PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
Word Studies in the New Testament — Volume 4
Vincent, Marvin R., 1834-1922 · 200,457 words · 330 reading sections
Additional Note On Verses 14-21.
The course of thought in Paul’s address to Peter is difficult to follow. It will help to simplify it if the reader will keep it before him that the whole passage is to be interpreted in the light of Peter’s false attitude — as a remonstrance against a particular state of things. The line of remonstrance is as follo…
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1. Foolish (avenro:). See on L. xxiv. 25. InN. T. and LXX always in an active sense. See L. xxiv. 25; Rom. i. 14; 1 Tim. vi. 9; Tit. iii. 8. Nods is used by Paul mainly with an ethical reference, as the faculty of moral judgment. See on Rom. vii. 238. *Avdntos therefore indicates a folly which is the outgrowth of …
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3. So foolish. Explained by what follows. Has your folly reached such a pitch as to reverse the true order of things? Comp. 1 Cor. xv. 46. Having begun (évapEdwevor). P®°. Comp. Philip. i. 6; 2 Cor. viii. 6. Having commenced your Christian life. The * See Aristoph. Av. 450; Just. Mart. Apol. 2, 52; Plut. Camillus,…
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if it be yet in vain (ed ye Kal eixn). The A. V. misses the force of the particles. Kai should be closely joined with eixn, with the sense of really. Tf, that is, it be really in vain. 5. Therefore (otv). Resumes the thought of ver. 2 (vv. 3, 4 being, practically, parenthetical), in order to adduce the example of …
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All nations (rdvra ra é6vn). From Gen. xviii. 18; comp. Gen. xxii. 18, LXX. Gen. xii. 8 reads macae ai dural all the tribes. Ta é0vn was the collective term by which all non-Jews were denoted, and is more suitable to Paul’s Gen- tile audience. Shall be blessed (évevrAoynOyjcovrar). In N. T. only here. LXX, Gen. x…
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* In Heb. x. 38, wod after dlkaios is retained by Tischendorf, Weiss, and Rey. T., and is bracketed by WH. Vulg. has justus autem meus. Cu. IIL] THE EPISTLE TO THE GALATIANS. 119 14. That (ia). Marking the purpose of Christ in re- deeming from the curse of the law. That we might receive, etc. The second va is para…
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Were made (éppé0ncav). Rend. were spoken. * See Clement, Ad Corinth. x., who enumerates the different forms of the promise to Abraham, citing Gen. xii. 1-3; xiii. 14-16; and Gen. xv. 5, 6. See also Gen. xy. 18; xvii. 8; xxii. 16-18, Cx, IIl.] THE EPISTLE TO THE GALATIANS. cb | To his seed (1@ omeppate airov). Emph…
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* The LXX of Ex. xii. 40 which Paul is assumed to follow, says that the sojourn of Israel in Egypt and in the land of Canaan was 480 years, accord- ing to one reading ; but according to another, 435 years. Lightfoot says the 5 in the Vatican Ms. is erased, but Swete retains it in his edition of the LXX. The words i…
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Cx. UL] THE EPISTLE TO THE GALATIANS. 125 contradict Paul’s assertions in Rom. vii. 12-25. In repre- senting the law as subordinate and temporary he does not impugn it as a divine institution. 20. Nowa mediator is not a mediator of one (6 dé peoirns évos ovK éoTw). Observe, 1. Aé is explanatory, not antithetic. T…
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That (va). In order that. That which is represented through a personification as the act of Scripture, is the act of God, according to a definite purpose that the promise should be inherited by believers only, through faith in Jesus Christ. Cu. IIL] THE EPISTLE TO THE GALATIANS. 12h The promise (% émayyed/a). That…
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* See an interesting passage in Plato, Lysis, 207, 208. Cu. IID] THE EPISTLE TO THE GALATIANS. 129 He now addresses the Galatians, who were mostly Gentiles, and includes all Christians, Jewish and Gentile. 2. The emphasis is on sons of God rather than on all; for his object is to show that, after the coming of fai…
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There is (é). Only in Paul (1 Cor. vi. 5; Col. iii. 11) and Jas. i. 17. “Ew is the abbreviation of eveoti there is in or among.* Male nor female (dpcev cai O9Av). Comp. Matt. xix. 4. He has said “Jew nor Greek” ; “bond nor free.” Here he says “male and (kat) female”; perhaps because political and * Ellicott and L…
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The last words of ch. iii., “heirs according to the promise,” are now further discussed. It is shown that the capability of heirship, which was first conferred through Christ, could not enter earlier into the history of mankind, because man- kind was still in its minority ; and its majority, its sonship, was first…
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8. We. Not Jewish Christians only, but all Christians. For in ver. 5, Jewish Christians are distinctly characterised * Hatch, Essays in Biblical Greek, p. 73, thinks that it means the admin- istrator of the city lands. ’Ovxovoula in papyri of the first and second centuries A.p. often signifies record, document. + …
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4. Fulness of the time (70 wAnpwpa tod ypdvov). The moment by which the whole pre-messianic period was com- pleted. Comp. Eph.i.10. It answers to the time appointed of the Father (ver. 2). For wAvjpopa see on J. i. 16. The meaning of the word is habitually passive—that which is completed, full complement. There ar…
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Our hearts. Note the interchange of persons: we might receive, ye are sons, our hearts. Comp. Rom. vii. 4. Crying («pafov). A strong word, expressing deep emo- tion. The verb originally represents the sound of a croak or harsh scream; thence, generally, an inarticulate cry; an exclamation of fear or pain. The cry …
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How (vas). “A question full of wonder” (Bengel). Comp. I marvel, ch. i. 6. Turn ye again (émiotpéfere wadv). Better, the continu- ous present, are ye turning, as of a change still in progress. Comp. ch. i. 6. IIdAcv again, according to N. T. usage, and 140 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. ([Cu. IV. correspondin…
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11. | am afraid of you (doPotpat duds). Not a felici- tous translation, though retained by Rev. Rather, “I am * See Ewald, Antiquities of Israel (trans.), p. 842 ff. Riehm, Handw. des Bib. Alterth., Art. ‘‘Monate.”? Schrader, Heilinschriften, 2d ed. Wieseler, Chronologie. 142 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. [Cu…
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* See Weizsicker, Apostolische Zeitalter (trans.), i. 112. McGiffert, The Apostolic Age, p. 177 ff. Ramsay, The Church in the Roman Empire, p. 62 ff. 144 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. [Cz. IV. ings or elsewhere. It does not suit the following but received me, etc. It lays the stress on the Galatians’ resistan…
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17. They zealously affect you (fyrovow wuas). They are zealously paying you court in order to win you over to VOL. 1v.— 10 146 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. [Cu. IV, their side. Affect, in this sense, is obsolete. It is from affectare, to strive after, earnestly desire. So Shaks. Zam. of Shr. I. i. 40: ‘(In…
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148 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. [Cu. IV. 21-31. Paul now defends the principle of Christian free- dom from the law by means of an allegorical interpretation of the history of Abraham’s two sons. He meets the Juda- isers on their own Old Testament ground, going back to the statement of ch. iii. T. 21. Tell …
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150 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. [Cu. IV. were the basis of the Talmud. As Jowett justly says: “Strange as it may at first appear that Paul’s mode of interpreting the Old Testament Scriptures should not con- form to our laws of logic or language, it would be far stranger if it had not conformed with the natu…
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152 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. [Cu. IV. 26. Jerusalem which is above (7 dvw ‘IepovoaAnp). Paul uses the Hebrew form ‘Iepoveadnp in preference to the Greek ‘IepoodAvua, which occurs Gal. i. 17, 18; uu. 1. The phrase Jerusalem which is above was familiar to the rabbinical teach- ers, who conceived the heaven…
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154 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. [Cu. V. Quotation from LXX of Gen. xxi. 10. For the words of this bondwoman — with my son Isaac, Paul substitutes of the bondwoman — with the son of the freewoman, in order to adapt it to his context. This is according to his habit of adapting quotations to his immediate use.…
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156 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. (Cu. V Comp. ch. ii. 21. Chrysostom says: “ He who is circum- cised is circumcised as fearing the law: but he who fears the law distrusts the power of grace; and he who distrusts gains nothing from that which he distrusts.” 3. Again (madd). Probably with reference to what he …
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By faith (é« wictews). Const. with wait, not with right eousness. 158 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. [Cu.V. Wait for (damexdeysue0a). Quite often in Paul, and only twice elsewhere, Heb. ix. 28; 1 Pet. iii. 20. See on Philip. iii. 20. The hope of righteousness (éAmiéa Sixatocdvns). Hope for the olject of hope…
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160 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. [Cu. V. discovery that fermentation is a necessary consequence of the activity and growth of living organisms.* A very few of these Judaising intruders are sufficient to corrupt the whole church. Lump (dvpaya). P°. See on Rom. ix. 21. 10. In the Lord. Const. with I have conf…
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12. They were cut off (azroxéyovrar). More correctly, would cut themselves off. Perhaps the severest expression in Paul’s Epistles. It turns on the practice of circumcision. Paul says in effect: ‘These people are disturbing you by insisting on circumcision. I would that they would make thorough work of it in their…
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17. Are contrary (avtixerat). The verb means to le opposite to; hence to oppose, withstand. ‘The sentence these —to the other is not parenthetical. So that (tva). Connect with these are contrary, etc. “Iva does not express result, but purpose, to the end that, —the purpose of the two contending desires. The intent…
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Cu. V.] THE EPISTLE TO THE GALATIANS. 167 try, as one’s own. Aristotle (Wie. ix. 7, 3) speaks of poets as loving (orépyovres) their own poems as their children. See also Eurip. Med. 87. ’Aryarrav is to love out of an intel- ligent estimate of the object of love. It answers to Lat. diligere, or Germ. schdtzen to pr…
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* See Professor Sanday’s note on the history of aydirn, Co fiomans (International), p. 374, Eainateanases. Gas THE EPISTLE TO THE GALATIANS. 169 Mem. i. 2, 1, of Socrates, who was éyxparéctaros most temp- erate as to sexual pleasures and pleasures of the appetite. Such (roovrwy). Such things, not persons. There i…
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1. Overtaken in a fault (rpornuddy — & run TapaTrT@- wart). ‘The verb means lit. to take before; to anticipate or forestall. Elsewhere only Mk. xiv. 8; 1 Cor. xi. 21. LXX Wisd. xviii. 17. Not, be detected in the act by some one else before he can escape, but surprised by the fault itself; hurried Cu. VI.) THE EPIS…
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Deceiveth (dpevarara). N. T.°. °LXX, Class. See the noun ¢pevarrarns deceiver, Tit. i. 10. Denoting subjective deception ; deception of the judgment. The simple ararav to deceive, Eph. v. 6; 1 Tim. ii. 14; Jas. i. 26, and often in LXX. Lightfoot thinks the compound verb may possibly have been coined by Paul.t * Q…
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Him that is taught (6 catnyovpevos). See on L. i. 4. In the word (7ov Adyov). The gospel. Usually in Paul with some qualifying word, as of God. Comp. Acts iv. 4; Vill. 4; oe lupe iE cosmRw sored «Lh. i. 63 Colwy. 9. Communicate (xovwwveiro). Hold fellowship with ; par- take with. Not zmpart to. The word is used of…
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Cx. VL] THE EPISTLE TO THE GALATIANS. LT of pertaining or belonging to. Thus oixeiot dirocodias or yeaypadias belonging to philosophy or geography, philosophers, geographers. So here, belonging to the faith, believers. 11. How large a letter (rndikous ypadupacwv). More cor- rectly, with how large letters. VUpdupar…
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Cx. VI] THE EPISTLE TO THE GALATIANS. 179 That they may glory in your flesh (iva év tp duerepa capxl kavynowvrat). May boast, not of your fulfilling the law, but in your ceremonial conformity ; your becoming legal zealots like themselves. They desire only that you, like them, should make a fair show in the flesh. …
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18. The grace, etc. The same form of benediction occurs Philem. 25. Cu. VI.J THE EPISTLE TO THE GALATIANS. 181 Brethren. Rey. rightly puts the word at the end of the verse. The position is unusual. It would seem as if Paul intended to close this severe’letter with an assurance that the “foolish Galatians” were st…
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Clement’s Epistle to the Corinthians: perhaps a little more on those in the Ignatian Epistles, although many of these are merely analogies of expression which may have been acci- dental, or echoes of current religious phraseology. An unmistakable reminiscence appears in Polycarp’s Epistle to the Philippians (Phili…
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IV. CHRONOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS. — Was Paul re- leased from his first imprisonment and imprisoned a second time? Can a place be found for the three letters in his recorded history ? It is claimed that Paul was released from prison after his first confinement at Rome (Acts xxviii. 16-31) and that he then continue…
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Peter; but the departure of Paul setting out from the city to Spain—here the text is mutilated. How the writer intended to complete it can only be guessed. ‘The passage is worthless as evidence. 38. After these two we have noth- ing until the fourth century, when Eusebius says that there was a tradition that the a…
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done. There is no period of that ministry, from Damascus to Rome, into which they will fit.* V. StyLe AND Diction. —The most formidable objection to the Pauline authorship of these Epistles is furnished by their style and diction, which present a marked contrast with those of the Pauline letters. That the three Pa…
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freighted utterance of Paul. The thought is scanty in pro- portion to the volume of words; as Holtzmann says: “We miss those characteristic dam-breakings which the construction suffers from the swelling fulness of thought.” We miss the frequent anacolutha, the unclosed parentheses, the sudden digressions, the obsc…
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accusative, év wavrti, méte, Tod, ctv, aomep —none of these appear. There is no trace of Paul’s habit of applying differ- ent prepositions to the same object in one sentence, for the purpose of sharper definition. See Gal. i. 1; Rom. i. 17. Similar ideas are differently expressed by Paul and in the Pastorals. Comp…
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and the letter to Philemon exhibits no lack of distinctive Pauline characteristics. It is further urged that Paul’s style had developed, and that, in his advanced age, he had lost the vivacity once pecul- iar to him. One is tempted to smile at the suggestion of a development of style in the easy commonplaces of th…
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sent an advanced and rounded expression of Pauline teach- ing, “bringing the doctrines of grace to a rounded fulness and chastened ripeness of expression that warrants us in see- ing in them the authentic conclusion of the Pauline gospel of salvation in the mind which first conceived it” (Findlay). No special plea…
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the remark of Schenkel, that “the image of Christ presented in the Pastorals is indeed composed of Pauline formulas, but is lacking in the Pauline spirit and feeling, in the mystic inwardness, the religious depth and moral force, that live in the Christ of Paul.” Still, the Pauline conception appears in the emphas…
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he picture the Cretans in such detail to Titus, who was in the midst of them, and who must have known their characteris- tics quite as well as himself ? Vill. THe Herestes. — Before it can be decisively asserted that the heresies treated in these Epistles are later than Paul’s time, it must be settled what these h…
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ing, disputes about words, strifes about the law, fables, end- less genealogies, and profane babblings. This is quite unlike the controversial method of Paul, who defines what he assails, demonstrates its unsoundness, and shows the bearing of the gospel upon it. IX. CuurcH Po.rtry. — The church polity of the Pasto…
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simplicity and the later monarchical tendency. If these let- ters are the work of Paul before his first imprisonment, their notes of church polity do n6t consist with those of his other letters written during that period. If they were composed by Paul a few years after his first imprisonment, the period is too ear…
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Sons of Korah. Neither Samuel nor Ruth nor Esther were supposed to be the authors of the books which bore their names. Koheleth, in the Book of Ecclesiastes, impersonates Solomon, and the Proverbs and the Canticles both bear his name. The church of the second century thankfully accepted these three Epistles, and,…
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B. Weiss, Hinleitung in das Neue Testament. Transl. by David- son, 1886. G. Salmon, A Historical Introduction to the Study of the New Testament. F. Godet, Introduction au Nouveau Testament, Pt. I. Transl. by Affleck, 1893. W. M. Ramsay, The Church in the Roman Empire before A.D. 170, 1893. J. E. Huther in Meyer…
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That they teach no other doctrine (1) érepodiacKaneiv), Better, not to teach a different doctrine. For &repos different, see on Gal. i. 6. The verb Past®, °LXX. Class. The Cu. I.] THE FIRST EPISTLE TO TIMOTHY. 203 charge is not to teach anything contrary to the sound teach- ing (ver. 10) or irreconcilable with it …
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5. The end of the commandment (rédos rijs mapayyen- fas). The article with “commandment” points back to Cx. I.] THE FIRST EPISTLE TO TIMOTHY. 205 might st charge, ver. 3. Rend. therefore, of the charge. Tédos end, aim, that which the charge contemplates. Love (ayd7n). See on Gal. v. 22. The questionings, on the c…
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Righteous (S:caiw). Morally upright. Not in the Pauline sense of justified by faith. Comp. 2 Tim. ii. 22; iii. 16. This appears from the way in which the opposite of righteous is described in the next clause. Lawless (aveyuos). Recognising no law; a sense which accords better with the following context than not ha…
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VOL. 1v.—14 210 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. [Cu. I. sets one free from the law. Here, the man for whom the law is not made (ver. 9) is the man who is ethically conformed to the norm of sound teaching. The two conceptions do not exclude each other: the sound teaching is according to the gospel (ver. 11), bu…
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212 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. [Cu. I. Worthy of all acceptation (adons arodoyfs d&uos). The phrase only here and ch. iv. 9. ’Azrodoyv7 Past?. °LXX. Comp. Acts ii. 41, amodeEdpwevor tov Adyov received his word. Idons all or every describes the reception of which the saying is worthy as complete and excludi…
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214 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. [Cu. L Forever and ever (els rods aldvas Tav aiwvev). Lit. unto the aeons of the aeons. The formula in Paul, Rom. xvi. 27; Gal. i.5; Philip. iv. 20. Also in Hebrews and Ist Peter, and often in Apoc. The doxology as a whole is unique in N. T. 18. This charge (ratvrnv tHv mapay…
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216 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. [Ca. IL 1. | exhort (srapaxad@). See on consolation, L. vi. 24. First of all (apaérov mavrwv). Connect with I exhort. The only instance of this phrase in N. T. Supplications be made (croveioPa Senoes). The phrase occurs L. v. 83; Philip. i. 4. CLXX. °Class. Aéyous is petitio…
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Come to the knowledge of the truth (es ér/joow arnGeias édOciv). The phrase only here and 2 Tim. iii. T. ’"Exr(yveors is a favorite Pauline word. See on Rom. iii. 20; Col. i. 9; 1 Tim. ii. 4; iv. 3. It signifies advanced or full knowledge. The difference between the simple yv@ous and the compound word is illustrat…
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is a favorite one with John. See J. i. 7. The exact phrase xatpois idtows in its own times, only in the Pastorals, here, ch. vi. 15; Tit. i. 8. In Gal. vi. 9 xaip@ idim in due tume. Comp. Gal. iv. 4. 7. | am ordained (éréOnv ey). Better, I was appointed. See on J. xv. 16. A preacher («jpv&). Lit. a herald. See on…
667 wordsSource & rights
Public domain historical edition (1887); scan/OCR from Internet Archive.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.