PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,290,716 words · 1269 reading sections
Section 901
SKINS.— See Bottle and Wine. SKULL, PLACE OF SLAVE, SLAVERY 641 SKULL, PLACE OF.— See Golgotha. SKY.— In the two places (Mt 16^ Lk 125«) where tliis word occurs in the AV of the Gospels, the term ' heaven ' is substituted in RV. There is no doubt that this tends towards consistency of ren- dering, as heaven is the…
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3. Treatment of slaves. — Discipline without undue laxity was recognized as the right treat- ment of slaves (cf. Sir 33'^^^-, where the two pro- minent features are the severity to which the discipline might legally be carried, viz., 'yoke and thong' and even 'I'acks and tortures,' and the kindliness that was the custo…
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Literature. — Trench, Parables ; Bruce, Parabolic Teaching of Christ ; Winterbotham in Expos., 1st ser. ix. [1879] p. 76 ff. ; Jiilicher, Die Gleichnisreden Jesii ; Goebel, Parables (T. & T. Clark) ; Wendt, Teaching of Jesus (T. & T. Clark), vol. i. p. 136 ; R. Rainy, Sojourning %uith God (1902), 95. John Reid. SLOTH…
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W. EwiNG. SNOW. — See Agriculture in vol. i. p. 40*. SOCIABILITY.— See Character of Christ in vol. i. p. 289 fl". SOCIALISM.— 1. Definition, etc.— 'The watch- word of the Socialist is Co-operation ; the watch- Avord of the anti-Socialist is Competition. Any one who recognizes the principle of Co-operation as a strong…
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It follows that Socialism differs from Individualism both in method and in aim. The method of Socialism is co-operation, the method of Individualism is competition. The one regards man as working with man for a common end, the other regards man as working against man for private gain. The aim of Socialism is the fulfil…
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SOCIALISM SOCIALISM 645 social service ; and this lesson is even more strongly expressed in the most important parable of all — that of the Judgment (Mt 25^^"'*'') — where we are told that salvation will depend on whether we have succoured the poor and outcast, with whom Christ identities Himself. The Sermon on the…
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4. Patristic Teaching. — There is not space to do more than allude to the teaching of the Christian Fathers. Authorities on the subject are given at the end of this article : some of their more salient sayings will |be found in Nitti's Catholic Soclallxm., where their socialist character is exaggerated, and in Carlyle'…
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5. Later Developments. — It is impossible here even to sketch the developments of Christian social theory and practice in subsequent history. The subject can be conveniently studied in Ashley's Economic History and Theory. But it is necessary to point out two main facts : first, that the principle of voluntary communis…
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E. de Laveleye, The Socialism of To-day ; F. Maurice, Life of F. D. Maurice (1884) ; F. S. Nitti, Catholic Socialism (1895) ; J. Rae, Contemporary Socialism (1901) ; G. ^on Schulze-Gjiver- nitz, Xum Socialen Frieden—tr. 'Social Peace' (1S93). See also the files of The Christian Socialist, Journal of Association, Polit…
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(3) Nor must it be left out of account that the fact of the Incarnation, theologically conceived and estimated, with its pregnant; suggestions of the worth and destiny of man and the Divine hopes and aims regarding him, provided for thoughtful and re.sponsive minds a purified imjjulse towards a new humanitarianism. (…
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(4) It is evident that Jesus held the institution of the family in profound reverence. He ex- pounded His theology in terms of its relationships. He displayed a peculiarly anxious concern in dealing with questions that affected its integrity. The state of things in His day urgently called for outspoken protest and Avar…
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[a) Slnnerij could not and did not long persist as a normal institution of society. It speedily came under tiie ban of healthy Christian sentiment (I'liilem '•*). Such a condition was not consonant with tlie essential dignity of human nature as hall- marked by Clirist. It became impossible to regard Iiuman beings as me…
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((•) He inaugurated the day of specifically Chris- tian charity. Charity had been exercised before, but it was largely a matter of expediency, or the outflow of a mere pitifulness for misery and want. Jesus gave it a new heart and a new will, a new sight and a new insight. It was not to be left henceforth to a few muni…
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1. Mt IQi' II Lk 10^2. In St. Matthew the Avords occur in the course of our Lord's charge to the Twelve. If they came to any place in which their words were not received, they were to shake off the dust of tlieir feet ; ' Verily I say unto you, it shall be more tolerable for the land of Sodom and Gomorrah in the day of…
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3. The armies (arparoTreda) that would encircle Jerusalem in the fatal siege of Titus (A.D. 70) are referred to in Lk 21-" (cf. 19*^). 4. In the parable of the Marriage of the King's Son (Mt 22"'") we read of the armies (arpaTeO/xaTa) which the king sent to avenge the murder of his servants. 5. After the trial befor…
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Literature. — Works quoted ; Martin Crugott, Der Christ in der Eivsamkeit (1761) ; I. G. Zimmermann, Die Einsamkeit (1784); 'R. \Y. Y.mer8on, Society and Solitude {1%&1); P. Zingerle, Meden des hi. Ephraem iiber Selbstverleugnung und einsame Lehensweise, aus dein. Syr. uhersetzt. (1871) ; H. D. Thoreau, Walden (repr. 1…
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2. Arising out of the notion of the filial relation in its natural sense, we have the idiomatic use of the phrase ' son of as a familiar characteristic of the Gospel phraseology. A j)oetic feeling underlies the description of a wise man as a ' son of wisdom,' and at the same time its appropriateness is self- evident. v…
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It is to be pointed out that it is only in the account of the visit to Nazareth, as above, that the Synoptists explicitly indicate such a designa- tion of Jesus. (The Johannine instances are in quite different connexions). Corresponding refer- ences to His parentage are found, however, in such pas.iages as Lk 222-51 ('…
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Literature. — Brif^gs, Messianic Prophecy, pp. 492-496 ; Wendt, Lehre Jesu, ii. 434 ff. ; Schiirer, UJP ii. ii. § 29. O. H. Gates. SON OF GOD.— As the word 'Christ,' which was at first a title, has come to be a proper name, this change being, indeed, accomplished even in the NT, so the title ' Son of God ' is now appr…
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1. The Synoptics. — In the Synoptics Jesus does not, of His own motion, call Himself in so many words ' the Son of God.' But the title is applied to Him in about twelve passages in Mt. and fully lialf that number each in Mk. and Lk., and in several of these cases He treats this application in such a way as to show that…
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From the foregoing examination of the passages in the Gospels where the phrase is used of Jesus by others than Himself, it will be perceived that there is considerable variety of meaning and appli- cation ; it certainly is Messianic, but it is not uniformly or exclusively so. (2) When we turn to the passages in which …
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Thus, in the parable of the Wicked Husbandmen, the owner of the vineyard, after sending servant after servant to negotiate with the labourers, sends his own son, Mk. adding 'his well-beloved,' by whom Jesus obAdously intends Himself. Of course, it may be said that the Messiah was different from all the prophets, and th…
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SON or GOD SON OF GOD 657 .In., to say 'my Father is greater than I' (14^), or to speak of God as ' my God ' (20'''). We have liere the same three elements in tlie sonship as formerly — the theocratic - Messianic, the ethico- religious, and the pliysical or metapliysical — only they may be mingleu in somewhat diller…
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The witness of Jesus to His own pre-existence is not confined to the texts just quoted, remarkable as these are, but pervades the whole mass of His words in the Fourth Gosj^el, and forms the pre- suppo.sition of all the rest of His utterances about Himself. It is by commencing at this starting- point and following this…
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yet shall he live ; and whosoever liveth and be- lieveth in me shall never die.' The communica- tion of natural life is interchanged with that of spiritual life ; in S^', for example, He says, ' As the Father raiseth up the dead, and quickeneth them, even so the Son quickeneth whom he will ' ; and farther on, at 5^^, i…
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Literature. —The relevant portions of the works on NT Theology by Weiss, Beyschlag, IT. J. Holtzmann, Stevens, Bovon ; also of Wendt's Teaching of Jesus, Dalman's Words of Jesus, Nosifen's Gesch. Jesu Christi, and Beyschlag's Chrislologie des NT. See also Graii, Das Selhstbewusstsein Jesu; Nosgen, Dor Mcnschen- unci Gn…
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' I saw in the night visions, and, behold, there came with the clouds of heaven one like unto a son of man. and he came even to the ancient of days, and they brought him near before him. And there was given to him dominion, and glory, and a kingdom, 660 SON OF MAN SON OF MAN that all the peoples, nations, and langu…
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In order to discover how Jewish readers of the Book of Daniel in the time shortly preceding and shortly folloAving our Lord's ministry interpreted that hgure, which was presented so suddenly, to be so speedily withdrawn, we turn to the evidence of the Similitudes of the Book of Enoch and of 2 Esdras. Both books are qui…
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In 2 Es 13 there is no such development of the phrase, ' one like unto a son of man,' as we find in the Sitnilitudes, but the dependence upon Daniel and the Messianic interpretation of Dn 7'^ is not less clear. Esdras is represented as recounting a dream, in which he saw coming 'up from the midst of the sea as it were …
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In 1899, Wellhausen returned to this subject (Skizzen und Vorarbeiten, Sechstes Heft), and in the main declared his adop- tion of Lietzmann's conclusion that Jesus, speaking Aramaic, could not make the difference which is made in Greek between 0 ctvilpurros and 0 wo; t. iv&. : — that so far as this difference is made i…
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The above linguistic discussion has demonstrated considerable diversity of opinion, as could hardly fail to be the case in the absence of any contem- porary example of the dialect spoken in Galilee at the time of our Lord's earthly ndnistry. In their estimate of probabilities afibrded by cognate dia- lects, or by later…
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Taking first the passages in St. Mark, with their parallels in the other Synoptics, and turning to Mk 2^" (cf. Lk 5-*, Mt 9^), we are confronted at once with the representation that quite early in His ministry, when in the presence of hostile scribes, Jesus definitely identifies Himself with the ' Son of Man.' '. . . t…
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Mt 12^» (cf. Lk n^). It is .sufficient to point out that St. Luke places this saying in order of time considerably later than does St. Matthew, and as before, preference must be given to St. Luke in a matter of clironological order. Finally, the parable of the Tares, in the explana- tion of which the title appears twi…
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664 SO^^ OF MAN SON OF MAN case with most of its later occurrences in the Synoptics — in passages relating to our Lord's Passion, or to the glory Avhich would follow thereon. This fact suggests, at least in part, the answer to a further inquiry which must now be made. i. Why did our Lord adopt this in preference to…
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(c) If ' the Son of Man,' telling of descent from heaven, spoke of a closer association with God than did any other current Messianic title, so did it speak also of closer association with man — with the race. All narrow particrdarism falls away. He who bears this title is no mere ' Son of David,' or ' King of Israel.'…
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2. The nature of the sop given to Judas. — Eders- heim (LT ii. 506) and others, on the ground especi- ally of the definite art. (rb \pu}tx'iov. Eder.sheim says, ' Mark the definite article — not " a -sop " '), hold that it was a specific sop, used at the Passover supper in the time of Christ, which consisted of a piece…
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666 SOKROW, MAN OF SORROWS SORROW, MAN OF SORROWS Objection has been taken (e.g. by Cheyne, G. A. Smith, Skinner, Workman) to the rendering ' sorrows,' ' pains ' being preferred in this verse and the next as a nearer parallel to ''hn ('sickness' rather than ' grief). But the Oxford Heb. Lex. gives many instances of b…
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3. The necessity of sorrow in the life of Christ came from the spiritual character of His work. From the point of view of the disciples, and the popular conception of tlie Messiah, a certain amount of conflict and hardship could readily be allowed for. The Roman could not be expected to yield without a blow ; and as it…
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If sorrow is a necessary accompaniment of the attempt to right things in oneself, it will also accompany the attempt to right things in the world. It was Christ's experience, and it will be the experience of His followers (Jn 15-" etc.) as they share His Mork. The traditional saying of Christ that ' he who is near me i…
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* ' The real Christian looks at sorrow not from without, but from within, and does not approach its speculative difficulty till he is aware by experience of its practical power ' (Lux Mundi^^, p. 89). t See James, Varieties of Religious Experience, p. 80 fT. nothing of the sentimental attitude, which looks on suft'er…
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The following particular statements about the soul i^vx-n) are made in the Gospels. As the principle of physical life it is sustained by food (Mt 6-5) ; as the organ of spiritual life it ' magnifies the Lord' (Lk 1'*''). It is capable of physical and sensuous pleasure (12^9), also of spiritual rest and refreshment (Mt …
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3. The soul of Jesus. — li Jesus was perfect man, it follows that He must have possessed not only a human body, but also a human soul and a human spirit ; and this is, in fact, the doctrine of the Gospels and of the NT generally. Thus He came to give His soul (i/'i^x'?") ^ ransom for many (Mt 20^^11). After the intervi…
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* Apollinaris admitted that Jesus possessed the lower or animal soul (■■I'ux^ a-^-oyo;), but denied to Ilim the distinctively human or rational soul (^-fx*: >c/iky.). t The details of the question are in the highest degree intricate, and cannot be entered upon here. The reader may consult Dorncr, Person of Christ, ii.…
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SPARROW.— See Animals in vol. i. p. 66''. SPEAR.— This word occurs in NT only in Jn 19^^ ' one of the soldiers pierced Jesus' side with a spear ' (\6yx.'n)- -A- comparison, however, of Mt 27*^ ' put [the sponge] on a reed ' (Trepideh KaXd/ju^), makes it probable that in Jn 192" for vaaibinp irepLdevre's, ' put it upon…
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W. H. DUNDAS. SPIKENARD ( = ' spiked nard').— The AV and RV rendering of vdpSos TnariKT) in Mk 14^, Jn 12^, or rather of the Vulg. nardi spicati (in Jn. nardi pistici). The word ' sjiikanard ' {sic) appears first in Wyclifs version, the Anglo-Saxon having merely 'deorwyrges' ( = ' precious'). Tindale has 'pure.' Tliese…
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t This idea is found as early as Theophylact (c. 1077 a.d.), who says that the word may denote iTio; tuphov oitu Myo/^ivav. 672 SPIRIT SPIRIT ration succeeded another, and warriors and poets, prophets and priests, all found their inspiration in the firm belief that the Spirit of God was the living motive power anim…
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Notwithstanding the transcendent relationship in which Jesus stood to the Holy Spirit, we are not left -without witness that even in this sphere of His life He was like us in all things (see Westcott, Gospel of St. John, on Jn 11**). It is this word {to irpevfx.a) that is used to describe the death on the cross by thre…
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When Jesus, in His conversation with the woman of Samaria, identifies Spirit with the Being of God {wvtvfj.a 6 Oebi, Jn 4''^), He at once proceeds to fore- shadow the abiding result, as well as the condition of man's approach to Him. The arena, so to speak, upon which the activity of the Divine Spirit displays His mani…
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Origen's ex})osition of the parable of the Good Samaritan (Lk 10^""*'') is a masterpiece of ill-applied ingenuity. The traveller is Adam ; Jerusalem is Paradise ; Jericho is the world ; the robbers are hostile demons ; the Priest is the Law ; the Levite is the Prophets ; tlie Samaritan is Christ ; the wounds are disobe…
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2. The ^i5Xo^ mentioned in Mk H^^ (|| Mt26-'^ and see Lk 22^^), like the sword, is distinctly a weapon. Jn 18^ uses the general expression 6'7rXa. The f tyXa (EV ' staves ') were the wooden truncheons or clubs of the Jewish police (inrrip^Tai). Josephus {BJ il. ix. 4) mentions them as weapons used by Pilate's soldiers …
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t See an art. by the present writer in The Interpreter (Jan. 1906) on ' The Gospel Narratives of the Nativity and the alleged influence of heathen ideas.' t Notice esp. Is 603 ' And the Gentiles shall come to thv light.' § E.g. by Wunsche, Neue Beilrdge zur Erlduterung der Erangelien, p. 12. prising. But it is to be…
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This idea may have influenced those NT passages where Jesus is represented as the ' Morning Star ' (Rev 22^8 2-^), though it must be remembered that the angels are described symbolically in tlie Bk. of Enoch (Ixxxvi. 1, 3) as 'stars' — a metaphor which helps to explain the symbolism by which Jesus is here described as …
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The primary passages are Mt 20^""" (Labourers in Vineyard), 24«-5i, Lk 8=^ 12*2-48 161-21 (the Unjust Steward). Some would add the parables of the Prodigal and of Dives as illustrations of wealth wrongly used. The secondary are Mt 2P^"'"' (Wicked Husbandmen) 25i*-^» (Talents), Lk 1912-27, (Minte), Mt lO^^- 182»-35, Mk …
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1. St. Paul's use of the word. — (1) By the ' stigmatn of Jesus ' Bonaventura and many others have supposed the Apostle to refer to bodily marks resemblmg the nail - prints and other insignia of the Saviour's Passion — thus making him affirm an experience, in his own person, of the phenomena of ' stigmatization ' (see…
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2. The ecclesiastical use of the word.— According to the earliest biographers of St. Francis of Assisi (Thomas of Celano, the ' Tres Socii,' and Bonaventura, whose ' Vitae ' are all included in the Acta Sanctorum), the saint, while meditating in his cell on the sufferings of Jesus, fell into a trance, and had a vision …
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2. Stones crying out. — The stones of Christ and the Gospels form a suggestive subject. There are sermons in these stones, we might say, for they have lessons to impart to us regarding Christ's history, His teaching, and His Person as the Messiah. (1) His history. — (a) Whether or not we accept the ancient tradition t…
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The oth of the Oxyrhynchus (1897) ' Sayings of Jesus ' contains tlie striking words, ' Jesus saith . . . Raise the stone and there shalt thou find me ; cleave tlie wood and there am I.' The W(n-ds have lent themselves to various ingenious explanations ; but the most probable interpretation is the one wliich also most r…
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In the Law and in practice capital punishment was inflicted for offences against any of the first seven ordinances of the Decalogue — that is, upon persons guilty of apostasy (Dt 13^"^), idolatry (17^), blasphemy (Lv 24'", 1 K 21'^), Sabbath -breaking (Nu 15^^), disobedience to parents (Dt2P'), murder (Lv 24-1), unchas…
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Literature. — Uhlhorn, Chr. Charity in the Ancient Ch. ; Brace, Gesta Chriftti, ch. xvi. ; Seeley, Ecce Homo, chs. xiv. xvii. J. Ross Murray. STREAM.— See River. STREET.— In place of 'street' in Mk 6^« Ave should read Avith RV ' market-place,' the open space or square (dyopd) Avhere goods are brought for disposal to …
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Mt Si'' ; the Syrophcenician mother, Mt 15-« ; the Greeks, Jn 12'^^). What struggles of soul must have resulted from the thwarting of His love and grace by the mis- understanding or unbelief of His relatives (Mk 3'"-35), His disciples (Mt 15" IG^ 26=*S Mk 14-^), His fellow-townsmen (Mk 6''), and the Jeru.salem which H…
1,049 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1906–1908); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.