PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
Dictionary of the Apostolic Church — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,014,604 words · 1012 reading sections
Section 781
in. Problems and History.— C. D. Buck, 'The General Linguistic Conditions in Ancient Italy and Greece,' in Classical Journal, i. [1906] 99 ff. ; J. P. MahaSy, The Silver Age of the Greek World, Chicago, 1906 (deals with the culture and expan- sion of Hellenism); A. Thumb, Die griechische Sprache im Zeitalter des Hellen…
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HELMET.— See Armouk. HELPS. — 'Help' (avTl\riix\pi^) is fairly common in the LXX, in the Psalms, and in 2 and 3 Maccabees. In Sir 11'^ bV we have persons who are in need of avTiKi]fx\l/is. 'I'he plural a.vTi\ri/j.\p€is occurs in 1 Co 12-^, coupled with ' governments,' and nowhere else in the NT. The verb from which it…
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There is no trace in the NT of either atpean or ffxif/ia denoting a party that had separated itself from the main boay. Pharisees and Sadducees were sects in Judaism, not withdrawn from it. Such sects were, so to speak, recognized, not depre- HERITAGE HERMAS, SHEPHERD OF 561 cated. Again, the pai'ties in the Corinth…
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The scene is laid partly in the house of Hermas in Rome, partly in the country where he abides (Vis. iii. 1), and once in Arcadia (Sim. ix. 1). Mention is made of the road to Cumse, the Cam- paniau Way, and the river Tiber, in which Hermas sees Rhoda bathing (Vis. i. 1). To the question who Hermas was there are three …
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The fourth Vision occurs twenty days later, on the Campanian Way. Hermas sees a huge cloud of dust, which resolves itself into the form of a beast like a sea-monster, emitting fiery locusts from its niouth. Its length is about a hundred feet, and its head was as it were of pottery, coloured black, fire and blood-colou…
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i. References to organization and doctrine of the Church. — {a) Organization. — In the first respect, the allusions are too slight to give more than a general picture. We read of the rulers [TrpoTjyov- jxivoi) of tiie Church, whom Hernias is directed to exhort {Vis. ii. 2) and even to rebuke for their divisions and the…
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* Another explanation is that a previous Vision may hava dropped out from the MSS which have come down to us. 564 HEEMES HEROD Hence his standard of Christian duty is pnt in the most practical shape : ' faith, fear of the Lord, love, concord, words of righteousness, truth, patience, ... to minister to widows, to vi…
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2. Agrippa l., son of Aristobulus, Herod the Great's son by the Hasmonaean Mariamne. After his father's execution in 7 B.C. he was sent to Rome with his mother Bernice, and lived on terms of intimacy with the Imperial family. In A.D. 23 his intrigues and extravagances had brought him to such straits that he was forced …
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of the war was rewarded with an enlargement of his ten-itories. We hear of him in Rome in A.D. 75, when he was raised to praetorian rank. Later on, he corresponded with Josephus about his His- tory of the Jcicish War. He died, without issue, about the end of the century. It was this king, AgTippa II., who was associate…
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There is a trustworthy tradition which connects the name of Philip the Apostle with Hierapolis. Polycrates, bishop of Ephesus towards the end of the 2nd cent. — as quoted by Eu.sebius (HE iii. 31) — states that Philip, ' one of the twelve,' was among ' the great lights of Asia,' and that he was ' buried at Hierapolis a…
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There are two main groups of words translated 'holy' in the NT: (1) the iiyios group (ayid^u, ayiacr/x6t, ayi&rris, ayioiffiivr}) ; (2) the ocrtos group (b(n6T-q's, oaiwi [1 Th 2"^]). iepds is also twice em- l.loyed (e.g. 2 Ti 3'^ 1 Co 9'3), but it need not be specially distinguished. In the NT the terms 'holiness' an…
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The noun ayidrijs is used of God (a) in 2 Co 1^* (iv ayLOTTjTi Kai elXiKpiveig, tov deov) ; and (b) also in He 12^" (et's rb /ieraXa/Seif Ttjs ayi6T7]Tos avTov) (cf. 2 Mac 15"). (a) Another reading is d.7r\6r?yrt (N'=DEGL, the Latin and Sj-rian VSS). ayLOTrjTL is supported by K*ABCKMP 17, 37, 73 and the Bohairic. St. …
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Kyrios Christos, Gottingen, 1913, p. 186 ft'.). It is significant that the relationship expressed by a.yi.a- ^ei.v between God and Jesus is one that may be con- ferred on men by Jesus (cf. Jn 17""^"). In the Book of Acts Jesus is called tov ayiov Kal BiKaioy (3'^), where the epithet is simply an equiva- lent for the M…
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(3) Boll/ Spirit (see art. HoLY Spirit). (4) Holiness applied to things and places. — The uses under this heading need no elucidation. We have ayLav ir6\iv (Mt 27^^ Rev IP 2P- ">) ; ayias di.adi^Kr]t (Lk 1'^) ; 0.7^01^ rdwov (Ac 6'*) ; ayiais ypa(pais (Ro P) ; 57405 vS/JLOs, ayla ivroXri (Ro 7^^^) ; ayiiii <f>i\7]- tx…
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In conclusion, it is advisable to point out the reason for laying stress on the primary conception of a7£os in our interpretation of the term in the NT. It is impossible to miss, in the application of a.yi.u3(fvvq to Jesus in Ro 1^ or in the frequent con- junction of the S.yio$ and Kadapos groups of words, as in Eph 5-…
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the origin of that negative moi-ality connected witli Jewish ceremonial religion which Jesus abrogated for ever (Lk lP-*--«). 'In rules of holiness the motive is respect for the gods, in rules of uncleanness it is primarily fear of an unknown or hostile power, thouyh ultimately, as we see in the Levitical lf'i,dslatio…
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pavTKTfibs {pavrl^w ; paLvw in classical Greek) is translated ' sprinkling ' in the EV. It is applied to the cleansing influence of the sacrifice of Jesus on the human conscience (He 9^^-^* 10^^ 1 P P). It is frequently used in conjunction with dlfxa. Its use can be understood only if we remember that ' in the consciou…
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Bearing in mind what has been said, we are not 572 HOLY DAY HOLY DAY surprised to discover a certain amount of com- promise, wherever the Apostolic Church had to give conscious expression to its views and to give guidance to its members on the question of the observance of holy days. The Apostolic Decree of Ac 15^^…
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The particular difficulty in Eome was probably of Essene origrin, akin to that in Colossae (B. Weiss, Introd. to NT, Eng. tr., London, 1837-88, i. 330 ; Denney, loc. cit.). A. C. McGiffert {Apostolic Age, Edinburgh, 1S97, p. 368) contends that it was due to some form of Alexandrian Judaism. Certainly the difficulty is …
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wholly dependent upon Scripture, its tradition included the principle that ' the Holy Spirit had been taken away from it.' But as the communion of God witli His people had not been broken oft", that principle did not exclude the possibility that the Holy Spirit might be bestowed upon indi- viduals (cf. Lk 2-^) — at tim…
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2. Connexion with the inauguration of apostolic work. — It was, again, a matter of the utmost importance for the religious experience of the primitive community that it associated the coming of the Spirit with tlie beginnings of apostolic labour. The day of Pentecost was not, indeed, included in the Easter period, thou…
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It is supposed by many, indeed, that in Mt 2819 we have a formula from a later theology, dating from the post-apostolic period, and interjjolated into the Gospel. We must bear in mind, however, that the teaching of Jesus certainly contained the statement that He would work through the Spirit, and that He would do so by…
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576 HOLY SPIRIT HOLY SPIRIT As the government of God, the Creator, embraces both the external and the internal, the operation of the Spirit finally extends also to the body. From the Spirit man receives the new, incor- ruptible, and immortal body (Ro 8", 1 Co IS^^'^s). This manifestation, however, does not take plac…
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To the link with Israel and the acknowledged validity of the OT was due the fact that the highest position among the irvevfiariKol was assigned to the prophet. The pai'amount gift for which the com- munity besought God was the "Word, and the prophet was one in whom the Word asserted itself in such manner as to be clear…
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Further, the irvevfiaTiKoi as a special class bring out the difference between the religious life of the Christian Church and that of the Synagogue. The prophet was then unknown in the latter, and the Divine word came to it exclusively through the Scriptures. Now, however, the prophetic VOL. I.— 37 word taken over fro…
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(c) The Spirit and theflesh. — St. Paul uses the term ' flesh ' to denote man's incapacity to bring his de- sires into conformity with the Divine Law. The Apostle tliereby gives expression to the idea that the inner life of man is dependent upon bodily processes. In deriving the evil state of man from that dependence h…
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The structure of St. Paul's theology renders it unlikely that his doctrine of the Spirit was materially afl'ected by his intercourse with pliilo- sophically-minded Greeks. Nowhere in St. Paul do we find concrete parallels either to the Platonic repudiation of sense in favour of reason, or to the Cynic protest against c…
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{b) Matthew. — An obvious parallel to this ap- pears in St. Matthew. Here baptism into the Spirit implies that, besides the work of the Father and tlie Son, that of the Spirit likewise avails for all who are called to follow Jesus (Mt 28''*). Ex- cept in this connexion, however, the Spirit is only once referred to, vi…
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The Spirit, however, is not nearly so prominent in St. John's prophetic visions as are the angels. While the Spirit is the source of knowledge — of the omniscience of Jesus and God, and of the certitude of the Christian which surveys the Last Things — yet, when the catastrophic interventions of Divine power in the worl…
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3. Hellenistic -Jewish tendencies. — The tend- encies introduced into the Gentile Churches by Hellenized Jews were fraught with important consequences. The issues are seen with special clearness in the Epistles to the Corintliians, but it is evident from Ph 3 that similar phenomena had emerged in Kome and Macedonia, wh…
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Literature. — I. (a) For the Jewish tradition : P. Volz, Der Geist Gottes, Tubingen, 1911 ; (6) for the conceptions current in Hellenism, H. Weinel, Die Wirkungen des Geintes und der Geister im nacliapostolischen Zeitalter bis auf Irenceus, Freiburg i. B., 1899. II. H. Gunlcel, Die Wirkungen di'S he.iUgen Geistes^, Got…
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The duty of showing hospitality is insisted on in the case of a ' bishop' in 1 Ti 3'-, Tit P (he is to be (f)i.\6S.€vos), and in the case of a widow in 1 Ti 5^* (i^evo56xn<rev) ; and Christians in general are bidden to 'pursue' (Ro 12i3) and 'not to forget' (He 13^) love unto strangers ((piko^evla), to be ' lovers of s…
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HONOUR HOPE 583 hard facts, endured sufferings to which the false prophet, optimistically predicting smooth things, was an utter stranger. ' The persecutions, the apostasies, the judgments of the Church and people of the Lord saddened the spirit of the Seer and dashed his joy at the first reception of the mystery of…
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The man of the world's conception of honour does not appear in the NT. Literature. — Wilke-Grimm, Clavis Novi Testamenti, 1868, s.OTi. 66fa, Sofa^oj ; DCGi.,!irt. 'Honour' ; HDB'u., art. 'Glory'; J. R. Dummelow, The One Volume Bible Commentary, 1909, p. 999; H. R. Reynolds in Expositor, 1st ser. vol. iv. p. 47; A. S. …
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Looking at the Apostolic and sub-Apostolic Age as a whole, St. Paul included, we may say that hope is one of its chief characteristics. ' We are accustomed to describe the Apostle Peter as the Apostle of Hope on the ground of the first letter ascribed to him, but wrongly, in so far as the strong emphasis on hope is not…
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In Rev 5^ the ' seven horns ' symbolize the power of the Lamb as the victorious Christ, and the ' seven,' which throughout the OT and the NT represents fullness, here denotes the all-sufficiency of that power. In the 'horns of the golden altar ' in Rev 9'^ we seem to have an echo of Ex 27^* ^ ; as H. B. Swete says (The…
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586 HOSEA HOUSE war in vain against this Rider and His horsemen (19'^), wiio are, in the phrase of a later time, Knights of the Holy Ghost. James Strahan. HOSEA (Qcrji^). — This prophet's gracious words in 2-^, containing a Divine promise that faithless Israel will be restored to God's favour and be for ever His fa…
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LiTBRATURE. — B. F. Westcott, The Epistle to the Hebrews, 1889, p. 429 ; E. C. Wickham, The Epistle to the Hebrews, 1910, p. 123 ; C. J. Ellicott, The Pastoral Epistles of St. Pauls, 1864, pp. 73 1., 185; Sanday-Headlam, Romans^ {ICC, 1902), 363 ; Speaker's Commentary : ' Romans to Philemon,' 1881, p. 786 ; C. Bigg, St…
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3. The windows {dvpi5es). — In the East these now usually look into the courtyard, not into the street, as privacy is of the greatest importance. Such was probably the case in Ac 20^, where Euty- chus, sitting in a window, falls from the third story {cLTrb Tov Tpiariyov) ; as Eastern houses are usually of two stories (…
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(c) Besides the above rooms we read in the NT of a Ta/xetov (better Ta/jLieTov) and an dirodriKT]. The latter is a bam or granary (:Mt 3^ O^e IS^", Lk S^^ 1218. 24J -phg former is properly a store-chamber (Lk 12^^), and is usually used in that sense in the LXX (Dt 28**, etc.). All Eastern houses have such chambers, and…
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Above all, however, the recognition of one's position in the sight of God leads to humility towards Him. Before Him no one can boast (1 Co 4*) ; whatever merit one possesses rests upon the Divine grace (1 Co 4''). ' He is humble before God, who attributes nothing to himself, or to his own strength, and regards himself …
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St. Paul declares all such subservience to the angels to be a false humility, inasmuch as it detracts from the true reverence due to Christ alone, Avho is the Head of the angels, Mhose power over the world, moreover. He has broken by His Cross, by dying on which He annulled the bond they held against men in the Law (Co…
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\V. F. Cobb. HYMNS.— The hymns of the Apostolic Church included the OT Psalms and the Evangelical Can- ticles of Lk 1 and 2. We possess also some frag- ments embedded in NT writings, which show how they were used to express religious emotion both in public and in private. St. Paul suggests further that they should be …
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From these hints we may construct an outline of the psalmody of the early Church, to which we may probably add a very interesting collection of private psalms recently discovered by Rendel Harris and published by him in 1909 — the Odes of Solomon (q.v.). He found them with the Psalms of Solomon in a MS of the 15th or 1…
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' Sincerity, a deep, great, genuine sincerity, is the first characteristic of all men in any way heroic' (Carlyle, Heroes and Hero-Worskvp, 1872, p. 42). The hypocrite does not dare to show him- self as he is. His fear of criticism compels him to wear a mask. virdKpicris includes both simulation and dissimulation. Baco…
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James Sxbahan. IGONIUM ('1k6viov, now Konia or Konyeh). — This city, Avhich Avas partly evangelized b}' St. Paul, occupied one of the most beautiful and fertile inland sites of Asia Minor, compared by T. LeAvin {The Life and Epistles of St. PauP, 1875, i. 144 f.) to the oasis of Damascus. Lying in a crescent of Phrygi…
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But there are two aspects of idolatry which caused the greatest anxiety in the primitive Church. VOL. I. — 38 (a) The decision of the Jerusalem Council as to the duties incumbent upon heathen converts contains the significant phrase, ' that they abstain from the pollutions of idols' (Ac 15^"), ' from meats ottered to …
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F. W. WOKSLEY. IGNATIUS.— 1. Life. — From the date of the Apostolic Decree (Ac 15^^'^^) onwards, i.e. from about A.D. 50, there is absolutely no evidence as to the history of the Church of Antioch. In the time of Origen and Julius Africanus, Ignatius was considered as the second of the Antiochene bishops. Between him …
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* The translations of the text of Ignatius are taken froni Lightfoot. IGNATIUS IGNATIUS 595 tinwm. belongs to the 5th or, at the earliest, the end of the 4th century. For its chronology it de- pends on Eusebius' Chronicle, and even it gives no guarantee of absolute exactitude. All one can say is that Eusebius place…
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The first town we know of Ignatius' passing through is Philadelphia in proconsular Asia (P/ii/at^. vii. 1). Of the itinerary he followed between Antioch and that town we know nothing. After Philadelphia we find him in Smyrna, where Polycarp is bishop. Later he thanks the Smyr- naeans effusively for the welcome they ga…
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From Neapolis Ignatius is taken to Philippi. A few details of this journey may be gleaned from Polj'carp's Epistle to the Philippians, written in reply to a letter sent from the Philippians to Poly- carp (iii. 1) : 'Ye wrote to me, both ye yourselves and Ignatius, asking that if any one should go to Syria he might carr…
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IGNATIUS IGNATIUS 597 hypothesis of the transference of his remains from Rome to Antioch. 2. MSS and YSS of the Epistles.— The words of Polycarp's Epistle to the Philippians (xiii. 2) are the earliest evidence of a collection of Ignatius' letters : * The letters of Ignatius which were sent to us by him, and others …
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The question whether Lucian the satirist, in lines 169-170 of his de Morte Peregrini, was thinking of Ignatius or even had direct knowledge of his letters is a point on which one hesitates to decide. Funk (Pair, apostol. i. pp. Ix-lxi) and Reville {Origines de I'&piscopat, Paris, 1S95, p. 448 f.) incline to an affir- m…
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into a sort of deliberative assembly (avfi^ovXiov) to elect ixei-poTovrja-ai) a messenger to go to Antioch (vii. 2 ; cf. Philad. x. 1 and S7nyrn. xi. 2). The church assembles ^Tri rb aiirS, 'in one place': not to come iiri rb aiirb is to show pride and to stand self-condemned (Eph. v. 2) : to come iiri rb airS is to ca…
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J. Reville (Les Origines de l'6piscopat, pp. 508- 519) is very firm on the authenticity of the Ignatian letters, but sets himself the task of minimizing the witness they bear to the three-grade hierarchy and principally to the monarchical episcopate. First of all he holds that this episcopate took its rise in Asia, and…
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In the Letter to the PhUadelphians, again, we find : ' Be careful therefore to observe one euchar- ist (for there is one flesh of our Lord Jesus Christ and one cup unto union in His blood . . . )' (iv.). The text of Smyrn. vi. 2-vii. 1 is less clear : the heretics 'abstain from eucharist (thanksgiving) and prayer, beca…
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In Phil. ii. 1 we find similar advice with regard to the KaKodLdacTKaXlas, ' those noxious herbs, which are not the husbandry of Jesus Christ' (iii. 1). If anj'one interprets the prophets in the sense of Judaism (idv rts lovdal'afiov ip/j.rji'eijTi iifuv), the Phila- delphians are not to listen ; ' for it is better to …
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persons saying. If I find it not in the charters {dpxeia), I believe it not in the Gospel. And when I said to them, It is written {yiypa-n-Tai), they answered me. That is the question {Trpdfceirai) ' (no doubt a reference to the Docetists). The gospel is a written document about which there is much controversy. Further…
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The interpretation that Christ in the flesh be- came God has the context against it, for Christ did not become dyiwriTos, nor iK deov : He realizes at one and the same time the two antinomial series of predicates. Through the irvevp-a wiiich is iv crapKl, Christ is one with the father : He is TrvevixaTLKGis 7]v(:j/jLiv…
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That the Spirit stands in opposition to the flesh we have already gathered from many examples. This was a familiar article of faith to Ignatius : the flesh is man, the Spirit is a princijile which comes from God and acts in man (rb irvev/xa . . . dwb 6eov 6v) searching out his closest secrets (Philad. vii. 1). The prop…
958 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1915–1916); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.