PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
Dictionary of the Apostolic Church — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,014,604 words · 1012 reading sections
Section 721
In religious rites and ceremonies Greece was re- markably conservative. Pausanias [Description of Greece [ed. J. G. Frazer, 6 vols., London, 1898J) records (passim) that as he went through tiie country in the 2nd cent, of our era he found the primitive worsliips faithfully maintained in every city and village by the si…
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(3) For the Christian conquest over grief see art. Comfort. (4) The grief of God over human perversity is recognized in He 3^"-" {irpocroxdi^cn}, and in Eph 4^" the Cliristian is warned against grieving the Holy Spirit. (5) The grief of Jesus is cited in He S'"^" as an indication that, so far from taking the priestho…
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These ideas are carried forward to the NT, and we have frequent references to the phenomena of growth, while the comparison between growth in the natural and in the spiritual world is fully de- veloped. Four separate connexions in which the idea of growth is applied can be distinguished. 1. In Jn 3'" the word av^dvo) …
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AV. F. Boyd. GUARD.— (1) In Ac 523, 126. 19 the AV renders ^i^Xa/ces ' keepers,' whicli the RV retains in the former passage, where the watchmen are Jewish, but changes into 'guards' in the latter, where they are Koman, Arrested by the high priest Annas, and put ' in public ward' (Ac 5^^ : ^f r-qp-qaei. 5r]/j.oaig.), …
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GUILT.-See SiN. H HADES. — Hades is a Lat. word adopted from the Gr. "AtSijs (^'St;;), which is used in the LXX to translate the Heb. Sheol and in NT Gr. to denote the same idea as was expressed by Sheol in the OT, viz. 'the abode of the dead.' The word has been consistently used in the RV of the NT to render ^'5?;s …
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If the words ' Now this Hagar is mount Sinai in Arabia' are retained, they allude to the historical connexion of the Hagarenes (Ps 83*') or Hagarites (1 Ch 5^"), the'A7/)atot of Eratosthenes [ap. Strabo, XVI. iv. 2) — of whom Hagar was no doubt a personi- fication— with Arabia. (In Bar 3^^ the Arabians are called the '…
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The greater abundance of hair possessed by woman as compared with man is mentioned by St. Paul in an argument against the practice of unveiled women praying and prophesying (1 Co JJ14. 18^ K(5;itT?). Nature's covering, he says, shows that the veil should be employed ; to be unveiled is no better than to be shorn (vv.^-…
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H. Wheeler Robinson. HANDKERCHIEF, NAPKIN.— The word (rovMpiov ( = Lat. sudariam) is translated by 'handkerchiefs' (plur.) in Ac 19^2^ b^t elsewhere in the NT by 'napkin' (Lk 192«, Jn ll^* 20'). See DCG, s.v. •Napkin.' Its equivalent appears in Talmudic literature as an article of clothing (one of the over- garments),…
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While the religious leaders of Israel assert the efficiency of God in unqualified terms, they lay no foundation for that high predestinarianism which maintains the Divine sovereignty and leaves only a semblance of freedom to man. The theology of the OT is not deterministic, as 'the accepted Muhammadan theology is undou…
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HARLOT HARLOT 523 T(j vXda-avTi), "AVhy didst thou make me thus?'" the answer must be that ' a man is not a thing, and if the whole explanation of his destiny is to be souglat in the bare will of God, he tvill say. Why didst thou make me thus ? and not even the authority of Paul will silence him ' (J. Denney, EGT, '…
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In He IP^ Rahab has a place in the catalogue of the heroes of faith ; while in Ja 2^^ gj^g jg referred to, beside Abraham, as an example of good works. In the description given of her by Clem. Rom. she is praised for both faith and works : ' For her faitli and hospitality Rahab the harlot was saved ' (i. 12). The scarl…
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The language in which the harlot's doom is described by the seer has been criticized as un- christian. ' He that takes delight in such fancies is no whit better than he that first invented them ' (P. Wernle, The Beginnings of Christianity, Eng. tr., L [1903] 370). But the downfall of ii/3/)is in a State or individual e…
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HARP HARVEST 525 ' the glassy sea mingled \vith fire ' and sing the the song of Moses, have ' harps of God ' to sing His praise (15-). In 18'-^ the angel who doomed the great city of Babylon declared that it would hear no more the voice of harpers (cf. Is 23^^). When we attempt to describe exactly the design and ma…
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In Gal 6^- ^ the harvest is made to depend on the nature of the gi'ound into which the seed is cast, but in 1 Co 9^' the reference is rather to the par- ticular kind and quality of the seed sown (cf. Job 4^), while in 2 Co 9^ the amount sown is the point emphasized. In Ja 5* we have another allusion to the agri- cultu…
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employed (cf. Mt 3^-). The chopped straw, called tibn, is used as fodder for the cattle. But, even after the winnowing, the grain is still mixed with small stones, pieces of clay, unbruised ears and tares, all of which must be removed be- fore the corn is ready for use. Hence the necessity of the further process of si…
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Cicero defines hatred [odium) as 'ira inveterata' {Tusc. Disp. iv. 9), a phrase which Chaucer borrows in Persones Tale, ' Hate is old wrathe.' But ira is in itself a morally neutral instinct, which becomes either righteous or unrighteous according to the quality of the objects against which it is directed. The dvfibs /…
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The custom of anointing the head is mentioned (figuratively) in 1 Clem. Ivi. 5 ; Ign. Eph. xvii. 1 ; * Even if it were, Galen's ascription of psychical attributes to organs otlier than the brain would show the wide gfull between ancient and modern psychology. t The original motive of this wide-spread practice is prob…
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The Pauline analogy of ' body ' and ' Church ' is employed by Clement of Rome, though without explicit reference to the Headship of Christ, the head being named here simply as a higher member : ' The head without the feet is nothing ; so likewise the feet without the head are nothing : even the smallest limbs of our bo…
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Literature. — H. Cremer, Lex. of NT Greek^, Edinburgh, 1880, s.v. KapSia, and PRE^ vii. 773 ; J. Laidlaw, Bible Doctrine of Man, new ed., Edinburgh, 1895, p. 121 ; B. Weiss, Biblical Theology of the NT, Eng. tr., do. 1882-3, 1. 348. J. C. Lambert. HEATHEN.— The word 'heathen' still finds a measure of favour with the O…
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UeuiKdi occurs in the NT 4 times (Mt 6« (P 18", S Jn 7> Neither i0vuc6s nor Wi-iKis (Gal 2") is found in the I.XX. 530 HEAVEjS^ HEAVEJf and tenderness. Nor should we forget that the saying which immediately precedes is, ' Let the children ^rs^ be filled.' The Syrophcenician, with the quick penetration of faith, per…
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(b) Pcdestinian. — The two important writings belonging to this period are Apoc. Baruch and 2 Esclras. For a full treatment of their critical analysis and eschatological system see Charles, Eschatology, ch. viii., also Box, The Ezra-Apoca- lypse, 1912, and the edition of both in Charles, Ap)oc. and Pseudcpig. of the OT…
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tian's future existence as determined by Christ's existence. Possibly, also, he so takes it for granted that believers will have their place in a Messianic earthly kingdom that he does not think it necessary to mention it. The grief of survivors in 1 Th 4^^ seems to imply this clearly, also the reference to the judgmen…
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The Pastorals, James and Jude add nothing of importance for the study of this particular con- ception. 5. Johannine literature. — The treatment of the Johannine literature as a whole is of course impossible. While it still remains a tenable posi- tion to regard the Apocalypse, the E])istles, and the Gospel as the work…
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(2) The eschatological passages— 14i-8 IV^'^. Here it is worthy of note that the use of the term ' heaven ' is avoided. The nearest approach to a suggestion of a place is the ])hrase 'in my Father's house are many abodes,' which may perhaps be taken as a spiritualizing of the Temple (cf. ' my Father's house' in 2^*). A…
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Literature. — R. H. Charles, Eschatologp^, 1913, Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the OT, 1913; P. Volz, Jiidische Eschatolofiie, 1903 ; J. B. Lightfoot, Apostolic Fathers, 1 vol., 1891 ; C. Clemen, Primitive Christianity aiid its Non-Jewish Sources, Eiifr. tr., 1912 ; E. F. Scott, The Fourth Gospel, 1906, The Kingdom a…
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The Hebrew language is on several occasions referred to in the NT. What is meant is not the ancient Hebrew of the OT but the Aramaic dialect of Palestine which was understood by the Jews of Jerusalem at the date of the apostles {Ac 21^" 22* 26'^). Literature.— H. Ewald, Gescftic/itedes Volkea Israel^, i. [1864] 407 f…
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(2) The mediators of the old covenant {angels, MoseSfJoshua, Aaron) inferior to theone Mediator of the new. — The Law was spoken through angels. The Son is greater than any angel, not only in His Divine glory, but also in the glory of His humilia- tion. For, as perfect man. He was the first to achieve the high destiny …
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(5) Summing up of the argument: the shadow and the substance. — The Law was only an outline sketch of good things to come ; its repeated sacri- fices were symbols, calling attention to man's sins, but incapable of cleansing, for blood of buHs and 536 HEBKEVVS, EPISTLE TO THE HEBKEWS, EPISTLE TO THE goats could never…
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{b) The Incarnation. — Having once clearly stated at the outset the eternal Divinity of the Son, the Epistle dwells almost entirely on His life, work, and exaltation as man. The reason for this is to be found in the apologetic aim of the writer. His readers' perplexities centred round Christ's earthly life of suflering…
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(ii.) The central function of priesthood is to offer sacrifice. If Christ be perfect Priest, what has He to ofi"er (8*) ? — The eternal Sacrifice which corre- sponds to the eternal Priesthood. Once more the idea is worked out by means of a contrast with Levitical institutions and the exposition of a verse from the Psal…
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(3) The Christian Life.— The 'great salva- tion' (2^) wrought by Christ is variously described in the Epistle as the realization of man's lordship over creation (2^- ^), deliverance from the fear of death {•2^'*-^^), entrance into the perfect Sabbath- rest of God (4:^). But its essence consists in cleans- ing and conse…
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5. The readers. — (1) Jeivs or Gentiles? — A unan- imous tradition, reaching back to the 2nd cent, and embodied in the title invariably given to the Epistle, asserts that it was addressed a-/)6s'E/3patoi/s. It may be granted that the title does not go back to the original Avriter, and that it represents nothing more th…
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But the question of the Epistle's destination must remain without a final answer. It seems clear that it was addressed not to a mixed com- munity, but to Jews, and the general impression it gives is of a limited circle of readers ratlier than of a large and miscellaneous gathering (Zahn, op. cit. ii. 349ft'.). Whether …
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The theory of Pauline authorship being therefore necessarily abandoned, all attempts to discover the author's name are reduced to mere conjecture. Such conjectures have usually started from the assumption that his acquaintance with Timothy (13-'*) places the writer of the Epistle amongst the circle of St. Paul's friend…
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(2) Philo. — Much has been written about the in- fluence exercised on the writer of the Epistle by the Alexandrian school of pre-Christian Judaism, whose chief representative is Philo, The evidence bearing on the question may be arranged as follows. (a) Besemblances. — (i.) Both use the LXX in a recension closely rese…
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I Co 1211 ; 21-* II 1 Co 152« ; 512 II 1 Co 32 ; 5'* || 1 Co 2^ ; 610 II 2 Co 8* ; 10»" || Ro 121^ ; lO^s || 2 Co 13^ ; lO^s II Ro 1" ; 12'* II Ro 14=9 . 1222 1310 II Gal 425'- ; 1318 || Ph 4i=- 18 ; I3i8f. II 2 Co !"• 12 ; 132*' II Ro 1528 ; U-^ || Ph 4=1- 22 (Moffatt, LNT, p. 453). It may be doubted whether direct l…
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But the greatest service which the Epistle to the Hebrews has rendered to the Church is its inter- pretation of the Death of Christ in terms of Priest- hood and Sacrifice. The ideas so familiar to us were new when the Epistle was written. The writer was 'not repeating but creating theology' (Bruce, The Epistle to the H…
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LrrKRATtJRB.— Maimonides, Moreh. iii. 47 ; K. C.W. F. Bahr, Symbnlik des mosaischen Cultiis, Heidelberg, 1837-39, i. 493 flf.; W. Nowack, LehrbuchderhebrdischenArchdoloqie, Freiburg i. B. and Leipzig, 1894, ii. 288 ; art. 'Red Heifer' in HDB and JE. James Strahan. HEIE, HEEITAGE, tN"HERITA:N"CE HEIE, HERITAGE, INHEE…
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{b) The Roman and. the Roman-Greek laws of inheritance considerably affected the NT language. St. Paul, writing to persons who would not be familiar with Jewish law, refers to customs and laws which they would at once understand. Ac- cording to Roman law, sons must inherit, and a will leaving property away from sons wa…
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(d) In Jesus, Christians are Abraham's heirs, whether of Jewish or Gentile stock (Ro 48*^-). They inherit Abraham's faith, and are therefore his sons ; the promise did not depend on Abraham's circum- cision, but was before it, though it was confirmed by it ; nor was it dependent on the Law. Thus all nations are blessed…
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The name 'Tartarus' (2 P 2^) carries us out of the association of Hebrew into the realm of Greek thought. It is the appellation given by Homer {II. viii. 13) to that region of dire punishment allotted to the elder gods, whose sway Zeus had usurped. * Cf. the conception of the heavenly citizenship and eternal life havi…
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'They showed me there a very terrible place . . . and all manner of tortures in that place . . . and there is no light there, but murky fire constantly flameth aloft, and there is a fiery river coming forth, and that whole place is everywhere fire . . . and those men said to me : This place is prepared for those who di…
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' And the pit (Lat. " place ") of torment shall appear, and over against it sliall be the place of rest: and the furnace of hell (Lat. "Gehenna") shall be shewed, and over against it the paradise of delight. And there shall the Most High sav to the nations that are raised from the dead, See ye and understand whom ye ha…
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3. General considerations. — Several points of importance emerge froin our study of these refer- ences in the literature of the 1st century. (1) The surprisingly few passages in the NT in HELL HELLENISM 547 tahich the tcord 'hell' (or even the idea it conveys) occurs. — Outside the Gospels and tlie Apocalypse, the…
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1. Hellenism as a period. — The reign of Alex- ander the Great marks a period in Greek history, not only by reason of the expansion of Greek influence but also owing to the rise of a new spirit which affected language, literature, art, philosophy, science, civilization in general, and religion. See J. G. Droysen, Gesc…
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See Ed. Zeller, Die Philosophie der Griechen*, Leipzig, 1909, vol. iii. (e) History and science.— The Hellenistic period is one of collecting : Aristotle's work is continued, but tlie power of pervading the materials collected with a real constructive spirit is absent. There- fore history becomes a collection of singl…
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This Greek culture, however, was but a veneer ; it was only on the surface, and had only a temporary existence. Underneath, the old Oriental civilization still persisted, and came to the surface after a short time — more especially in the 3rd cent. A.D. We find many of the artificial Greek names of localities disappear…
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* Besides the Jewish Diaspora there was a smaller Samaritan one, which developed the same Hellenistic tendencies — a Greek translation of the Bible, a poem on the history of Sichem, chronicles, etc. (Schiirer, GJV'* iii. [Leipzig, 1909]. 51, 481 ff.; P. Glaue and A. Rahlfs, Fragmente einer griech. Lfbersetzung des Sama…
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(a) The Hellenists in Jerusalem. — The first time we liear of ' Hellenists ' is on the occasion of a quarrel between the two sections of the Christian community in Jerusalem, the 'Hellenists' com- plaining against the ' Hebrews ' that their widows were overlooked in the daily food-supply (Ac 6'). Here the term seems to…
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Hellenistic in this broad sense, as may be seen in the psychological analysis of temptation (1'^), in the description of God's unchangeableness (1"), in the notion of regeneration (V^), in the parables (l--*' "^^ 3^- *) ; diroK^eiv (V^- ^^) belongs to the termino- logy of the Hermetic literature ; the ' wheel of nature…
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4. Sources for the Koine. — The Koine was a • Cf. J. H. Moulton, Einleitung, p. 9. t ' Bas FortIet)en der VoIkssi)raohen in Kleinasien in nach- christlicher Zeit,' in Ilermes, xliii. [1908] 2'4nff. ; Thumb, Die griechische Sprache im Zeitalter des Hellen- iamus, p. 139 ff. _ § On the diffusion of Hellenistic Greek …
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(4) The remaining sources for the Koine are of second-hand authority, but are not less important. Thus we have the references of the Atticizing grammarians of the Imperial period, as in the Ae^f'J 'ATTLKal of Moeris, extracts from the gram- marian Phrynichus, and the 'AvTiaTrLKiaTrjs. The object of these writings was t…
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Moreover, the text of the Bible will occasionally be elucidated by a knowledge of Modern Greek. Thus Wellhausen (Das Ev. Matthcei, Berlin, 1904) conjectures that the tj ibpa. irapfjKdev of Mt 14'^ means, not ' the time is past,' but ' the time is advanced' — an explanation which is supported bj^ the Mod. Gr. use of Tra…
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I Of. Thumb, Diegrieck. Spracheiin Zet'talterdes IlelleniKmus, p. 28 ff. ; Wahrniann, Prolegomena zueinerGeachickte der grieck- The process of absorption, of course, could not but react upon the Koine itself. But it is quite wrong to suppose, with P. Kretschmer (Die Entsteh- ting der Koine), that the Koine arose from …
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6. The influence of foreign languages. — The Koine may thus be defined as a development of Attic under the influence of Ionic. But as it spread to non-Hellenic lands, such as Asia Minor and Egypt, we must, finally, inquire as to the in- fluence upon it of the languages of these countries, and as to foreign influence ge…
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t Cf. T. Eckinger, Die Orlnoorophie latein. Worter in grieck. Inschriften, Munich, 1893; Wessely, ' Die lat. Elemente in del Grazitat der Papyri,' in Wiener Stv.dien, xxiv. [19u2] 99 If., xxv. [1903] 40 ff. ; D. Magie, De Romanorum iuris puUici sacrique vocahidis sollemnibiis in groecum sermonein conversis, Leipzig, 19…
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* Cf. Thumb, Die griechische Sprache im Zeitalterdes Hellen- ismus, p. ISl. t Ilelbing, Grammatik der LXX, p. 4. i Cf. also Moulton, EinUitung, pp. 26, 31. § tjber einige antike Anrede/ormen, Gottingen, 1912. HELLENISTIC & BIBLICAL GREEK HELLENISTIC & BIBLICAL GREEK 557 d8iKias, 'the unjust judge,' have likewise cert…
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Possibly, however, we may be more successful with the question regarding the provincial idiom of the biblical writers, if we examine the syntactical features, as the MS tradition would be less likely to infringe upon the original text in that respect. A noteworthy fact, observed by Radermacher,t is that the use of the …
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(B) Inflexion. — (1) For the vocative 6 9e6s see • Especially in his ' New Testament Greek in the Light of Modern Discovery ' (ComJrirfff« Biblical Essays, London, 1909, p. 461 fp.). t op. cit. L 6ff. t In what follows, a star (•) placed before the word indicates that the form is found in both the LXX and the NT ; f…
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While the LXX and the NT belong to the same linguistic milieu, yet, as has been more than once noteii in the foregoing grammatical sketch, they exhibit features indicative of their respective stages of development. In general, we may regard the contemporary papyri as providing the nearest parallels to each, though the …
900 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1915–1916); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.