.5. Orders each Chnnli to maintain its own poor, that they may not be obli^^ed to wander uboul.
6. Forbids clerks and lay persons to give letters com- mendatory {i>p>xti)liU7)i), iuid allows this to bishops oidy.
12. Orders married bishops to live with their wives as with sisters.
1.5. Or<lers that monks who leave their monastery in or- der to marrj shall be separated from their wives, and put to iienancc; and that the aid of the secular powers shall l>e entreated in oriler to effect this.
_ 17. Orders lh.it moidcs shall fast dnrins; the three Roga- tion davs and during the whole of\\hitMni week; from that time to AujiUst 1, three. days in eacli week; during Septenil>er, October, and November, also three days in each week; and during December every day till t hrist- nia.''. Again., on the first three days of January ; and t'roni Epiphany to Lent, three days in each week.
23. Allows hymns composed liy an author of respecta- bility to be nsed at llie holy office, besides lht)se of St. Aui- bro!*e.
27. Declares that bishops taking any fee, etc., for ordi- nation are to be regarded not merely as guilty of sacri- lege, but even as heretics.
See iMaiisi, v, 851.
III. Ilekl in SV^. by <^r<ler of Charlemagne, for the purpose of re-establishing ecclesiastical discipline. Fil- ty-one canons were publislieiL
1. Orders the people to be faithful to the emi)eror, and to piay for his preservation.
2. Orders bishops to irive themselves to the study of the Holy Scriptures, especially of the gospels, and epistles of St. Paid, and to try to learn them by heart.
3. Orders them to acquaint themselves with the canons and the pastoial of St. Grej^orj".
4. 5, and 6. Older that they siiall preach frequently; that they shall be frugal in their repasts, and eiiieitaiu the poor and str.iiiigers, afl'ordiiig them both bodily and spir- itual food.
7. Forbids priests to be present at plays and farces and all immodest exhibitions.
9. Forbids priests to administer indisci'eetly the Lord's body to boys and any chance persims, lest they be in sin, audso receive the greater damnation.
15. Anathematizes those who give money in order to obtain a benefice-
Ifi. Orders bishops to take care that the tithes of each church be divided between the priests, the poor, and the repairs, etc., of the churcli.
19. \\ arns priests not to administer the holy encharist inconsiderately to children.
21. Forbids priests to eat and drink in taverns.
27 and 28. Forbid to give the veil to young widows, without good evidence of their sincere love of a religious life, and to virgins under twenty-five years of age.
37. Orders that prayer be made kneeling at all times, except oil Sundays and during Easter.
38. Warns tlie faithful not to make a noise when enter- ing church, not to talk when tliere, and to keep all bad thoUL'hts out of their minds.
39. Forbids to hold pleadings in churches or church- porches.
40. Forbids to hold pleadin;rs or niai'icets on Sundays. 43. Is directed against the wicked habit of swearing. 50. Orders all persoirs to comiiuinicale at least thrice
a year, unless hindered by some great crime.
See Mansi, vii, 1259,
IV. Held in 1055, liy Hildebrand, the Roman legate (afterwards (iregory YIl). and cardinal Geraklus. In this council Berenger was called upon to defend his opin- ions ; but, not being able to do so satisfactorily, he re- tracted, and made a public confession of the true faith, which he signed ; whereupon the legates, believing him to be sincere, received him into communion. See Man- si, ix, 108 U
V. Held in 1000, by cardinal Stephen, the Rotnan leg- ate, and ten hishops^ Ten cjuions were made; the hrst four condemn simonj'.
0. Declaiies that those bishops, priests, and deacons who, although aware of the interdict of Nicholas H, refused to abstain from the exercise of their functions, beini: at the time in a state of incoutiuence, should be irrevocably de- posed
See Mansi, is, 1108.
VL Held in Lent, 1096, by pope Urban II, who pre- sided. The decrees of the Council of Clermont were <?onfirmcd. The pope receiveil into favor king Pliiiip ((who had been excommunicated for forsaking Itertrade, his lawful wile), upon his humbly making satisfaction. See jNIansi, x. 001.
VH. Held May 19, 1 1<k5, in the Church of St. Maurice, by pope Alexander III, assisted by seventeen cardinals. There were also pre.sent, besides Louis VII, king of IFTance, one hundred and twenty-four bishops, four bun-
TOURS, COUNCILS OF
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TOUSSAIN"
dreil and fourteen abbots, and an immense multitude of otliers, both ecclesiastics and laics. These prelates were assembled from all the provinces in subjection to tlie kings of France and Kngland; some few of them also were Italians, who had declared for Alexander. Amonj^ the Knglish j)relates was Thomas, archbishoi) of Canterbury, who was received by the pope with ex- traordinary honors, all the cardinals present, except two iu immediate attendance upon Alexander, being sent beyond the city walls to meet him. The arch- bishop ofCanterbury sat on the ri.:;lit hand of the pope, tiie archbishop of York on the left. The immediate object of the council was the condemnation of the syn- ods of I'isa and Lodi, convoked by the emperor Fred- erick. Ten canons were published.
2. Condemns usury among the clergy.