Tournon, Charles Thomas, Maillard de, an Italian cardinal, was born at Turin Dec. 21. 1008. He received his education at the Propagaixla at Rome, where he sidisequently tanglit. He was made chatiiberlain of honor, and in 1701 was raised to the dignity of patriarch of Antioch, and confided with the difficult mission of regulating the affairs of the Church in China and the Indies. In 1702 he departed on his enterprise, touched at Madagascar, and tlie following year reached Pondi- cherry. When he reached Canton, lie collected the mis- sionaries, told the object of his coming, and ordered that all traces of the heathen worship should be removed from the churches and iiouses of the native Christians. The emperor was highly incensed. He joined the mis- sionaries against Tournon, and sent him to ISIacao, where he was imprisoned in the Convent of the Jesuits. He died June 8, 1710. See Passionei, Memorie Storiche.— Hoefer, Xotir. Biog. Generale, s. v.
Tournon, Francois de, cardinal d'Ostia, was born at Tonrn<in in 1489. At the age of twelve he took the habit of the regular canons of St. Augustine at the .\bbcy of St. Anthony in Dauphiny. Francis I gave him the Abbey of Chaise-Dieu, and in 1517 made him archbishop of Embrun. In 1525 he became archbishop of Bourges, and from that time his honors increased with every year. Francis I loaded him Avith benefices and offices, and employed him in political and ecclesias- tical intrigues. In 1530 he was created cardinal, and
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soon after rose to the dignit\- of dean of tlie College of Cardinals. He was one of the princi|ial negotiators of tlie Trcatv of Madrid in 152G, and was actively engaged in bringing about the Peace of Cambrai. During the (juarrcl between Henry VHI of Enghmd and the holy see. Toiiruon proposed concessions to Clement VH, which, if they had been complied with, woidd have prevented the whole Reformation in luigland. When ('harles V invaded Provence, Tournon was n)ade lieu- tenant-general of the French army, and directed the operations of the war. He represented France at the Conference of Nice, and in 1538 signed the treaty which gave France ten years of peace. Tournon was a bitter enemy of reform in wliatever shape it might come, and stained his reputation by his bloody attacks upon heresy. 'J'iie terrible persecution of tiie Vaudois was in great jiart of his instigation. At the death of Francis I he fill out of favor, and under Henry II was obliged to re- turn to Home. In ids new iliocese of Lyons lie carried on a I'earful ijersecution against the Calvinists. At the ileath of Henry II he returneii to France, and was called to the councils of the queen mother. His appearance was the signal for new rigors, and he endeavored to obtain the return of the Jesuits, to whom he gave his college of Tournon. He had great intinence over Charles IX, and what terrors may not be due to this fact'? Tournon died at the abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Pres April 22, 15G2. He liad little time, among his political affairs, to attend to letters, and left no works behind him. See Fleury-Ternal, llist. du Ctxrdiiud de Toin-non ; La Thaitmassiere, llht. du Berry ; De Thou, //(*■/. siti Tern}}. — Hoefer, Xouc, Biog. Geiierale, s. v.
Tours, Councils of (Concilium Titronese). These councils were held in Tours, department of Indre-et- Liiire, France. It is the seat of an archbishopric, and the archl)isliop resides here in a palace of nnconnnon beauty. It formerly contained the celebrated cathedral of St. Martin of Tours, which w-as destroyed in 1793, and of which only two towers remain.
I. The first council was held Nov. 18, 461. by St. Per- petuus, archbishop of Tours, a.ssisted by nine bish<ips. Thirteen canons were made for the restoration of the ancient discipline.
1 and 2. Enjoin celibacy upon bishops, priests, and dea- cons.
3. Fm-bids them to live, or be on terms of too great fa- miliarity, with any woman.
4. Forbids a clerk to marry a widow.
.">. Excommunicates those who renounce the ecclesias- tical state.
6. Is directed against those who marry or ofler violence to virgins consecraled to God.
7. Excommunicates homicides.
8. Coiidemus those who fall away from a state of pen- ance after having entered upon it."
9. Deprives of conunnnion bishops who get posses'^ion of the l)isliopric of another, or who promote the clerks of another bishop.
10. Declares ordinations made contrary to the canons to be null.
11. Condemns ecclesiastics who leave their own Church and go to another diocese without their bishop's leave.
12. Condemns clerks who leave their dioceses to travel without letters from their bishop.
13. Coiulenms usury in clerks; allows other business and eiiiployuients.
Mansi adds to these thirteen canons si.x others (Con- cil. iv, KM!)).
H. Held Nov. 17, .506; convoked by order of king Charibert, and composed of nine bishops, among whom were Cermanus of Paris, Pr;ete.xtatus of liouen, and luiphronius of Tours, who presided. Twenty -seven canons were published.
1. Orders provincial councils twice a year.
3. Forl)ids to place the body nf Jesus (Jhrist upon the allai- after any fashion, and orders that it shall be placed under the cross.
4. Forbids laymen to come close to the altar with the clerks dining the office: but allows them, and women alsi.. to enter the sanctuary for private prayer at other times, and also in oider to receive the conini'unioii.