drawn by oxen, convejring female oaptivas ; and otlicn represent carts captured from enemies with capdvea, and also some used in carrying timber and other arti- cles (Layard, Nmevek, ii, 896; Nm, <md Bab. p. 184, 447, 688 ; Man. of Babylon, pt ti, pU. 12, 17). Four- wheeled carriages are said by Plmy {NaL H%$L vii, 66) to have been invented by the Ph^gians (Wilkinsaiif Anc, Egypt, Abridgment, i, 884, 886 ; ii, 89, 47). The carts used in India for conveying goods, called suggar or hackeri^ have two wheels, in the former case of solid wood, in the latter with spokes. They are drawn, by oxen harnessed to a pole (Capper, India, p. 846, 862). — Kitto, s. V. ; Smith, s. v. See Waooh.
Modem Syrian Fammsart. Ker Porter, Travelt, ii, 638). A bas-relief at Nineveh
represents a cart having wheels with eight spokes.
Captive Women In a Cart draim by Oxen. From the Assyr- .ian Monuments.
Modem Indian Cart Carter, Abiel, a minister of the Protestant Epis- copal Chureh, was bom at Concord, N. H., May 2, 1791. He graduated A.B. at Dartmouth College in 1818, and soon after began the study of law at New York; but, turning his attention to religion, he left the Congregational Church, In which he had been ed- ucated, and became a student of theology under bishop Hobart, by whom he was ordained deacon in 1815. He at once became assistant to Dr. Lyell at Christ Church, New York. He was ordained priest in 1816, and be^. came rector of Trinity Church, Pittsburg, Pa., whence he re- moved.in 1818 to St Michael^s Church, Trenton, N.J. In 1832 he became rector of Christ Chureh, Savannah, Georgia. In 1827 the yellow fever raged in Savannah, and although it had been stipulated in his call that he shoidd spend the sum- mer of each year in the North, he refused to leave his people. His wife soon fell a victim to the pestUence, which also car- ried him away, Nov. 1, 1827. He published a number of oc- casional sermons. — Spragne, AmtaU, V, 684.
Cartes, des. See Dxs-
OABTES.
Cartesian Philosophy. See Dbbcabtbs. Cartesius. See Descabtes. Carthage, a famous ancient city on the coast of Africa, founded by Tyrian coloniBts, and long the rival
Coin of Carthage.
CARTHAGE
133
CARTHAGE
of Boiiie, hy which it was taken and destroyed, B.C. 146. 'It again rebuilt, however, and oontinned to flourish till the Vandal invasion (see a ftill acooant in Smith's Did, of Clam. Geogr, s. v.). Its site has lately been explored (Davis, Rmm ofCarikage, Lond. 1861).
In Christian and ecdeelastical times Carthage was the metropo- lis of the proconsnlar province of AlHca, and the seat of a bishop, having metropolitan authority over all the provinces of the African (^uich. All the African churches were dependent on the see of Borne, probably becansiS their greater intercourse with Bome had made Latin the language of the country, and it was thereibre more natural that they shoidd be connected with the Latin than the Greek Church. UntO the time of Constantino, the bishop of Car- thage was the only prelate in the African Church having metro- polSan jurisdiction ; but under Constantino Africa was divided Into six provinces, and each province began to have its own metropoli- tan, taking, however, the titie ot primcUe, and not that of metropolitcmj which was still peculiar to the bishop of Carthage. This prelate, from the flrs^ had authority to se* feet whom he pleased from any church in Africa to consecrate to a vacant see (third Gooncfl of Carthage) ; Ibr the bishop of Carthage had also the privilege of nominat- ing to all the vacant sees of Aftrica. It was further a privilege enjoyed by the pri- '*
mate of Carthage to convoke general and diocesan synods, to preside in them, and to judge therein of appeals brought thither i^m the provincUd oonndls. That the African Church acknowledged no jwpa/ anthorily in the Roman see is evident fttmi the well-known case of the priest Apiarius, where the Af- rican bbhopa denied the authority^ of the pope to re- ceive appeals from the decisions of their synods, and his right to send a legate to take any sort of cognizance of their proceedings. In 691 the Saracens got posses- sion of the city of Carthage, and of all this part of Africa, from which period the Church began to fidl away; and though it was still in existence, under Leo IX, in the eleventh century, it soon after became en^ tirely extinct. — Landon, Ecdet, Dictionary ^ s. v.
CABTHAGE, COUNCILS OF. Among the most fanportant are the following :
L In 218-22 ^), under Agrippinns, on the baptism of heretics.
n In 251, on the election of Cornelius as bishop of Bome, and the disputes of Novatian and Felidssimus. TTT. In 252, on early baptism. IV. In 253, on the baptism of infiints and heretics. Cyprian presided, and 66 bishops are said to have been present. On the question whether baptism should be administered to infants before the eighth day, in Tiew of the rite of drcnmdsion, the council decided nnuiimoosly that God had no respect either to persons or ages; that circumcision was but the figure of the mjrstery of Jesus Christ, and that no one may be shut oat from the grace of Qod. Cyprian, who wrote this dedsfam to Fidus in his 0¥m name and in that of his coUeagues, gives the reason for it in these words : " If the greatest sinners coming to the frdth receive remis- lioiiof sin and baptism, how much less can we reject a little faifimt just bom faito the world, fi^e from actual sm, and only so fhr a sinner as behig bom of Adam after the fledi, and by its first birth having contracted the pdHution of the former death ; it ought to have so midi tile easier access to the remission of sins, inas- much as not its own sins, but those of others, are remit- ted." These words are quoted by Jerome in his dia- logues againat the Pelagians, and by Augustine in his 294th sermon, in order to prove that belief in original «hi has always been the frdth of the Church.— ^i^rian, i^56, LabbeetCos8art,Cbfica»a,t.i,p.740; Lan- doo, Manaal of CotrndU, 101.