See Mansi, xv, 1001. — Landon, Manual of Councils, s. v.
Tousi, Councils of {Concilium Tulleme, or apud Saponarias),v/eTe held at Tousi, a place in the diocese of Toul.
I. This conncil was held in June, 859. Charles the Bald and the sons of the emperor Lothaire were present. Thirteen canons were iniblished, of which the first treats of the reconciliation of Charles and his brother Louis. The si.xth relates to a charge of treason brought by Charles the Bald against Venilon, bishop of Sens. Can- on 8 relates to the case of the Breton bisho|)S who had been guilty of schism in separating from their metro- politan. The tenth contains cerlaiu dogmas relating to grace (originally |nir forth in the first six canons of Valence, iu the Synod of Quiercy), concerning which there arose a great contention among the bishops pres- ent, .Synodal letters were ad<lre.ssed to Venilon, the Breton jirelates, and to those factions and seditious per- sons whose unbridled licentiousness bad caused extreme disorder. See Mansi, ConciL viii,974.
II. The second Council of Tousi (also called Concili- um Tullense, or Tussiacense) was held in 8(50. Forty bishops from fourteen provinces attended. Five can- ons were published, directed against robbery, perjury, and other crimes, then very prevalent. Although only forty bishops were present, these canons are signeil by tifty-seven, the decrees of councils being often sent to the bishops who were absent for their signature.
1. Is directed against invaders of sacred things.
2. Concerning the iucoutiiience of virgins or widows consecrated to God.
8. On perjiny and false witnesses.
4. Against robbers and others guilty of various crimes.
5. Conceruiug vagabond clerks and monks.
A -synodal letter was also drawn up, addressed to the invaders of ecclesiastical rights and property, and the plunderers of the poor. See 3Iansi, viii, 702. — Landon, Manual of Councils, s. v.
Toussaiii, or Tu.ssanu.s, Daxiki,. a French Prot- estant minister, was born at Montbelliard, iu the de- partment of Doulis, July 15, 1541. After some edu- cation in his native place, Toussaiii went to Basle iu 15.5,5, where he studied two years. He then spent two years in Ttibingen, applying himself to belles-lettres, philosophy, and divinity. Finding himself indiffer-.
TOW
503
TOWER
ently acquainted with the French language, he went to Paris in 155i>, and, after a residence of a year, went to Orleans, where lie taught Hebrew for some time, and, being admitted into the ministry, officiateil in the Church there. While in Orleans he was frequently ex- posed to dangers arising out of the war between the Catholics and Protestants, but escaped them and tinally reached Heidelberg, whither he had been invited by Frederick HI. The prince afterwards employed him in visiting the Reformed churches in his dominions. On the death of the elector in 1576, his son, Casimir, in- vited Toussain to Neustadt, made him superintendent of the churches there, and, on the death of Ursinus, professor of divinity. In 1578 he presided at a synod assembled by Casimir for the purpose of establishing conformity in doctrine and discipline, and of assisting the exiles of the palatinate. When the prince became regent in 1583, he removeil to Heidelberg, and employ- ed Toussain in promoting the Keformed religion. In 1586 he was appointed to succeed Grynreiis, tirst pro- fessor of divinity at Heidelberg; and in 1594 was chos- en rector of the university. He died Jan. 10, 1602, and was buried in the university chapel. His publish- ed works, in many volumes 4to and folio, are principal- ly commentaries on various parts of the Bible, and de- fences of particular doctrines of the Keformed Church. His life was published by his son Paul under the title Vild el Obitus Danidis Tussditi, etc. (Heidelberg, 1603, 4to). See Clialmers, Bioq. Diet. s. v.
Tow is the rendering in the A. V. of the Heb. words (1) r'^"5, nco'reih (so called as being shaken off from flax in hatchelling), refuse (Judg. xvi, 9); (2) nri'ro, pishteh (Isa. xliii, ol'),Jiax (as elsewhere rendered). iSee LixEN.
To'wel (Xejtioi', for Lat. Unlevm, a linen cloth, John xlii, 4, 5) was the apron worn by servants and persons in waiting (see (ialen, l)e Cump, Med, c, ix\ Sueton. Caliy. 26). See AriiON.
To^wer is the rendering in the A. V. of the following Heb, and (ir. words: 1. "|n3, ")'n3, and "ins (Se|)t. t'7rnX^(c),from "na, to '"search," "explore," a searcher or watcher; and hence the notion of a watch - tow^er. In Isa. xxxii, 14 the tower of Ophel is probably meant (Neh. iii, 26). 2. b-T;-2, and h'r\-^-2 or 3T15"3 ( 7ri')pyoc; ; iurris). from bn-S, to "become great," a lofty tower; used sometimes as a proper noun. See IMig-
DOU 3. "lilJlQ (TTtTpa; muiii-
iio), a strong fortification ; only
once " tower" (Hab. ii, 1). See
Egypt. 4. bsi* (oZkoc; dn-
nuis), only in 2 Kings v, 24. See Ophel. 5. nSQ,
usually " corner," twice only "tower" (Zeph. i, 16;'^iii,
6; ywvia; avgulus). 6. nS^J-S ( tr/coTrta ; specula'),
"watch-tower." See Mizpah.' 7. ^J'rTa (o;y;t'pai/in ;
ro6«?-), " a refuge," only in poetry. See Mi so a b. 8.
TlvpyoQ, the general term in the New Test. See For-
TIFICA-riON.
Isolated watch-towers or fortified posts in frontier or exposed situations are mentioned in Scripture, as the tower of Kdar. etc. (Gen. xxxv, 21 ; Mic. iv, 8; Isa. xxi, ,5, 8, 11 ; Hab. ii, 1 ; Jer. vi, 27 ; Cant. vii. 4); the tower of Lebanon, perhaps one of David's "garrisons" (netsib, 2 Sam. vii, 6; Riiumer, Palwst. p. 29). Such towers or outposts for the defence of wells, and the pro- tection of flocks and of commerce, were built by Uzziah in the pasture-grounds {midbar) [see Dksekt]. and