PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
Dictionary of the Apostolic Church — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,014,604 words · 1012 reading sections
Section 361
(c) The Eucharist. — The accidental circumstance that difficulties had arisen in the Church at Corinth owing to the bad behaviour of some Corinthians at the common meal with which the Eucharist was associated, is responsible for the fact that we have in 1 Co li^ff- our earliest account of the institution of the Euchari…
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•258 CORINTHIANS, EPISTLES TO THE CORINTHIANS, EPISTLES TO THE clothed -with this new spiritual body (1 Co 15^^, 2 Co SIS'- )• 10. St. Paul's attitude to practical questions. — (a) eldu}\6dvTa.. — One of the problems which faced the Corinthian Christians was the question of their attitude to tlie eating of things sa…
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12. Importance of the evidence of the Epistles. — The importance of the Epistles to the Corinthians consists largely in the fact that they give us examples of St. Paul's methods of dealing with practical difficulties which actually arose in an early Christian community. He does not set out to give instruction to the Co…
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LiTERATtrRE. — In addition to the authorities cited throughout the article, see A. P. Stanley, Epistles of St. Paul to the Cor- iiithians*, 1876; J. A. Beet, St. Paul's Epistles to the Cor- inthians, 1885; G. G. Findlay, EOT, '1 Cor.,' 1900; J. H. Bernard, EOT, '2 Cor.,' 1903; G. H. Randall, Epistles of St. Paul to the…
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In the NT 'corner-stone' was applied by Jesus to Himself (Mt 21*'^), and reanpears in St. Peter's address to the Sanhedrin : ' He is tlie stone which was set at nought of you the builders, which was made the head of the corner' (Ac 4'' yevbii.evo% els Ke<j>a.\7]v yuviuLs). Quoting, evidently from memory, the Apostle u…
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2. Use of 8ia9iiKt) in LXX. — It is most natural, in view of this preponderance of references to the OT, to seek in the LXX use of diaOriKr) the clue to its meaning in the NT. diaOrjKr) is the all but invariable translation of the Hebrew word nn^ {b'rith), which in our EVV is always rendered ' covenant,' never ' testam…
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262 COVENANT COVENANT Yet when he adds that it is 'a symbol of grace, Avhich God has placed between Himself who oflers it, and man who receives it,' he seems to go back to the somewhat wider use we found in the LXX (Philo, de Milt. Norn. vi. 52 f. ; of. Kiggenbach, op. cit. p. 311 f.). (2) NT usage. — Passing now t…
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In Eph 2'^ and Ro 9'* the idea of ' will ' seems most probable. The use of the plural of SiadrjKTj to express the singular meaning ' will ' is very frequent in Greek, meaning either the different provisions or the will as a whole. It is possible, however, that the Apostle is thinking of the oft- renewed promises made t…
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Wilfrid J. Moultox. COYETOUSNESS In both AY and RV ' covet- ous ' or ' covetous person ' translates irXeoveKTrjs (1 Co 5^"- " 6^", Eph 5^), and ' covetousness ' nXeov- e^ia (Ro 1=9, Eph o^, Col S^, 1 Th 2^). Closely re- lated terms are (piXapyvpia (I Ti 6'") = 'love of money,' and aiaxpoKepd-ns (1 Ti 3*, Tit F) = ' gre…
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But throughout the OT writings is manifested the feeling that some intermediary is needed in the operations of God's government (cf. Jg G""'- 13^ [an angel ; but note 6"] and Ezk 1 P [the Spirit]). Later Jewish thougiit went further and developed a de- tailed angelology ; but the NT reproduces the simpler thought "^of …
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Hitherto, no reference has been made to the Epistles of St. John, and indeed in these Epistles no mention is made of the act of creation. But it may none the less be maintained that St. John adds an essential element to the whole apostolic doctrine. A consideration of this may be intro- duced by a summary of the forego…
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tory gloss which credit into the text of several MSS [Galatians^, 1876, p. 31). The churches of Vienne and Mayence both claimed Crescens as their founder. Of the man himself nothing further is known. His name is Latin, and he may have been a Roman freedman. He is commemorated in the Roman Martyrology on June 27 and in …
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CROSS, CRUCIFIXION.— The English word' is derived from the Latin o'ux through the French croix (Old French and ISIiddle English, crois). The Greek aravpds is wider in its meaning than the English word, and includes the upright stake, crux simplex, to which the criminal was bound or upon which he was impaled, as well as…
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The historical account of the crucifixion of our Lord agrees Avith all the above details of the mode of execution. He Avas condemned (falsely) for sedition and tumult. He Avas scourged, and com- pelled, until He Avas relieved, to carry His cross. His legs Avere not broken, it is true, because it Avas found that He was …
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The Epistle to the Hebrews (especially 9^^-28 10) develops the conception of the High-Priesthood of Christ and demonstrates that He is the High Priest of good things to come, having through His blood obtained eternal redemption for us, and thus He becomes the Mediator of the new Covenant. By His redemptive work once fo…
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It is important, however, to observe that the death of Christ regarded as a penalty or an act of suffering is not per se stated to be the propitiation or the satisfaction offered to Divine Justice or the Moral Law. It was the perfection of the offering and the finished obedience cvdminating in the death of the cross wh…
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Literature. — O. Zockler, Das Kreuz Christi, 1876; H. Fulda, Das Kreuz und die Ereuzigung, 1878 ; C. C. Everett, The Gospel of Paul, 1893; artt. on 'Cross' and 'Crucifixion' in UDB, DCG, ERE, Smith's DB, EBi, CE ; H. P. Liddon, Bampton Lectures for 18G6S, 1878, p. 472 ff. ; R. W. Dale, Th« Atonement, 1878; T. J. Crawfo…
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The same word is used of the ' crown of thorns,' which probably was intended to mock the defeat and humiliation of the ' King of the Jews.' It marked the ironical contemjjt of the Roman soldiers for the Jews. In the later history of the Apostolic Church the question of the relation of Christian converts to these ' crow…
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CUP (iroT-^piov). — The Eucharistic cup is called by St. Paul ' the cup of blessing ' (t6 iror-qpiov rrjs €u\oyLa^, 1 Co 10^^). Various shades of meaning have been found in the jilirase : (1) the cup which Christ blessed, making it for ever a cup of bless- ing ; (2) the cup which has been consecrated by a prayer of tha…
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There remains only the critical reference in Gal 3'"'^^ The starting-point of the argument is the impossibility on the part of anybody of compliance with the requirements of a legal re- ligion or specifically of the .Jewish Law ; for while the Mosaic Law is to the forefront, the Pauline use of the word for ' law ' with…
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CYMBAL (kvh^oXov, from Kvfj.^o?, 'a hollow'). — The word signifies one of a pair of brass or bronze plates which make a ringing sound when brought sharply together. The word appears only in 1 Co 13', w'here Ki-jx^oKov dXaXd^ov is used to describe the man whose lack of love despoils even his un- doubted gifts of intelle…
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After preaching in the synagogues of Salamis — the plural number indicates that the Jemsh colony was large — they went through the whole island (13^), and Ramsay (Expositor, 5th ser. iii. [1896] p. 385 fi". ) contends that SieXOovres signifies ' a missionary progress.' The verb, with the accusative of the region traver…
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An insurrection in the reign of Trajan, in which the Jews of Cyrene massacred many Greek and Roman citizens, led to great disasters. The beauti- ful city was destroyed by the Saracens in the 4th century. Extensive ruins stUl attest its former magnificence. LiTERATiTRE.— C. RittBT, ErdkuTide, L [Berlin, 1822]; A. F. Go…
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Literature.— G, A. Smith, HGHL, 1897, p. 641 ff. ; Bae- deker, Handbook to Syria and Palestine, 1912, p. 298 fif.; W. Smith, Diet, of Gr. and Rom. Geog. i. [1856] 748; R. W. Pounder, St. J'aul and his Cities, 1913, p. 58 ; H. Macmillan, Gleanings in Holt/ Fields, 1899, pp. 101, 114 ; E. B. Redlich, St. Paul and his Com…
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II. Roman Imperial Dates.— Jesns Christ was crucified during the reign of Tiberius, and more precisely in the 15th year of that Emjjeror's sole rule, and the 17th, or 18th, of his co-regency with Augustus. Tiberius was followed by Caius Cali- j4ula in A.D. 37. Caligula was succeeded by Claud- ius in 41. Nero followed C…
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Thus a great variety of results was reached : Anojer (de Tem- porum . . . liatione, 1833, p. 119), a.d. 52-54 ; W ieseler (Chronol. des apostol. Zeitalters, 1848, p. 119), Lewin {Fasti Sacri, 1865, p. 299), Blass (Acta Apost., 1895, p. 22), Harnack (Gesch. der altchristl. Lit., 1897, ii. 237), 48-50 ; Turner (HDB i. 41…
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Felix lured her to unfaithfulness to her husband and persuaded her to marry him, or these events must be condensed within an incredibly short interval. Besides, between the appearance of St. Paul before Felix and Drusilla and the deposi- tion of Felix two years must be allowed (Ac 24-^). — (3) Felix had sent certain Je…
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But even with the visit fixed during the distress of the famine, which is in general associated with the time of Herod's death, it still remains doubtful whether this famine took place in 44. Since both Josephus and the author of Acts introduce the whole transaction (Ant. XX. ii. 1 ; Ac 12') with the general formula 'a…
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V. Palestinian Secular Dates.—!. The pro- curators of Judaea. — (1) Pontius Pilate, it seems to be universally agreed, was appointed procurator of Judsea in 26, and held the office until 36, being then deposed and sent to Rome by Vitellius, after 'ten years in Judaea' (^n<. XVIII. iv, 2). He ar- rived in Rome just afte…
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We thus obtain the following list of procurators of Judaja, with dates of their administration : A.D. A.D. Pilate . . 26-36 Ventidius Cumanus . 48-52 (Marcellus) . . . 36-37 Antonius Felix . 52-60 Marullus . . . 37-41 Porcius Festus . 60-62 Cuspius Fadus . 44-46 Albinus . . , . 62-64 Tiberius Alexand…
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The second missionary journey was immediately preceded by the Apostolic Conference at Jerusalem on the question of the admission of the Gentile converts without the rite of circumcision (Ac 15). The interval between the Conference, from whicli St. Paul proceeded immediately to Antioch, and the beginning of the journey,…
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Last missionary jour- ney .... 63-64 Arrest, imprisonment, and execution at Rome . . .(65-67?) 280 DATES DATES making day. But, as the very name of it indi- cates, Pentecost was a relative date in the year, being computed from a day of manifestly more importance than itself. Accordingly, in the de- termination of …
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8. The pre-eminence of Ephesus in Christian activity may be generally placed in connexion with the ministry of St. Paul in that city ; but its rise to the first rank as the seat of apostolic influence under -John (the Presbyter?) must have followed the Fall of Jerusalem, but cannot be fixed with precision. 9. The deat…
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5. Romans. — Since Ro 15 must be regarded as an original part of the whole Epistle (cf. Motlatt, LNT, p. 143), the allusion in v.^ to St. Paul's in- tended journey to Jerusalem fixes the point of departure for the date of the Epistle. The state- ment in v.'8 that the Apostle had 'fulfilled' the gospel ' from Jerusalem…
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10. Epistle to the Hebrews. — The evidence as to the date of this production is extremely faint and uncertain. The external data are partly some free citations from it in Clem. Rom. (xix. 2, xxi. 9 [cf. He 12'], xxxiv. 1 [cf. He 2^^ 3' 4--5 P'-]), and partly a certain dependence of thought on St. Paul and on 1 Peter. I…
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DAUGHTEK DAY AND Insight 283 GJVi i. 11901], ii. iii. [lb9S] [IIJF, Eiig. tr., 1885-181)0) ; W. M. Ramsay, St. Paul the Traveller and the Roman Citizen, 1895 ; A. Harnack, Genchichte der altchristl. Lit.,\\.[\Wl]; C. H. Turner, art. 'Chronol. of NT' in HDB i. [1898] 403 ; T. Zahn, Inlrod. to theNT{Eng. tr., 1909), A…
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In Rev 3^ the Messiah is described as * he that hath the key of David.' This is part of a message of comfort to the persecuted Church of Phila- delphia. The whole verse is an adaptation of Is 22^2. The idea is that the steward who has the key of the house possesses the symbol of unlimited authority over the household. …
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J. C. Lambert. DAY OF THE LORD.— See Eschatology. DAY-STAR.— In the OT there are traces of the survival of a dawn myth of which we have re- miniscences in Job 3^ where 'the eyelids of the dawn' (^^^f'■''2^;5y ; LXX euacpdpov dvaTiXKovra) glance over the mountain-tops to behold the sleeping earth. The morning- or day-s…
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DEAETH DEBT, DEBTOR 285 is in Cenchrese' (Ro 16^), is doubtful. She may be a female deacon ; but this is very unlikely, for there is no trace of deacons or other officials in the church of Corinth at this time. Phoebe was prob- ably a \sidy, living at the port of Corinth, who rendered much service to St. Paul and ot…
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St. Paul here is the moral obligation of the debtor to pay his debt. In few things do Cliristians show greater moral laxity than in the matter of debt. Evidently St. Paul had already noticed this laxity. He makes this exhortation the occasion of a strong argument for love, but the context shows that literal financial o…
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DELIYERER.— In the Acts and Epistles the word ' deliverer' occurs only twice. Once (Ac 7^) the original word is 6 XvrpuT^s and once (Ro IV) it is 6 ^vdfjLtuoi. The reference in Acts is to Moses, and so does not specifically concern us here, except that the word is one of a group (X&rpou, duTlXurpof, \vTp6u, diroX&rpujf…
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Literature. — W. M. Ramsay, St. Paul the Traveller and the Roman Citizen^, 1897, p. 358 ; J. B. Lightfoot, Colossians and Philemon-, 1876, pp. 36, 242 ; artt. in HDB, EBi, and SDB. W. F. Boyd. DEMETRIUS. — There are two, if not three, persons of this name mentioned in the NT- -a fact which is not surprising, consideri…
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St. Paul, in not dissimilar language, speaks of discernings of spirits (1 Co 12io ; cf. 2 Co 11*) and of evil angels as being 'principalities' (dpxat), ' powers,' ' world-rulers (Koa/uLOKparopes) of this dark- ness,' ' spiritual beings (irvevfiaTiKd) of wickedness 288 demo:n^ DEKBE in the heavenly [places]' (Eph 6^…
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Literature. — This article has dealt only with the period from the Ascension to the end of the 1st cent. ; for this reference may be made to H. St. J. Thackeray, The Relation of St. Paul to Contemporary Jewish Thought, London, 1900, ch. vi. For demoniacal possession see R. C. Trench, ^otes on the Miracles of our Lor(P,…
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Literature. — W. M. Ramsay, The Church in the Roman Empire, 1893, pp. 54-56, The Cities of St. Paul, 1907, p. 3S5ff., Hi.-<t. Com. on Gal., 1S99, pp. 228-234 ; W. Smith, DGRG i. [18561770. JaMKS StEAHAX. DESCENT INTO HADES.— 1. By the Hebrews, Sheol or Hades was regarded as the under world, VOL. 1. — 19 a subterranea…
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5. The idea that Chxist preached in Hades to the souls who were in bondage there has a somewhat dilierent history. It is found in Ignatius JJ : 'even the prophets, being His disciples in the spirit, were * Quoted from Weber by Bigg on 1 P 3i9 {ICC, 1901, p. 163). t So Origen interprets Mt 27^-' as a fulfilment of Ps 6…
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7. The primitive view, so far as it can be collected from Hernias and Ignatius, seems to be correctly expounded by Loofs.§ Christians, since the Re- demption wrought by their INIaster, were not sub- ject to the bondage of Hades after death ; from the power of death they had been freed once for all. And what Christ did …
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(c) The main purpose, as we have seen (§ 3) of the Descensus was the release of captive souls. But that baptism is a release from bondage, the bondage of sin, is a commonplace in early Christian literature. Baptism, says Cyril of Jerusalem, || is alx/^a\wTOis \rjTpov (cf. Odes of Solomon, xvii. II, XX i. 1, XXV. 1, and…
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The best-known desert of the Bible is the Wihlerness of Sinai, where the tribes of Israel wandered before settling in Canaan. God's care for the people in those days of wandering is re- peatedly referred to by prophets and psalmists (e.g. Hos 13^, Jer 2^, Am 2i", Ps TS^^ 107'' \W% In the same way the sin and unbelief …
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A. T. Robertson. DEYIL (SidjSoXcs). — In this article the conception of the Evil One in the apostolic writings and of the various names used to describe him will be considered ; for the passages in EV where ' devil ' represents dainoviov see DEMON. 1. The name SicipoXos. — (a) It is used as a common noun or as an adj…
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The devil uses his power to seduce man to sin ; he tempts Ananias to lie to the Holy Ghost (Ac 5^) ; he deceives the whole world (Rev 12^ 20^- "*) ; he is pre-eminently 'the tempter' (1 Th 3^ 1 Co 7") ; he tempts with wiles and devices and snares (Eph 611, 2 Co 2", 1 Ti 3^ 2 Ti 226) ; he uses evil men as his instrument…
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(6) Delivering unto Satan. — This phrase is found in 1 Co 5"*'' and 1 Ti \^, and is perhaps based on Job P^ 2*, where the patriarch is delivered to Satan to be tried by sufl'ering. In St. Paul the jjhrase seems to denote excommunication, the excommuni- cate becoming a dwelling-place for the Evil One. It is, indeed, tho…
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The most important aspects of the Artemis cult for the NT are naturally those connected with the life of Nature, but the whole idea of Artemis must be sketched as briefly as possible. Various trees are sacred to her. Moisture as fertilizing them is sacred to her — lakes, marshes, and rivers. She is thus also a goddess …
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At the time when this was published, a MS of the Didache had already been discovered in the library of the Jerusalem monastery in the Phanar or Greek quarter of Constantinople, and was given to the world in the end of 1883 by its discoverer, Philotheus Eryennios, the Metropolitan of Nico- media. The MS belongs to the 1…
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The second part begins with (a) instructions as to the baptism which is to follow this moral in- struction of the cacechumen (vii.); fasting and its days ; prayer, its times and its form, the Lord's Prayer (viii.) ; the Eucharist and the common meal DIDACHE DIDACHE 297 associated \vith it, together with forms of pr…
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But if there was, as seems natural, and appears to be a justifiable inference from the phenomena of the text, a Jewish catechesis, oral or written, corresponding to the material in "both parts of the Didache, it seems to follow that the first form of the Didache was not the truncated form of L, but the fuller form of t…
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(d) Didascalia.— This work fulfilled for Syi'ia towards the end of the 3rd cent, what the last- named did_ for Egypt a little later. It is not, however, like it, simply an adaptation of the Didache. Indeed, it was earlier regarded as com- pletely independent, but its dependence may now be held as proved (cf. C. Holzhey…
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tude of lesser indications are urged on both sides, but it is quite unnecessary to make any decisive pronouncement in favour of either. The essential point is that, from an early date, it was accepted in both, in one or other recension, and therefore comes from the heart of a situation which could not be regarded as im…
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The members meet on tiie Lord's Day for worship. Here Ave have the first testimony outside the NT to the Lord's Day as a day of public Avorship. A little later Pliny reports to Trajan from Bithj-nia that the Christians there Avere accustomed on a fixed day (stato die) to assemble before dayliglit to sing hymns to Chris…
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The Agape, then, in this small community, is combined with the Eucharist. It is a common meal shared by the brethren, with a simple liturgy of its own, Jewish in origin, with marked affinity to Jewish blessings at meals. It is followed by the Eucharist so closely that it is ail one service. None but the baptized partic…
1,021 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1915–1916); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.