law, il. Meier ben-Samuel and .Jflmdah ben- Xathan. the latter called by way of abbreviation Ribun, -"--n=:-|ri3 "2 miiT' ■^-■'•; his three [;Tandsons, I!. Isaac, 1>. Samuel, and E. Jacob Tain, sons of K. Meier, who are respectively called from their initials Ribam, D ^"i"! = n-S"2 "p ~n:j^ '"i, Rashbam (q.v.), and R. Turn (q.v.); and, lastly, K. Isaac ben-Asher of Spires, called Riba, j<"3i-i = -ii:;X "i- pn:i"' ^::i, also a relative of Rashi. The latter is called T'EDirn ?r3, or the Tosaphist KUT t^oxip: Besides these, we mention Joseph Porat, son of Sanniel ben-Meier; Isaac ben-Samuel of Dom- paire. also called Isaac the Elder, a nephew of II. Tarn ; Samuel ben-Natronai, called Rxtshbal, 13 2w~i ; Isaac ben-]\Iordecai, of Augsburg; Isaac Halabau ben-Jacob,of I'ragiie, etc. They are enumerated by Zunz in bis Zur Gfschir/ite und Literatur (Berlin, 1845, p. 29 sq.), where the student will find all necessary information. (B. P.)
Tosi, Joseph, a Roman Catholic theologian, was born in the year 1824 at Witschein, in Styria. In 1846 he received holy orders, and in 1853 he was promoted at Vienna as doctor of theology. In the same year he was called as [irofessor of dogmatics to Griitz, where he remained until the year 1868. He then went to Vienna and lectured until the year 1871, when he was appointed canon of St. Stephen's, and died May 14, 1875. He pub- lished. Lectures on the SyUahus Errnrum of the Papal Kncyvl. dated Dec. 8, 1864 (Vienna. \Hi\h):—Ueber Re- liciionslosiijhiit nnd Wissenscha/t, Daru-iuismns iind den I'rspriaitf des Menschen (Griitz, 1865). Comp. lAtera- rischer //andweiser fiir das kathol. Deutscldund, 1866, p. 59, 163; 1875,* p. 252. (B. P.)
Tostado, Ai.ONSO, a Spanish prelate, was born at Madrigal in 1400. He studied at Salamanca, and at the age of twenty-two received his degree. He was elected to the chair of theology, and soon gained a wide rejuitation. In 1431 he was sent to the Coimcil of Basle, and liv some of bis utterances attracted the attention and condemnation of the holy sep. In 1443 he was ordered to ap]iear before an assembly of theologians at Sienna, and was convicted of unsound doctrine. On his return to Spain, through the intercession of the king, he received the bishopric of Avila, and was also member of the Council of Castile. He died near Avila Sept. 3, 1455. His works are numerous, and a large number were published at Venice in 1547, 24 vols. fol. ; they consist of mystical commentaries on the lives of the Bible and on Matthew. Besides these are Cumentario sobre Eiisebio (Salamanca, 1506) : — Confesionario (Lo- grofio, 1520). See Viera y Clavijo, Eloc/io de Alonso Tostado ; Antonio, Bibl. Hisp. Vetus. — Hoefer, Nouv. Bioff. Generale, s. v.
Total Abstinence. See Temperance.
Toil (1 Cliron. xviii, 9, 10). See Toi.
Toule, Council of. See Tousi, Coincii- of.
Toulmin, Joshua, D.D., an English Unitarian min- ister, was born in London May 11, 1740. Educated at a Dissenting academy, he became minister of a Dissenting congregation in Colyton, Devonshire, and in 1765 of a Baptist congregation in Taimton. Afterwards he adopt- ed Unitarian views from Harvard College in 1794, and in 1804 was chosen one of the ministers of the Unitarian congregation at Birmingham, formerly presided over by Dr. Priestley. Here Dr. Toulmin contimied to labor un- til his death, July 23, 1815. He was an able preacher and an industrious writer. He wrote. Sermons to Youth, etc. (Honiton, 1770, 12mo; 2d ed. Taimton, 1789, 8vo) : — Memoirs of' F. Socinus (Lond. 1777, 8vo^: — Disserta- tinis on the Eridences of Christ ianiti/ (1785, 8voV. — Re- view of the Life of John Biddle (1789, 8vo ; 179i, 8vo) : — History of the Totcn of Taunton (1791, 4to) : — Sermons