PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,290,716 words · 1269 reading sections
Section 841
SELF-CONTROL SELF-CONTROL 597 in action from the beginning. In the same group, though by no means on the same level, may be put all the animcB naturaliter Christiance, amongst whom the obligation of self-control, if rendered easier of discharge by their disposition, should be more quickly and actively met (Mt 13^* 2…
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598 SELF-CONTROL SELF-DENIAL that were discordant and unseemly, with a traitor lurking in the midst ; yet Christ never allowed the strain of His work, or tlie uncongeniality or impotence of the men who were nearest to Him, to divert His sympathy or to ruffle the settled quiet of His demeanour. Death itself, rendered…
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gives the secret of a self-control that never breaks down ; and the love and devotion are continuously fed by the Spirit of the Father (Mt 10=», Jn 16"). By the forgiveness of sins Christ sets the will free from bondage to past evil, and His Spirit, ruling in the life because in the heart, becomes an un- failing source…
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Januar. 119 ; Socr. i. 37, v. 21 ; Sozom. ii. 29, iii. 6). (5) Refusal of luxury. — Another region in which self-denial might be exercised was found in the surroundings of life, clothes, household arrange- ments, etc. Our Lord's own example (Mt 82") was appealed to, and certain hints in His teaching were felt to have …
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2. Difficulties and dangers of self-examination. — (1) There is the danger of a morbid self -conscious- ness hiirtful to the spiritual life. An analogy may be drawn with bodily health. A sure way of producing sickness and physical disorder is for a person to be constantly worrying himself about his health, and living, …
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SELFISHNESS SELF-SUPPRESSION 601 found not in separation and independence, but in union and communion with universal life, — life as it is in God, life as God has put it into the world (cf. Mt 5. 6. 7). To pour out oneself in love, to lose oneself for Christ's sake, to give oneself to God and to the world of men, is…
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W. J. S. Miller. SELF-RENUNCIATION. — See Renunciation and Self-denial. SELF-RESTRAINT.— See Self-control. SELF-SUPPRESSION.— Religion maybe thought of as having for its aim either the complete sup- pression or the development to its highest expres- sion of the individuality of man. In the history of Christianity bot…
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Serious objection must also be taken to the view, which has often been advocated, in the interests of a pure Church, since the Donatist controversy in the beginning of the 5th cent., that the evil element is in the world, the good element in the King- dom, and the blending of the two merely contiguity or co- existence …
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and the wicked, becomes inevitable (vv.'' '). Elsewhere the twofold classification is made to turn on characteristics of a more specific kind, such as confession or denial of Christ in times of peril (10^2'-), faithful or unfaithful exercise of steward- ship (24*5- ^^), diligence and fidelity in the use of entrusted …
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But though she knew it not, Alexandria pro- vided them with something greater. Christianity, by the power of God and by the coming of Christ, sprang out of Judaism. ' Novum Testamentum in Vetere latet ; Vetus in Novo patet ' (Aug. ). By en- abling Jews and Gentiles to read the OT Scriptures, the Greek version, in spite…
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(ii. ) As regards the form, of the quotations, the dependence upon the LXX shown by tlie NT writers may be seen by the following facts, which are summarized from Swete's Introduction, pp. 391-398. Every part of the NT afibrds evidence of a know- ledge of the LXX, and a great majority of the passages cited from the OT …
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For our present purpose, however, a supreme interest attaches to the NT words which, though found in classical Greek, have acquired a new moral or theological meaning. Many words as used in the NT are exclusively Christian, and their special significance is not derived from any literary source {c.f/. dvaKe<pa\aiov/j.ai…
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8<5|a, 8o|a^(o. Class. ' opinion ' ; ' credit ' or 'renown.' LXX Ex 24" «^. ( = -in?, New Heb. nynp) the 'glory' of GotI, the visible manifestation oif His presence. Hence in NT (a) the manifesta- tion of God's character, Jn 1", {b) the spiritual participation of it by men, Jn 17^^. See 2 Co 37-lS_ eOvos i^edi'LKos).…
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Kv'pios. Class. ' lord,' ' master,' ' owner.' LXX passim for nin' 'Jehovah.' NT both with and without the article (a) for Jehovah, {b) for Christ. \a6%. Class, 'nation,' 'people.' In LXX speci- ally of the chosen people. Hence in NT applied to Christians, Lk 1", Ac 15", He 49 al. \enovpyia, -ia. Class. ' render a ser…
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<rapi. Class, 'flesh' (physical). LXX and NT {a) ' physical origin,' 'relationship,' Gn 37^', Jg 9^, 2 S 5' W\ Jn .3", Ro P 11", Gal i-^-"^ ; (6) 'man,' considered as weak and mortal, Ps 56 (55)° 78 (77)=*^ al., Jn l'^ Mt 16'", Jn 8'^ 1 P 1-^. Hence in NT (r) the low est part of liuman nature (opp. Trveu/xa) witli its …
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2. Integrity. — The question of the integrity of the Sermon must be considered quite apart from that of its genuineness. We may be convinced that the three chapters of Mt. contain only true Logia of Jesus, and yet see reason to think that these Logia were not all spoken on one and the same occasion, in fact, that they …
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P'or such reasons it is now generally admitted that the three chapters in Mt. contain sayings of Jesus which were not parts of the original Sermon. This fact, however, does not justify the assertion that Matthew's Sermon on the Mount ' is a com- position rather than an actual address' (Moffatt, EBi, vol. iv. col. 4377)…
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610 SERMOJS" ON THE MOUNT SERMON ON THE MOUNT likely that Jesus, when addressing His own dis- ciples, would have used the 2nd person than that a later hand would have turned the 3rd person style of speech into the 2nd. The direct address is the more original in form ; it would be natural for catechists to generalize …
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It is not so easy to account for the omission of whole clauses by Lk. Accordingly, Dr. Plummer holds that Christ gave the Prayer originally on two different occasions in two different forms. But it has been pointed out that Lk.'s occasion requires us to view it as the first introduction of the Prayer, and yet this is l…
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and a great number of the people from all Judjea,' etc. (v."). Having described the cures, which in Mt. preceded the ascent of the mountain, he says, ' And he lifted up his eyes on his disciples, and said,' etc. — here commencing his version of the great Sermon. Thus in Lk. this is delivered to the hrst of the two grou…
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In the main, the Sermon on the Mount indicates the character of life and conduct that Jesus Christ commends to His disciples as the rule of life. Commencing with the Beatitudes, He ^joints out the way to true happiness. This is more apparent in Mt. than in Lk. ; but if the Beatitudes in the former Gospel may be taken a…
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3. Very different is the passage Jn 3" ' and as Moses lifted up the serpent {rbu Scpiv) in the wilderness, so must the Son of Man be lifted up,' where the reference is to the plague of serpents among the Israelites in the wilderness and the miraculous cure, as recorded in Nu 21^"^. Full consideration of this passage, a…
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Throughout the parabolic teaching of Jesus the use of this word is sufficiently frequent to be sig- nificant ; but if He had given no other teaching in this connexion. His mind would have been suffi- ciently expressed in His acted parable on the occa- sion when He Himself stooped to the most menial of all menial servic…
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That Ps llQi was taken in the Messianic sense by the .Jews of the time of our Lord is evident from Mt 22'*2f., where His oppo- nents did not deny that the writer was speaking of the Christ ; and in many of their older exegetical writings this interpreta- tion was adopted. Jennings and Lowe (The Psalim) quote the follow…
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SESSION SESSION 615 He 8\ they carefully avoided all puerile aiithropo- morijhisni in their treatment of ' the right hand of God'; for example, ' plenitudinem majestatis sum- mamque gloriam beatitudinis et prosperitatis debe- mus i^er dexteram intelligere in qua filius sedet ' (Primas.) ; ovx Sti rbirij Trepi/cXeier…
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Literature. — Denney, art. ' Ascension ' in Hastings' BB, vol. i. ; Sanday, '.Jesus Christ,' ib. vol. ii. p. (542; Swete, The Aiiostlrs' Creed; Westcott, The Ilistoric Faith and Epistle to llelireu'x; Jlilligan, The Ascennion of Our Lord ■,1r(inch, Exposi- tion of the Sermon on the Moxint, c)i. \\. ; Pearson, Expositio…
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3. 'Woman, behold thy son . . . behold thy mother.' — Christ from His cross has interceded for the sinful Avorld, He has proclaimed the gospel of forgiveness to the penitent robber ; but He has yet, in the jirogressive stages of His ministry of love, another blessing to bestow. In this Avord our Lord comes near His oAv…
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6. ' It is finished.' — The conflict is over and the victory won. Christ from His cross announces to the world that all is finished. TerAeo-Tat. In one word He sums up the whole of man's redemp- tion. Finished was all that prophecy had fore- tokl and type foreshadowed. Finished was the work which His Father had given H…
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§ Seventv-two, according to Clem. Recngn. ii. 42. See Driver, Dt. p. 355 f. II A somewhat similar prohibition existed (no staff, shoes, scrip, or purse) for those about to enter the Temple : so that this particular instruction to the Seventy may siiggest that those sent forth were to perform their service in the spiri…
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4. The credibility of the inission of the Seventy has been doubted by Strauss, Baur, de Wette,* and others, owing to (1) the silence of the other GosjDels regarding it ; (2) the lack of later authen- tic trace of the Seventy ; the close resemblance between the mission of the Seventy and that of the Twelve, being sugges…
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2. Subjectively = the feeling of shame ; usually alaxvvr! and cognate words. f It is interesting to note that the typically Greek and almost un- translataltle aidws has practically dropped out of Biblical Greek. In the LXX it occurs twice in Tychicua, Carpus, Euodius, Philemon, Zenas, Aquila, Priscas, .Junias, Marcus …
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* See Hastings' DB, s.v. t See Eth. iv. 9 ; Rket. ii. 6. 620 SHEALTIEL SHEEP, SHEPHERD Literature. — Hastings' DB, art. 'Shame'; Trench, ^T Synonyms ; G. Sahnon, Gnosticism and Agnosticism (1887), 164 ; R. W. Church, Village Serm., 3rd ser. (1897), 236. C. W. Emmet. SHEALTIEL.— A link in our Lord's genealogy (Mt P…
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3. The interest of these sacrificial requirements centres in the NT round the representation of Christ as 'the Lamb' (Rev 5^ 22^). To some ex- tent, of course, the figure is suggested by ' the meekness and gentleness of Christ ' (2 Co 10^, Mt IP®), tlie perfect realization in Him of the spirit of beautiful confidence a…
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5. One other NT analogy is derived from the same figure. As rulers who ' observe dooms from Zeus' are called in the Iliad (i. 263, ii. 243, etc.) iroifj.4v€s XaQv (cf. Mic 5*, Mt 2"), and he that re- ceives authority over the nations ' shall shepherd them with a staH'of iron' (Rev 2'^ 12^ IQis), so the Church receives …
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622 SHELAH SIDON (b) 1 P 414 ' the (Spirit) of glory and the Spirit of God ' (xi ri,; do^y,f xou TO rov biou crnvf,i.x). Here 'glory' may = Shekinah, which is identified with Christ. This identification may be seen more clearly, perhaps, in (c) Ja 2i r->,v ^ia-rit toXi xupiou Yifj.Siv 'I'/ia-ou 'S.fiiirTotJ r/fi S<^…
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Jesus, hoAvever, says that it Avas unlawful. The statement is in accord Avith the JeAvish laAv of His day, Avliich can be traced back to a provision of the Priests' Code from post-exilic times (Lv 24^), Avhich says that the sheAvbread Avas for the priests, and must be eaten by them in the Holy Place. Such an act as Dav…
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V.21 Then .Jesus went thence, v. 24 And from thence he and departed into the coasts of arose, and went into the bor- Tyre and Sidon. v.22 And, ders of Tyre and Sidon, and behold, a woman of Canaan entered into an house, and came out of the same coasts, would have no man know it : etc. but he could not be hid. For a ce…
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Literature. — Ecce Homo, ch. vi. ; Bushnell's Neio Life, ser- mon on ' Spiritual Dislodgements ' ; Longfellow's The Sifting of Peter. J. R. LeGGE. SIGHING. — The exjiression of trouble by means of involuntary respiration. This exjiression is used in connexion with our Lord twice, both times in St. Mark's Gospel. It is…
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These two instances in which our Lord uses saliva recall the familiar folk-lore of curing sore eyes. The use of saliva, especially of fasting saliva, for bleared eyes, still persists. The Tal- mud ascribes special efficacy to the saliva of an eldest son. Royal saliva was greatly in request for healing purposes, and an …
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The request for a sign in confirmation of His teaching He uniformly refused. The apparent response in Jn 2^* is no exception. The sign He would gi^e would be granted only in its due place as His career was consummated by His own resur- rection. Jn 62*' contains an apparent commenda- tion of those who accepted Him becau…
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1. For thirty years after His advent, Jesus was silent as to His mission. He allowed Himself ample time for the natural development of all His powers and faculties. He passed through the ordinary phases of childhood, boyhood, youth, and attained the maturity of manhood before He took up the burden of His brief career. …
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(3) The silence of shame (Jn 8"). The Pericope Adulterce, though not in the original Gospel of St. John, must have belonged to a very early tradition. It is the birth of tiie Christian grace of modesty. When confronted with the woman, Jesus is silent, stoops down, and writes upon the ground. He averts His face from the…
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Lttk.r aturk.— Carlyle, Sartor liesartvx ; Maeterlinck, rcansi/re of the lUiinhlc; E. A. Abbott, Philochrlstus; Seeley, Ecce ilnmo ; the various Lives of Ciirist ; VV. M. Taylor, The Silence of Jesus (\8di), p. 105; H. P. Liddon, Passiontide Sermons (1891), p. 1.53; W. W. Sidev, The Silent Christ (1003) ; A. Mac- laren…
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2. An ancestor, otherwise unknown, of Joseph, the husband of Mary (Lk 3^"). In this case, with some inconsistency, RV turns the name into 'Symeon' (as in Ac 13^ 15"), which is the more, normal vocalization of the Greek, though not of the Hebrew. R. W. Moss. SIMON. — The form Simon is not a transcription of I'lVP?', b…
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same back- Jesus Mt. in the singular pronoun), He declares to each of them that, if he strives to lead the double life, he will inevitably be guilty of refusing God's claim, and so will sink into darkness and condemnation ; but if, with single-eyed devotion, he heeds God's message and. claim, he shall be filled with …
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1. The gospel never rises above the limits of its first publication as the Kingdom of God (Mk P*- ^^). No doubt the terms are deepened and spiritualized, as well by the subsequent teaching of Jesus (Lk 1720 1911, Ac !'• *) as by the accomplishment of His atoning work (Lk 24'*^-^^). But though what might have remained a…
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air' (Eph 2-). The same passage describes those who l)ecoiiie sons of Uod as by nature cliildren of wrath (2^), dead not in sin but through trespasses (v.^), sons of disobedience because inwrouglit by this evil spirit (v. 2). Demons are as much part of St. Paul's world as of that which ai)ijears in the Synoptists. He i…
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3. The rest of the NT is in general agreement with St. Paul. St. James, though he speaks of sin as the intermediate stage between lust and death (Ja P^), yet by the very figure used to describe their relationship, clearly recognizes that all three are essentially the same in kind. Lust is not animal impulse but undevel…
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author of evil as in describing the Word (1 Jn 3^ P) . both are ' from the beginning. ' The final triumph, though complete, is represented symbolically as the imprisonment (Rev 20^- ^- '• i"), not the annihila- tion, of Satan. The Hebrew mind, which, in spite of mystical affinities Avith Platonism and, poss- ibly, of d…
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6. This consideration will also show the irrele- vance of inquiring into the origin of sin, in so far as this means an empirical investigation of human history. For if sin postulates responsibility, we are no nearer a solution of the problem by a knowledge of the rudimentary forms of what, in its final development, we …
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Confusion is often caused by the tendency to revert to a materialistic conception of sin on the part of those who would explain its presence in terms of the evolution hypothesis. It is sufficient, so the argument runs, to observe the difficiilty that each must encounter ' of enforcing his inherited organic nature to ob…
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7. The Biblical doctrine of sin, as here outlined, enables us to interpret the Incarnation in harmony with the best modern psychology. It is no longer possible to think of human nature apart from per- sonality as a bundle of facilities, among which, as SINCERITY ISINCEKITY G35 we have experience of it, iw the facul…
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1. The sincerity of Jesus. — The character of Jesus sets the standard of perfect sincerity ; ' guile was not found in his mouth' (I P 2'--) ; He is 'the true one ' (6 dXridii'ds, 1 Jn 5'"), op^josed by that title to all that is counterfeit. To know Him is to know the Truth and the Life (Jn 17=*). The perfectly sincere …
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2. Teaching of Jesus. — Everywhere Jesus de- mands reality. It is the pure in heart wlio see God (Mt 5®). It is the condition of spiritual vision. If the eye be single, the whole body shall be full of light (6"^). Jesus calls for truth of heart. ' There is a truth which lies behind the recognition of particular truths.…
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On different minds such an argument Avill make different impressions ; but we are certainly going ujion more solid ground when we turn to the testi- mony of Scripture. 1. Here the first thing to be noted is the impres- sion which He made in the days of His flesh on both friends and foes. Thus, when He presented Himsel…
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But if the things about Himself whieli He says in this connexion are less striking than might have been expected, all the more impressive are the things about Himself which He does not .say. He never makes any confession of personal sin. This is one of the cardinal facts of the Gospels. It is not as if He had l>een one…
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Far more persistent has been the impression that sinlessness is inconsistent with genuine temptation ; and as it is certain that Jesus was tempted, it may- be argued that He cannot have been sinless. Under the stress of this consideration, Schleiermacher, who made the sinlessness of Jesus the very basis of his specula…
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The other objection to which imjiortance attaches is the answer of Jesus to one Avho addressed Him as 'Good Master' — 'Why callest thou me good? there is none good but one, that is, God' (Mk 10'^). It is not obvious why Jesus should have objected to be called ' Good Master,' sucli a mode of address being, one would sup…
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(3) It has a bearing on the doctrine of the death of Christ. The Apostles of Jesus did not expect Him to die ; and the reason of this was that tliey knew Him to be without sin. Death is for sinners ; but why should one die who is sinless? Tliis was tlie puzzle with wliich tiie followers of Jesus were perplexed when He …
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SIR {KOpie). — The title is employed as a term of courtesy or reverence in various relationships. It is the salutation of servants (slaves) to their masters ('Sir, didst thou not sow good seed?' Mt 1327) ; of a son to a father (' I go, sir,' Mt 213") ; of the priests and Pharisees to Pilate ( ' Sir, we re- member that …
1,104 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1906–1908); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.