PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
Word Studies in the New Testament — Volume 4
Vincent, Marvin R., 1834-1922 · 200,457 words · 330 reading sections
Chapter I.
t See Aristoph. Vesp. 949: Plato, Huthyphro, 3D; Protag. 312 A: Xen. Cyrop. II. i. 22; VIII. i. 89. Deissmann cites one instance in an inscription at Carpathus, second century B.c., dvéyxAnrov airov mapéoxnrac may show himself blameless ; and another from Mylasa in Caria, first century B.c., Xpryomoy éavrdyv mapécx…
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Cu. IL] THE EPISTLE TO TITUS. 845 Matt. v. 8. In Pastorals, with the exception of this passage, always of God. In Paul, only of men, and so usually in the Gospels. *EAsiéa hope, the object of hope. Why the hope is called blessed, appears from 2 Tim. iv. 8; Philip. iii. 20, ete. Comp. Jude 21, and 1 Pet. i. 13. An…
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Cu. III.) THE EPISTLE TO TITUS, 347 Zealous (fnrw77v). Lit. a zealot. Comp. Acts xxi. 20; xxii. 3; 1 Pet. iii. 18. Only here in Pastorals. In Paul, 1 Cor. xiv. 12; Gal. i. 14. » For the word as a title, see on the Canaanite, Matt. x. 4, and Mk. iii. 18. Authority (émitayjs). See on 1 Tim. i. 1. Despise (zrepidpov…
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works, those namely in righteousness, which we did. The thought is entirely Pauline. ’E& épyav, strictly, out of, in consequence of works. "Ev Sixavootyy in the sphere of right- eousness ; as legally righteous men. Comp. Eph. ii. 9. We did: emphatic. Comp. Rom. x. 5; Gal. iii. 10, 12; v. 3. According to his mercy …
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* The attempts to resolve the meaning into practise are mostly suspicious. Of the four examples cited by Alford, two at least, Thucyd. viii. 75, and Soph. Cu. IIl.] THE EPISTLE TO TITUS. 351 Profitable (a@pPéAvua). Past?. °(LXX. Comp. 1 Tim. iv. 8; 2 Tim. iii. 16. 9. Foolish questions, etc. See on 2 Tim. ii. 23. F…
516 wordsSECTION 186Pastorals And Not In Paul.
d-yaboepyew dyveia aywyy} ddnAOr ns é0rAEw > , aidas aipetixds aicxpoxepons akaipws akaTrayvworos akparys aGAdws GjL0.XOS dyorB dvalwrvpéw dvaAvots dvavnpw dvayixw > Ue dydparroduor ns ‘dvdpopovos > , dveéixaKos aveTraiaXvvTos dverriAnumtos GvEEpos dvctos dvridiatibepon > 4, avriGeots GVT…
320 wordsSECTION 187Pastorals And Not In Paul.
tBpilo tytaivw byuns trouimyynocKkw brdpyyots VOTEpOS diravOpwria PiArdpyvpos Pird§evos TEPLTELPW Tepippovew maT dopat mréypa TAKTNS TOpLo Los Tpayyuartia mpavmrabia mpeo Boris am pOyovos TpOKplLa. mpookALcts pyTas oEpvoTNsS oKérrac pa oTOpaxos oTpaToAoyew oruynros ovvKaxorrabew TwTnplos cw…
457 wordsSECTION 188Phrases Occurring Only In Pastoral Epistles.
mioris evoxnoev, 2 Tim. i. 5. KAjots dyia, 2 Tim. i. 9. mpo xpovev aiwviwv, 2 Tim. i.9; Tit. shop cwrnpia 9 &v Xpicto “Incod, 2 Tim. ii. 10. voy exe, 2 Tim. ii. 17. Oepertos Tod Geod, 2 Tim. ii. 19. 9 Tod duaBcrov wayis, 2 Tim. ii. 26. TovTo yivwoxe, 2 Tim. iii. 1. didxevy (in sense of persecute), 2 Tim. iii…
310 wordsSECTION 189Introduction.
“Wo wrote the Epistle God only knows.” Such was the verdict of Origen, and modern criticism has gotten no farther. That it is not the work of Paul is the almost unanimous judg- ment of modern scholars. Its authenticity as a Pauline writ- ing has been challenged from the earliest times. In the Eastern church, both …
266 wordsSECTION 190862 Introduction To The Epistle To The Hebrews.
the assumption of its Pauline authorship; but the influ- ence of the earlier suspicion remained, and Jerome declared that the custom of the Latins did not receive it as St. Paul’s. Augustine agreed substantially with Jerome. It was author- ised as canonical by two councils of Carthage (397, 419 A.D.); but the lang…
333 wordsSECTION 191Introduction To The Epistle To The Hebrews. 363
(2) THE MetHops oF THOUGHT AND THE PorINTS OF View. — These differ from those of the Pauline Epistles. The two do not materially disagree. They reach, substan- tially, the same conclusions, but by different processes and from different positions. The points of emphasis differ. Topics which, in the Pauline letters,…
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scious of his sin, and to drive him to the true source of right- eousness. To our writer the reason is to be sought in the fact that the atoning and purifying institutions of the law cannot remove the sins which prevent fellowship with God. From Paul’s point of view he might have been expected to show that, in the…
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“they can never take away sins:” “they can never make the comers thereunto perfect:” “they are mere ordinances of the flesh, imposed until the time of reformation.” (ce) The view of the condition in which the subject of the law’s dominion is placed. 'To Paul it is a condition of bond- age, because the law is a bod…
355 wordsSECTION 1943866 Introduction To The Epistle To The Hebrews.
relation to the law, but to God’s original ideal, and to the harmony with God’s entire economy in nature and revelation. Man, nature, history, alike illustrate the incarnation. The Son of God, through whom the worlds were made, is the heir of all things, and, as creator and heir, interprets all life. He not only c…
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plating with affectionate sympathy that through which they had been led to see the meaning of the gospel, and finding in it “a welcome, though imperfect source of consolation, instead of a crushing burden, as in Paul’s case” (Westcott). (5) THE PERSONAL AUTHORITY OF THE WRITER IS WHOLLY IN THE BAcKGROUND. — This i…
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But this hypothesis presents formidable difficulties. This would seem to be a roundabout way of impressing Gentiles with the superior claims of Christianity. It would appear to have been the more natural course to institute a direct com- parison between Christianity and paganism. See on ch. xiii. 7-165. It is tru…
366 wordsSECTION 197Introduction To The Epistle To The Hebrews. 369
The same remarks will apply to the case of Clement of Rome. In his Epistle to the Corinthians there are about twenty allusions to the Epistle to the Hebrews or quotations from it. Two of these relate to the majesty of God; one to Christ as high priest; in two or three there is a mere imita- tion of the phraseology…
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tiles, it is strange that Paul nowhere alludes to it ; and what did the Gentile care about Melchisedec or the relation of Christ’s priesthood to his ? It is indeed true that, in the practical warnings of the epistle, nothing is directly said about apostasy to Judaism ; but the admonitions are enforced by distincti…
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to seek the God of the Old Testament revelation, would be to fall back from a living to a dead God. Again, it is claimed that the words at the beginning of Chapter VI. could not be properly addressed to Jewish Christ- ians: that only a heathen would need to lay such a founda- tion on his first acceptance of Christ…
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(d) It cannot be shown that the temple at Leontopolis exer- cised the same power over the Alexandrian Jews as the temple at Jerusalem did over the Palestinian Jews. Even in Egypt the Jerusalem temple was recognised as the true centre of worship. Moreover, the Christian church at Alexandria was a mixed church. (e) …
382 wordsSECTION 201Introduction To The Epistle To The Hebrews. 373
The Palestinian hypothesis is not free from difficulty. It appears, at first sight, unlikely that the author would have written in Greek to Palestinian Jewish Christians, whose language was Aramaic, and would have used the Septuagint exclusively in citations from the Old Testament. Neverthe- less, Greek was unders…
397 wordsSECTION 2023874 Introduction To The Epistle To The Hebrews.
shown. ‘The use of the present tense in viii. 4 ff. ; ix. 6, 9; x. 1ff.; xiii. 10ff., is not decisive. Attempts to identify the persecution alluded to in x. 2 are the merest guess-work. To refer it to the Neronian persecution (64) is to assume that it was addressed to Rome, and is, therefore, to beg the question. …
403 wordsSECTION 203Literature.
perhaps probability, of his acquaintance with Philo’s writ- ings.* The epistle does exhibit certain points of resemblance to Philo, such as similar forms of quotation, similar use of Old Testament passages and narratives, and statements like those of Philo, such as those respecting the sinlessness of the Logos- Pr…
392 wordsSECTION 204Chapter I.
THEME OF THE EPISTLE. —God has given a revelation of salvation in two stages. The first was preparatory and tran- sient, and is completed. The second, the revelation through Jesus Christ, is final. The readers who have accepted this second revelation are warned against returning to the econ- omy of the first. 1. …
871 wordsSECTION 205Chapter I.
Hath spoken unto us (éAaAncev nyiv). Rend. spake, referring to the time of Christ’s teaching in the flesh. To us God spake as to the fathers of old. By his son (év vig). Lit. ina son. Note the absence of the article. Attention is directed, not to Christ’s divine per- sonality, but to his filial relation. While the…
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3. Being (@v). Representing absolute being. See on J.i. 1. Christ’s absolute being is exhibited in two aspects, which follow: The brightness of his glory (azavyacpa Tis ddEns abrod). Of God’s glory. For brightness rend. effulgence. ’Avravyacpua, N.T.° LXX, only Wisd. vii. 26. Class. It is an Alexan- drian word, a…
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And upholding all things (dépav re ta wavra). Rend. maintaining. Upholding conveys too much the idea of the passive support of a burden. “The Son is not an Atlas, sus- taining the dead weight of the world” (quoted by Westcott). Neither is the sense that of ruling or guiding, as Philo (De Cherub. § xi), who describ…
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4, The detailed development of the argument is now intro- duced. The point is to show the superiority of the agent of the new dispensation to the agents of the old—the angels and Moses. Christ’s superiority to the angels is first discussed. Being made so much better than the angels (tocovT» KpelTT@V yevopevos THY …
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Thou art my Son. Note the emphatic position of vids son. See on ver. 4. In the O. T. son is applied to angels collect- wely, but never individually. See Ps. xxix. 1; Ixxxix. 6. Similarly, son is applied to the chosen nation, Ex. iv. 22; Hos. xi. 1, but to no individual of the nation. Have | begotten (yeyévynxa). R…
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? Cu. LJ THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS. 889 never by Paul) describes the unique relation of the Son to the Father in his divine nature: mpwtdtoxos first-begotten describes the relation of the risen Christ in his glorified humanity to man. The comparison implied in the word is not limited to angels. He is the first-b…
652 wordsSECTION 211Chapter I.
Thy throne, O God (6 @pdvos cov 6 Oeds). I retain the vocative, although the translation of the Hebrew is doubtful. The following renderings have been proposed : “thy throne (which is a throne) of God”: “thy throne is (a throne) of God”: “ God is thy throne.” Some suspect that the Hebrew text is defective. Foreve…
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The opening words of this chapter illustrate the writer’s habit of introducing his practical exhortations into the body of his argument, unlike Paul, who defers them until the end. Comp. ch. iiD 7-199 yn 11. Cu. IL] THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS. 393 1. Therefore (dca rovro). Because you have received a revelation s…
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3. How shall we escape (ads seis expev§dueba). The rhetorical question expressing denial. We is emphatic. We, to whom God has spoken by his Son, and who, therefore, have so much the more reason for giving heed. ’Exdev&dpea, lit. Cu. IL] THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS. 395 flee out from. The English escape conveys the …
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CH 1l] THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS. 397 the position of universal lordship. This thought is developed by means of Ps. viii. Having set Christ above the angels, the writer must reconcile that claim with the historical fact of Christ’s humiliation in his incarnate state. The Psalm presents a paradox in the antithesis…
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8. For (yap). Explanatory. Thou hast put all things in subjection under his feet, that is to say, nothing is excepted. That is not put under him (airo avurréraxtov). Lit. “unsubjected to him.” The adjective only here and 1 Tim. i. 9; Cx. II} THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS. 399 Tit. i.6. But this ideal is not yet a rea…
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Should taste death (yevonras Gavdrov). The phrase is found several times in the Gospels, as Matt. xvi. 28; Mk.ix.1; Le ix. 27 5° Se wili62.) (Seo:on L. ix: 273: J. Vili, 52. * Schmidt, Art. ‘‘Stand doppelter Christi,’’ Herzog, Real Encyc. + Findlay, Hxpositor, 3d ser. ix. 229, calls attention to the fact that Hrat~…
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11. In order to bring many sons unto glory, Christ assumes to them the relation of brother. He that sanctifieth (0 dyidfwv). Sanctification is the path to glorification. Comp. Heb. x. 14. Of one (¢& évds). Probably God, although the phrase may signify of one piece, or of one whole. Jesus and his people alike have…
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He might destroy (xatapyjon). Rend. bring to nought. See on cumbereth, L. xiii. T, and make of none effect, Rom. iii. 3. The word occurs 27 times in N. T., and is rendered in 17 different ways in A. V. Him that had the power of death (rév 7d xpdros éyovra Tov Oavarov). Not power over death, but sovereignty or domi…
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The nature of angels (ayyéAwv). The nature is not in the Greek, and does not need to be supplied if érAapBav- erat is properly translated. Rend. not of angels doth he take hold. It is not angels who receive his help. The seed of Abraham. The one family of God, consist- ing of believers of both dispensations, but c…
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In things pertaining to God (7a pos rdv Gedv). Comp. Rom. xv. 17. A technical phrase in Jewish liturgical lan- guage to denote the functions of worship. Const. with a faithful high priest, not with compassionate. To make reconciliation (es 7d (Adoxefar). See on pro- pitiation, Rom. iii. 25. ‘The verb only here and…
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As also Moses (as xai Movofs). The highest example of human fidelity known to the readers. In all his house (év 6\@ 7@ otk@ adtod). Const. with was Faithful. Jesus was faithful even as Moses was faithful. * Some interesting data and remarks on the use of ‘I,’? ‘“‘we” and ‘‘you’’ in the Epistle may be found in Harn…
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For a testimony of those things which were to be spoken (eis paptipiov TOV AaANOnooOMEevwv). ’Eus for, with the whole * The older expositors regarded 6 6eds as predicate, and 6 rdvra xaracKev- doas as designating Christ ; and explained, ‘‘ now he that founded all things (Christ) must be God,’’ thus using the passag…
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Firm unto the end (éxype tédous BeBalav). Textually, there is some doubt about these words. Westcott and Hort bracket them. ‘Tischendorf retains, and Weiss rejects them. The latter part of this verse marks the transition to the lesson of the wilderness-life of the exodus; the writer fear- ing that the fate of the …
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Forty years. In LXX this is connected with saw my works. In the Hebrew forty years begins the next clause. 10. Wherefore | was grieved (80 mpocdyOica). The Hebrew omits wherefore. It was inserted because of the transfer of forty years to the preceding clause. The verb * Comp. rod VdaTos Aovdoptas, Num. xx. 24, and…
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14. We are made partakers of Christ (uéroyo. yap Tod Xpiotov yeydvawev). Rend. we are become fellows with Christ. For fellows see L. v. 7; Heb. i. 9. It marks even a closer relation than “brethren.” See L. xxii. 30; Rom. viii. 17; Apoe. iii. 21. Beginning of our confidence (17 apynv ris broctdacews ). ‘The believ…
476 wordsSECTION 226Chapter Iv.
Christian salvation, having been presented as lordship over the world to come, and as deliverance from the fear of death, is now to be presented as participation in the rest of God. The purpose of vv. 1-11 is to confirm the hope of that rest, and to warn against forfeiting it. There is a possibility of your forfei…
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corporated would be an idea foreign to the discussion. More- over, in ch. iii. 16, the writer has declared that there were practically no believing hearers. He says that although the good tidings were announced to them, they did not profit them. The word did not profit them because it (the word) was not assimilate…
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8. But it might be said that under Joshua the people did enter into the promised rest. He therefore shows that Isra- el’s rest in Canaan did not fulfil the divine ideal of the rest. Jesus (‘Incods). Rend. Joshua, and see on Matt. i. 21. After this (wera tadra). After the entrance into Canaan under Joshua. 9. Ther…
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12. The exhortation is enforced by reference to the char- acter of the revelation which sets forth the rest of God. The message of God which promises the rest and urges to seek it, is no dead, formal precept, but is instinct with living energy. The word of God (6 Adyos Tod Oeod). That which God speaks through any…
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A discerner (xpitixos). N.T.°. PLXX. The word carries on the thought of dividing. From xpivev to divide or separate, which runs into the sense of judge, the usual meaning in N. T., judgment involving the sifting out and analysis of evidence. In xpurixds the ideas of discrimination and judg- ment are blended. Vulg.…
664 wordsSECTION 231Chapter Iv.
Like as we are (xaf ouoidrnta). Lit. according to like- ness. “Hyuov of us or our is to be understood, or, as some, nutv, according to his likeness to ws. Without sin (ywpis auaprias). This, of course, implies that he was not led into sin by temptation, and also that no temptation aroused in him sin already presen…
279 wordsSECTION 232Chapter V.
The doctrine of the high-priesthood of Christ. The Hebrew Christians were not familiar with Christ under the aspect of a high priest. ‘They did not understand the application of the title and office to him. They could not infer it from his early life, since he was not of the lineage af Aaron, nor from his ministry…
672 wordsSECTION 233Chapter V.
VOL. Iv. —28 434 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. (Ca. V. But he that said unto him, Thou art my Son, etc. Sup- ply glorified him. He did not glorify himself, but God who styled him “son” glorified him. Thou art my Son is intro- duced thus in close connection with the call to the priesthood, in recognition of t…
348 wordsSECTION 234Ch. V.] The Epistle To The Hebrews. 435
Unto him that was able to save him from death (apos Tov duvauevov cate avrov éx Oavdrov). Const. with prayers and supplications, not with offered. To save him from death may mean to deliver him from the fear of death, from the anguish of death, or from remaining a prey to death. In either case, the statement conne…
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The author of eternal salvation (aitvos cwrnpias aiwviov). "Airis, N. T.°, an adjective, causing. Comp. captain of sal- vation, Heb. ii. 10. The phrase cwrnpla aidvios eternal salva- tion N. T.°, but see LXX, Isa. xv. 17. Not everlasting salvation, but a salvation of which all the conditions, attain- ments, privil…
683 wordsSECTION 236Ch. V.] The Epistle To The Hebrews. 435
* Schmidt, Synon., says it is best represented by the German néhlen to dawdle. Cu. V.] THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS. 439 course or narrative. Papias and Irenaeus have ta xupiaxd Aoyia dominical oracles.* -The meaning here is the O. 7. sayings, especially those pointing to Christ. And are become (kai yeyovate). As i…
518 wordsSECTION 237Chapter Vi.
Some difficulty attaches to the first three verses, because the writer combines two thoughts: his own intention to pro- ceed from elementary to more advanced teachings, and his * Surely not, as Liinemann, the gospel message as centring in the doctrine of justification by faith, which would be dragged in by the ears…
669 wordsSECTION 238Chapter Vi.
Dead works (vexpav épywv). The phrase only in Hebrews. Comp. ch. ix. 14. Not sinful works in the ordinary sense of the term, but works without the element of life which comes through faith in the living God. There is a sharp opposition, therefore, between dead works and faith. They are contraries. This truth must …
826 wordsSECTION 239Chapter Vi.
es a 2 se 0 ee ee * See a good note by Alford, Commentary ad loc. Cx. VI] THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS. 445 Tasted of the heavenly gift (yevcapucvous tis Swpeds Ths éroupaviov). For yevoauévous tasted, comp. ch. ii. 9. The meaning is, have consciously partaken of. Comp. 1 Pet. ii. 3, and tpwyev eateth, J. vi. 56. T…
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Cu. VI] THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS. 447 Meet for them by whom it is dressed (evOerov éexelvass dv ots Kal yewpyeirat). For edGerov, lit. well placed, thence fit or appropriate, see L. ix. 62; xiv. 85. Tewpyeiv to till the ground, N. T.°. Rend. ttlled. Dress is properly to trim. The natural result of the ground’s r…
651 wordsSource & rights
Public domain historical edition (1887); scan/OCR from Internet Archive.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.