PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
Dictionary of the Apostolic Church — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,014,604 words · 1012 reading sections
Section 961
1 John tends to set faith and love side by side (cf. Rev 14'- : faith and the ' commandments of God '), and the Fourth Gospel shows the same collocation. In this point, accordingly, St. John ditters from St. Paul, who indicated the subordina- tion of love to faith in the phrase 'faith working through love ' (Gal 5*). I…
989 wordsSECTION 962Section 962
In the NT lawyers appear as vofiiKoi, 'jurists* (freq. in Lk., but elsewhere only in Mt 22^° and Tit 3'^), or vofxodiddaKaXoi, 'doctors of the law' (only in Lk 5", Ac 5^^ and 1 Ti P) ; but they are clearly identical with the ypafjifj.aTeXs, ' scribes, who are mentioned so often in the Gospels and Acts. These lawyers ar…
920 wordsSECTION 963Section 963
Another animal of the leopard tribe, the well- known cheeta or hunting-leopard of India [Felis jubatus), is sometimes found in the hills of Galilee and in the neighbourhood of Tabor, but its occur- rence is rare. It is much tamer than the Felis pardus, and in India it is often domesticated and kept for hunting antelop…
941 wordsSECTION 964Section 964
LEWD, LEWDNESS (Ac 17' 18").— The English word occurs twice in the NT, once as an adjec- tive (Gr. TrovT)pbs, Ac 17^) and once as a substantive {pq.diovpyr}iJ.a, Ac IS''*). In neither of these cases has it anything to do with sexual passion — the sense in which the word is now used ; it just means ' vulgar,' ' worthles…
1,114 wordsSECTION 965Section 965
Should this conjecture be well founded, it would help to settle the vexed question of whether five synagogues are specified in the list, or two, or only 696 LIBERTINES LIBERTY one. The present writer agrees with Hort [loc. cit.; cf. ISM'ete, The ApiJearances of our Lord after the Passion, 114) that onlj- one synago…
1,056 wordsSECTION 966Section 966
The fact that St. Paul, a native of Tarsus, was a Roman citizen is treated as a matter of import- ance in Acts. It was the Roman Emperors who gave the people of the provinces power to enjoy the rights of citizenship. Tliere is a dramatic turning of tables in Ac 22-^ when St. Paul is able to say quite simply (yet with a…
1,023 wordsSECTION 967Section 967
art accurst and a transgressor of the law.' A man cannot justifiably set at nought a positive commandment or institution unless he has sight of some higher principle which determines his course of action. Tlie freedom an enlightened man asks is freedom to do what he sees he ought to do, and to do what he may do without…
971 wordsSECTION 968Section 968
4. In the philosophical sense.— See art. Free- dom OF THE Will. Literature.— See works referred to in art. Slavery, and in addition to works quoted in forearoing art., T. G. Tuclcer, Life in the Roman World of Nero and St. Paul, London, 1910 ; H. Wallon, Histoire de I'esclavage dans I'antiquite^, Paris, 1879. J. s. C…
1,067 wordsSECTION 969Section 969
LIFE AXD DEATH LIFE a:sT> death 699 (b) The ^uri (aliivLos) thus becomes a human posses- ' sion and quality ; and it is witli the manifestations in human character and experience of this life flowing from God through Christ that the apostolic ■writers are principally concerned in what they have to say about it. Thei…
1,217 wordsSECTION 970Section 970
2. Death {Q6.va.To%, to which in its various senses correspond the vb. dirodvriaKu, 'die,' and the adj. veKpos, 'dead'). — Death is frequently used in the apostolic literature in its ordinary, everyday mean- ing of the end of man's earthly course {^los) or the extinction of his animal life i^irxv) through the separatio…
942 wordsSECTION 971Section 971
(3) Side by side with this redemptive death in Christ — a death to the penalty of sin— St. Paul sets a mystical dying — a dying to its power. The Christian's union with Christ in His redeeming Death is not only the ground of his justification but the secret source and spring of his sanctifica- tion. If the transition f…
1,169 wordsSECTION 972Section 972
1. God. — The fundamental passage here is 1 Jn P, ' God is light, and in him is no darkness at all.' The conception of God as light is familiar, as has been seen, not only to the OT but to all ancient religious thought. But in the Christian view the physical conceptions of light and darkness which cling to the ethnic a…
966 wordsSECTION 973Section 973
(2) In Col 1'^'- soteriology passes into eschatology. Christians have been already delivered from the power of darkness and translated into the kingdom of God's dear Son ; but ' the inheritance of the saints in light,' of which the P'ather has made them meet to be partakers, has cleai-ly a future as well as a present r…
1,005 wordsSECTION 974Section 974
James Strahan. LINUS {Alvos). — This is a name which holds a large place in the history of the early Church. We first find mention of it in 2 Ti 4-', where St. Paul, writing from his Roman prison, conveys to his friend the greetings of Eubulus, Pudens, Linus, and Claudia. Linus was thus a friend of Paul and Timothy in…
1,012 wordsSECTION 975Section 975
i. In the Apocalypse (5^) the Exalted Christ is presented under the guise of a lion, where the un- doubted reference is to Gn 49^ He, who had overcome through death and the Resurrection, who had thus opened a way to God's sovereignty over men, and is therefore alone able to loose the seals of the Divine judgment, i.e. …
940 wordsSECTION 976Section 976
rui LOCUST LONGS UFFEKING contradistinction to the usiial habits and tastes of locusts, they are couinianded not to liurt ' the grass of the earth, neither any green thing, neither any tree.' Apparently the work of judgment on this part of creation had been sufficiently carried out by the hail which followed the Fir…
917 wordsSECTION 977Section 977
The Apostle refers to her ' unfeigned faith,' by which he no doubt means that Lois had accepted Christian faith, and not merely that she cherished the ancient faith of Israel. As we find Eunice described as a ' Jewess who believed ' on the oc- casion of St. Paul's second visit to Lystra, probably both she and Lois were…
1,030 wordsSECTION 978Section 978
2 P 31s on the one hand Avith Ja S'- »• i" on the other). fjLaKpoOvfila in the sense of 'longsuffering' has for its synonym dvoxvi in the sense of 'patience,' vTTo/xouri. The difference between fiaKpodvfila and dvoxv (Ro 2* 3-^) seems to be that in dvoxv the idea of the temporariness of the suspension of punish- ment …
940 wordsSECTION 979Section 979
706 LORD LORD sometimes 6 KijpLos tj/xwv, usually with the addition ot'IrjJoOs ot'Itjctovs XpicrTos. Wliat is suggested by this title as assigned to Christ? The simplest answer is that it calls up the relation of king and subject, conceived in the Oriental spirit as that of lord and slave (cf. 1 K 17^- 29=* [LXX]), …
1,017 wordsSECTION 980Section 980
But perhaps the most striking instance of all of how Christ comes to have the value of God in the Christian consciousness is attbrded by the fact that, repeatedly in the NT, quotations from the OT which manifestly refer to God are immediately applied to Christ. Thus, e.g., the exhortation of the Psalmist to taste and s…
959 wordsSECTION 981Section 981
The materials afforded us by the NT are scanty indeed. Two things, however, are clear. — (a) In the brief Kesurrection stories, as found in all the Gospels, conspicuous emphasis is laid on ' the first day of the week' as the day on which Jesus rose from the dead. See Mk 16'^ Lk 24', Jn 20' (rri /i^ tCjv ffa^^aTwv), Mt …
901 wordsSECTION 982Section 982
LOKD'S DAY It is fair also to suggest (with Hessey, Sunday, p. 43) that the 'assembling' spoken of in He 10"-5 must have taken place at stated times and that the time is most likely to have been the first day of the week. The mention of 17 KvpiaKr) ri/iipa in Rev P" calls for special notice, as this is the only insta…
905 wordsSECTION 983Section 983
In this connexion the following note fToraOED,g.v. 'Church,' may be of use: 'The parallelism of Gr. KvpiaKov, church, KupiaKij, Sunday (in 11th cent, also 'church'), L. dominicum, church, dominica, dies dominiea, Sunday, Irish doynhnach, "church " and "Sunday," is instructive.' Deissmann {loc. cit.) dissents from the …
904 wordsSECTION 984Section 984
In the course of time, the distinction between church and synagogue growing wider, the Sabbath inevitably became less and less important and eventually fell into complete neglect among Chris- tians, whilst the Lord's Day survived as their special sacred day of the week. (No institution of like kind was known in paganis…
911 wordsSECTION 985Section 985
(c) The assemblies connected with the Lord's Day were two : the vigil in the night between Saturdaj' and Sunday, and the celebration of the Liturgy on Sunday morning. One reason for meet- ing at such times was most probably the need for precaution in times of persecution and dithculty. An interesting account of Sunday …
953 wordsSECTION 986Section 986
An interesting subject of inquiry presents itself in the fact that among the Teutonic nations of Western Christendom this old pagan name, ' day of the sun,' has established itself in the calendar, whilst the modern Latin nations employ as the universal name the early Christian term dies dom- inica in various forms. (Th…
1,030 wordsSECTION 987Section 987
• See James Sibree, * Divination among the Malagasy,' Folk- iore, iii. [1892] 193 fif. t F. Granger, The Worship of the Romans, 1S95, p. ISO ; Cicero, de Dicinatione, ii. Sb, etc. ; W. Smith. Diet. <>/ Greek and Roman Antiquities, 1S75, artt. 'Oraculum,' '.Sortes'; Thomas Gataker, Treatise of the Nature and Use of Lot…
906 wordsSECTION 988Section 988
§ Ezekiel's ideal division of the land was by lot (Ezk 4722 48-9). It was the intention of Antiochus, after subduing Palestine, to plant colonies in the land, dividing it among them by lot (1 Mac3S6). Josephus (BJ m. viiL 7) saved his life by inducing his soldiers to agree that the order in which they should kUl each o…
854 wordsSECTION 989Section 989
The transmission of an allotment was regulated by certain customs. A holder could convey it to another, as Isaac did to Jacob, and such transfer- ence could not be cancelled or altered (Gn 27^^, He 12^'^). It was recognized that the son of a female slave could not share an allotment with the son of a free-born wife (Gn…
1,200 wordsSECTION 990Section 990
LiTKRATUBE. — This has been indicated in the foot-notes. P. A. GoEDON Clark. • Cf. the slave made co-heir (Hermas, ii.). t J. E. Carpenter, Comparative Religion, 1913, p. 178. t Bingham, xvi. 5. 3. § Bingham, iv. 1. 1. For the connexion between KXfipoi and •clergy' see Lightfoot, p. 245, and E. de Pressens6, Chris…
949 wordsSECTION 991Section 991
The noun dyd.7n] seems to have been coined by the LXX to translate the OT conception of religious love. It is not found in classical Greek, nor even with Philo and Josephus. Perhaps the fact tliat the profane literature does not have the noun is significant. It can be explained on the principle that only through transf…
1,140 wordsSECTION 992Section 992
The phrase 'the love of God' occurs in the Pauline Epistles in Ro 5^ S*^, 2 Co 13^^ 2 Th 3^, Tit 3* ((f>(.\avdp(j3irla) ; ' tiie love of Christ' occurs in Ro 8^' (variant reading 'love of God'), 2 Co 5'^ Eph 3i» ; ' the love of God in Christ ' in Ro S*^. In all these cases the genitive is a subjective genitive. In 'the…
918 wordsSECTION 993Section 993
The love of God does not exclude for St. Paul the co-ordination of other attributes in God as jointly determinative of the Divine redemptive procedure. In the Cross of Christ is the great manifestation of love, but it is not the love of God alone that the Cross proclaims. It also demon- strates the diKaiocrvv-q = t\\Q …
972 wordsSECTION 994Section 994
iii. Epistle of James.— The Epistle of James by calling the commandment of love ' the royal law ' (2^) places love in the centre of religion. This love is not merely love for men but love to God (2^). It chooses God and rejects the world, the love for God and the friendship of the world being mutuallj' exclusive (4^). …
1,042 wordsSECTION 995Section 995
LOVE-FEAST LOVE-FEAST 17 ' to know God ' is used as synonymous with ' loving God.' 'To know' is taken in such connexions in the pregnant sense which implies intimacy of acquaintance and the fellowship of affection. At the same time there is in this an indirect protest against the unethical intellectualisra of the fa…
1,049 wordsSECTION 996Section 996
2. In 1 Corinthians. — We now come to the ac- count given in 1 Co III8-34 ^f ^he Eucharist at Corinth : ' When ye assemble yourselves together, it is not possible to eat the Lord's supper : for in your eating each one taketh before other his own supper ; and one is hungry, and another is drunken. What ? have ye not hou…
984 wordsSECTION 997Section 997
* Apostolic Fathers, pt. ii.2 vol. ii., London, 1889, p. 313. t Com. on Epp. of Peter and Jude'' {ICC, Edinburgh, 1902). I Com. on 2 Peter and Jude (Cambridge Greek Testament, Cambridge, 1912), p. xxxviii. 6 HDIi, art. 'Jude, Epi.stle of.' (1 Loc. cit. 1 Cf. Josephus, Ant. xiv. x. 8; Jer. 16'. ** Cnpyrighf, 1910, by C…
957 wordsSECTION 998Section 998
This, which is the basis of almost all later state- ments, shows no knowledge beyond wh.at can be deduced from the Epistles, combined with (i.) tl:o belief that the same Luke wrote Acts and Gospel ; (ii.) the statements in the preface to the Gospel ; (iii.) the (undoubtedly mistaken) view that St. Paul was referring to…
910 wordsSECTION 999Section 999
Added to these note may be made also of the famous pseudo- Dorotheus, and the lon;jer Sophronius. The text of the former ia sullicient to illustrate their character : AouKttS 6 ei/ayyeAi'cTTT)? 'Ai'TioXfi'S f^f " to -yeVo? ^v, taTpbs Se riji' re^KJ;!'. <TvvcypQ.\^aro 6e to ^ikv evayyiXtov Kar' inLTpoTriqv Herpow Tov a…
1,046 wordsSECTION 1000Section 1000
LUKE ready drawn attention to the fact that this line of research pointed to the unity of the Lucan writings and the identity of the scribe of the ' we- sections' with the redactor of the whole, and in Lukas der Arzt Harnack elaborates the argument very fully ,_ and may be regarded as having proved his point, if it be…
1,016 wordsSECTION 1001Section 1001
2. Luke's sources. — in the complete absence of any definite statements as to the sources used by Luke, with tlie exception of the preface to the Gospel, internal evidence can alone be used, and the results of its study are necessarily only tentative. In the preface to the Gospel Luke tells us that he was acquainted w…
942 wordsSECTION 1002Section 1002
3. Luke's methods. — In using his materials l^uke's methods are in the main those of other writers of the same period. They are quite un- like those of modern writers. A writer of the present day seeks to tell his story in his own words and his own way, giving references to, and, if 722 LUKE necessary, quotations fr…
924 wordsSECTION 1003Section 1003
LiTEHATiTHE. — Besides the works"alreacly quoted in the body of the article see B. Weiss, Die Quellea dei Lukasevangeliums, Stuttgart, 1907; J.Moffatt,L.Vr, Edinburgh, 1911 ;E.Norden, Agnostos Theos, Leipzig, 1913; R. Reitzenstein, Hellenistische W undererzahlungen, do. 1906 ; E. C. Selwyn, St. Luke the Prophet, London…
1,156 wordsSECTION 1004Section 1004
We find the same large use of the word C77c6vnia in Plato. Generally with him it means ' appetite ' in the narrow sense — the motive element in the lowest part of man — yet he uses it also of the other higher departments of the personality. Even the rational soul has its high and lofty desires {Hep., bks. iv. and ix.).…
904 wordsSECTION 1005Section 1005
During the Middle Ages and in Aquinas con- cupiscence was identified with man's sensuous nature. The difference between flesh and spirit was piiysical. So concupiscence was supremely manifested in the lusts of the flesh interpreted in a sensual fashion. Tiie NT does not directly deal with these aspects of desire, but …
905 wordsSECTION 1006Section 1006
Again, the origin of lust is ascribed to the cosmos (1 Jn 2^*""). It is whatever is opposed to the will of God. So in Tit 2^^ -^e read of ' worldly lusts ' (cf. 2 P 1% The world is the ' lust of the flesh,' the ' lust of the eyes,' and the ' pride of life.' It is the kingdom of evil as organized in customs and tendenci…
921 wordsSECTION 1007Section 1007
The desiring of evil things St. Paul regards as the moral ground of all sinful acts (1 Co 10) — of sensuality both as fornication and idolatry — of un- belief in its varied forms. This desiring does not Avork in vacuo ; it is active in an atmosphere already tainted with idolatry, sensuality, and devilry { 1 Co W^«-, 1 …
978 wordsSECTION 1008Section 1008
726 LYCIA LYDIA ished) to Cappadocia, -while he attached south- Avestern Lycaonia (considerably increased) to the province of Cilicia. Mark Antony gave the last part, including Iconinni and Lystra, to Polemon in 39 B.C., but transferred it in 36 to King Aniyntas of Pisidia, 'who at the same time became king of all G…
1,177 wordsSECTION 1009Section 1009
Lydda is now ' a flourishing little town, em- bosomed in noble orchards of olive, fig, pomegran- ate, mulberry, sycamore, and other trees, and sur- rounded every way by a very fertile neighbourhood.' The ruins of the Crusaders' Church of St. George, have ' a certain air of grandeur ' (W. M. Thomson, The Land and the Bo…
969 wordsSECTION 1010Section 1010
In Ezk 30^ the RV has changed Lydia into Lud, and the country Lydia is never mentioned in the NT. The Roman provincial system created a nomenclature which most of the writers of the Apostolic Age habitually employ. Like many other geographical and ethnological names, Lydia ceased to have any political signiticance. St.…
1,218 wordsSECTION 1011Section 1011
had first apprehended St. Paul. Uppermost in his mind was the fact that he had been the means of rescuing ' a Roman ' from the mad fury of the Jews. Not unnaturally it is that fact he empha- sized when writing to the Governor. No further trace of Lysias is forthcoming. G. P. Gould. LYSTRA (Aijo-Tpa, which is fem. sing…
993 wordsSECTION 1012Section 1012
THE END OF VOL. I. University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. Af>RO« (UftPROTM…
25 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1915–1916); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.