V. Held m 254 (?), when the Spanish bishops Mar- tiaUs and Basilides were deposed as LtbeUaHcL
VI Held in 255 and 256, under Cyprian, on the ne- cessity of rebaptidng heretics-attended by 71 bishops.
PLAN
They decided that there can be no valid baptism out of the Catholic Church, and addressed a sjmodical let- ter to Stephen of Bome upon the subject, informing him of their decision upon this and other matters. Stephen refused to admit the decision, and separated himself fh>m the communion of Cyprian and the other bishops who acted with him in the council. The con- flict lasted until the pontificate of Sixtus, when the African bishops gave up their theory of the invalidity of heretical baptism. — Labbe et Cossart, ComnL t. i, p. 798; Landon, Mamal o/ComcUt, p. 102.
Vn. Held in 880, in fiivor of those who were stead- fast in the persecution.
VIUL Held hi 897 and 898, on discipline and the baptism of children.
IX. Two in 401, in which numerous canons were made on receiving converted children of Donatists among the clergy.
X. Two in 408, on pagans, heretics, and Donatists. XT. Commencing June 1, 411, in which conferences
were held with the Donatists, with a view to their re- union with the Church. Augustine was present, and argued the case from the side of the Church. At the dose of the conference, Marcellinus, who represented the emperor Honorlos in the oouncQ, gave sentence to the effisct that the Donatists had been entirely ref^ited by the Catholics ; and that, accordingly, those of. the Donatists who should refbse to unite themselves to the Church should be punished as the laws dfarected. From this sentence the Donatists appealed to the em- peror, but in vain. Honorius confirmed the acts of the Conference of Carthage by a law, bearing date Aug. 80, 414. This conference and the severe meas- ures which fbllowed it gave the death-blow to Dona- tism.~Labbe et Cossart, ConcU. t. iii, p. 107; Heander, Ckmrck ffittory, ii, 208 sq. ; Landon, Manual of Comn" aZf,p.lll.
XIT, Held m 411 or 412, agahist Coelestius, disci- ple of Pela^us. Ccelestius was accused by Paulinus, among other things, of teaching that the rin of Adam only injured himself, and that its eflbcts have not de- scended to his posterity, and that every child is bom into the world in the same gondition in which Adam was before the FalL Coelestius did not deny the ac- cusation ; fbr, although he agreed that children must of necessity receive redemption by baptism, yet he re- fhsed to acknowledge that the sin of Adam had passed upon them ; nor w^d he confess, unequivocally, that they receive therein remission of any rin : according- ly he was condemned and excommunicated.— Labbe
CARTHUSIANS
134
CARTWRIGHT
et Cotsart, GmcS. t. lit, p. 847 Bq. ; Londen, Manual ofCouneilt, p. Ill ; Mansi, Condi, iv, 289.
•gTTT Held in 416, against Pelagius and CoslestinB. The doctrines of Pelagiiis were condemned by this Council in a decree wliich was approved by Innocent I, bishop of Borne.
XTV. Held in 418, at which more than 200 bbhops took part, under the presidency of Aorellns. Angus- tine styles it **the (>>ancil of Africa." Its decrees against Pelagianism were the triumph of Augustinlsm, and finally received the general approval of the Church. Prosper has preserved one of these decrees, in which the council declares that the grace of God given to us through Jesus Christ not only assists us to Imow what is right, but also to practise it ih each particular action, so that without it we can neither have, nor think, nor say, nor do anything which appertains to holiness and true piety. The council agreed upon a letter to Zoei- mus, bishop of Borne, demanding that the septence of condemnation passed by Innocent I against Pelagius and Ccslestius should be enforced until they should alignre their errors. » Mansi, ConciL iii, 810; iv, 877; Landon, Manual of QmncUi, p. 112 ; Schaif, Ch. Hiit. iii, 798.
Carthusians, an order of monks in the Roman Catholic Church, founded by St. Bruno (q. v.) A.D. 1086. A legend of much later origin tells the follow- ing story: At the funeral of a friend of Bruno's in 1082, the dead man raised himself up, saying, "By the just judgment of God I am accused!*' This was repeated on the two following days, and had such an efiect on Bruno and six more that they immediately retired to the desert of the Chartreuse, and there built the first monastery. This absurd legend found its way into the Boman breviary, but was struck out by order of Pope Urban VIII. After Bruno had governed the first establishment for about six years. Pope Urban II, his former pupil, called him' to Rome, and retained him there, although Bruno begged for permission to return to his brethren. The order increased slowly. In 1137 they counted four, in 1151 fourteen, and in 1258 fifty-six houses. In 1370 the order was recog- nised by the pope. Martin V exempted all the proper- ty of the order from tithes. Julius II provided, in 1508, by a bull, that the prior of the Grande Char- treuse, near Grenoble, should always be the general of the whole order, and that a general chapter should meet annually. At the beginning of the 18th century the number of houses was 170, of which 75 belonged to France. Many houses perished in the French Revo- lution, but some were re-establbhed after 1815. Their principal establishment, the Grande Chartreuse, was reoccupied in 1816. In England the Carthusians set- tled in 1180, and had a famous monastery in London, since called, fh>m the Carthusians who settled there, the *' Charter-house." The order has given to the Church several saints, three cardinals, and more than , seventy archbishops and bishops.