PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,290,716 words · 1269 reading sections
Section 1141
810 VOICE VOWS was being critically regarded by God, and neglected, through ignorance of this inspection, to display those features of national character which would have redeemed it in God's eyes ; or the time of spiritual opportunity, afforded by the presence of ' God manifest in the flesh,' in which it might have…
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A distinction must be drawn between the true Bath Kol — the Heavenly Voice which proceeded really and miraculously from God Himself directly — and the secondary Bath Kol, which was merely 'a human utterance heard by some chance, to which was attributed the significance of a Divine intimation ' (Dalman). In the former o…
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of the Tightness of making vows which underlies our Lord's rebuke of the Pharisaical abuse of them, that the Church subsequently imposed vows upon candidates for baptism. The baptismal vow is in reality a dedication of the whole person to God, and is in harmony with the general spirit of the gospel as well as with the …
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'The genitive points to the apparent solidity of the water under His feet (cf. Mk 6'17 i-r) rij; yij;), the accusative to the progress implied in mpivonuv ' (Swete, St. Mark, 130). Cf. LXX Job 9** TipiTdiTiiiM u; n' ii»<feu! iri 9oc.Xairirnf , 38"> ^\9is it stJ ^y^yvtV SxXotffff-vi;, iv he i^vefl-/v oL^vtrffOu rnptiToi…
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(4) ' To act and behave in any particular manner,' ' to pursue a particular course of life ' : Mk V (the only passage in the Synoptic Gospels where irepL- TraTelv is used in this sense — ' why walk not thy disciples Kara tt)v irapdSocriv tQv irpea^vTipuv^ ; /card indicating conformity with a standard [as in Ro 84 1415,…
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* Edersheini comiiares certain Rabbinical ordinances which laid down that no man mipht jro on the Temple Mount with his staff or with shoes, or with his scrip, or with money tied to him in his purse. Whatever he might wish to contribute must be carried in his hand, possibly to indicate that the money about him was excl…
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C. L. Feltoe. WATER {vdu}p).—For an Eastern country, Pales- tine (except in the Negeb and the districts which are desert) has a fairly abundant supply of water. It is described as ' a land of brooks (torrent-valleys), of fountains and depths, that spring out of the valleys and hills ' (Dt 8^). It is a matter of disput…
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Literature.— Conder, Palestine, pp. 25-29 ; Robinson, BRP i 342 f ; Smith, Expositor, Qthser. vii. [1903] 212 fe.; art. ' Water' in Hastings' DB ; Thomson, LB p. 450 ; Neil, Figurative Lan- guage in the Bible ; Expos. Times, vol. iii. [1892] p. 318, vol. vi. [1895] p. 389, vol. xv. [1904] p. 413. JOHN REID. WATERPOT {…
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2. Jn 4^^ dfprJKep oZv ttjv vSpiav airTJs i] yvvr). The waterpot of the woman of Samaria was one of those t"ars of sun-dried clay which are still in use in the Cast, and which are carried upon the head or on the shoulder (Evnjr. Bibl. i. 887, iii. 3818 ; Land and Book, 576 ; Lane, Mod. Egyptians^, i. 187- 188, who cal…
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WEALTH.— 1. The Gospels differ from each 816 WEALTH WEALTH otlier very considerably in their contributions to tlie subject of wealtii. The Gospel of Jn. con- tributes scarcely anything. Such words as TrXo^o-tos, rrXouTos, irXovrelv, 6r)(xavp6's, d-rjaavpii^eiv do not occur in it ; and tttc^xos is found only in 12^-…
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(2) Jesus implies that wealth is the gift of God. This is the view of the OT (Ps 89" 5()i»-i2- 1^ etc.). And it is accepted by Jesus and illustrated in the parables of the Talents (Mt 25"-='"), the Pounds (Lk 19^2-27)^ and the Foolish Rich Man (Lk 12'6-2i). In all these, gifts and possessions, including wealth, are rep…
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(5) But whilst Jesus implies the lawfulness of private possessions and gives guidance as to the right use of them. He is at the same time keenly alive to the perils nttnche.d to wealth ; and His recorded utterances contain many warnings with reference to them. This is the explanation of those sayings of His which seem …
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ealth on 'the possessor may be so inj--"^.^ ''^^'^^lif e'' lie interests that he must renounce it if he is to entei into lite, bee also Property. Lttfraturf, -Rogge, Ber irdiseke Besitz im JVT, 1897 ; Jacoby, jl'^sChM ruutk irdischen Outer, 187.5 ; Holtzmann, ;^e ersten Christen und die sociale Frage,' and KamWi, Uas …
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' Rock of Ages cleft for me. Let me hide myself in thee,' a relationship implying the closest possible union';? It is not something fictitious or unreal, but some- thino- which the fact of sin demands. For just as the sinrit of independence is a ridiculous assumption for the creature in the presence of his Creator, so …
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* TxX«.vria.7o; in Rev 1621 (cf. also Jos. RJ v. vi. 3) can in the nature of the case be only an approximation. The PEFSt, 1892, 289 f., records the discovery of a large stone weighing 64600 grs. (41900 grammes), used as a heavy talent weight. purely designating a weight is Xirpa (pound, Jn 12* J939) » This was identi…
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2. Measures of Surface. ^Oi measures of area no mention is made in the Gospels or in the NT any- where. Occasional allusions to the purchase of land (Mt IS"** 27^ Lk 14i8 ; cf. Ac P*) are not of such a character as to include the measurement used in these and similar transactions. 3. Measures of Capacity. —These natur…
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Literature.— Hultsch, Griech. u. Rom. Metrologie, ii. (1882), also his Collection of Greek and Roman Sources, under the title of Metrologiconim Scriptorum ReUquim, 2 vols. (1864-1866) ; Lehmann, ' Altbab. Mass u. Gewicht' (in Verhandl. d. Berhmr GeselUchaft f. Anthropol. 1889); Zuckermann, Das Judiache Masssijste'm (18…
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Hugh Duncan. WICKED. — Wickedness (wovripla) is sin contem- plated, not in the light of judicial guilt, or even of moral badness, but of the active mischief which it A\'orks. Four Greek words in NT are translated ' wicked ' in EV. (1) a.6itrfj.o; (only in 2 P 2^ 31''). This describes the man who will not walk accordi…
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3. The widow of Nain (Lk T"'"), a little town situated a few miles to the south of Mount Tabor in Galilee, to whom our Lord uttered His com- passionate 'Weep not' just before restoring her only son to life. The people who witnessed the miracle exclaimed that a great prophet had risen up among them, probably with refere…
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WILDERNESS WILL 823 or breadth ; sometimes culture wins over unculti- ^•ated lands, sometimes these regain spaces formerly tilled and sown. At the boundary itself of those two tracts of land live some poj)ulations which hold a sort of intermeiliate position in the pro- gress of civilization: they are half - sedentar…
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It is also in the wilderness that the Gospel narratives place the scene of the Temptation of our Lord (Mt 4^, Mk V-, Lk 4^). Since the time of the Crusades, ecclesiastical tradition has contrived to localize that event in a particular, well-defined spot, and has chosen for it the wild and desolate mountain which arises…
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WINE {olvoi ; once, Ac 2'^, yXevKos). — The climate and soil of Palestine are excellently adapted to the production of grapes, and from very early times wine has been a common beverage in the country. In the OT it is praised as a source of good cheer to the heavy of heart, as a stimulant for the faint, and as a token o…
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WINTER (xeifK^v, Mt242o, Mk 13^8, Jn lO^^).— This is the time of cold and rain-storms. The modern Arab, name, esh-shittci , means literally 'the rain.' It is the season in which the rain supply of the year falls ; it lasts roughly for seven months, from October till April inclusive, thus including the part of the year …
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2. On the Christian side Wisdom speculation continued to develop in both the cosmological and the soteriological directions, with the Pauline Epistles as a basis. In the Johannine literature the Greek term ' Logos ' is adopted, though the Wisdom doctrine itself continues Hebrew ; but in the 2nd cent. Fathers, as in Phi…
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iii. Use in the discourses of Jesus.— The discourses of Jesus furnish a meagre but trust- worthy starting-point for a history of the term in its Christological development. Among these dis- courses we cannot venture to reckon the saying Lk21iM = 12i^ = Mt 1019'- = Mk 13" = Jn IS^e*-), since the parallels make it probab…
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1. The continuation of the previous line of thought is ap- parent from the allusion to the fate of God's messengers (with Mt 23 34-37 = Lk 1149-51 I334f. cf. Mt 1239ff=Lk 1129ff-), to the vain plea of the Spirit [Wisdom] (with Mt 2337-39 = Lk 1334f. cf. Mt 1238 42 = Lk 11&-32), and to the house left desolate (with Mt 2…
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Similar reasoning, based partly on the phrase- ology (cf. 161^ with 181'*) partly on the subject- matter, connects the rest of Lk 16 (exc. v.i^- 1^) with 18^-" ( 1911-27?). The two companion parables 1019-25 (yy_26-3i seem to be a later addendum) and 18^-1* exemplify the principle laid down in 16i^, while 16i« = Mt lli…
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2. Of the connexion of the narrative-elements peculiar to Lk. with the source thus characterized it is hardly needful to speak. The common point of view of this material, presenting Jesus as the friend and champion of the lowly, from His child- hood in the manger, welcomed by shepherds, to His acceptance by the thief o…
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117_21«). 2. Johnnnine and Patristic Christology. — [a) It matters little that after St. Paul tiie Wisdom- doctrine should have been rebaptized by tiie Greek title of Logos, perhaps under the influence of Piiilo, perhaps as a concession to a Greek-speaking Church. Even in the Fourth Gospel the basic conception remain…
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(1) In virtue of His Divine wisdom, Christ is omniscient, i.e. He knows all actual and possible things, present, past and future, including the future contingent actions of beings possessed of free- will. The nature of this last kind of knowledge (sometimes called scientia media) is altogether in- scrutable to us ; but…
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[1891] p. Iff. c. Harris. WISE MEN.— See Magi, WITNESS.— The idea of witness as related to Christ and His gospel plays an essential and highly important part in the NT writings and in the Christian faith and life universally. Not only in the primitive preaching, but also in all effectual preaching throughout the hist…
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work was a manifestati(m of God, and as such was, in the larger sense, truly a miracle. See, furtlier, artt. Miracles, Kesurrection of Christ, and Sign. 3. The witness of the Spirit to Jesus the Son. — The witness of God concerning His Son calls for faith in the Son (1 Jn 5""-). Tiiis witness is borne to us primarily …
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From all tiiis it is clear that the visible mani- festation of the Lord was designed to be superseded by a manifestation through the word of His wit- nesses. But can the word really take the place of the sensuous contact with the Lord's Person? For answer let it be remembered in the first place that Christ foretold tha…
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LiTERATHEE. — Besides reff. in the art., see Dale, Living Christ and Four Gospels ; Hare, Mission of the Comforter ; Stearns, Evid. of Chr. Exper. ; Smeaton, Doct. of Holy Spirit ; Forrest, Christ of Hist, and of Exper. ; Brace, Gesta Christi ; R. J. Knowlirig, The Witness of the Epistles, and The Witness of St. Paul t…
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proper place, while they neglected those moral obligations, which were of far higher moment, 'judgment and the love of God ' (v.*^) ; for putting themselves forward into the first seats in the face of the congregation, and their fondness for having reverence done to them in public (v. ■'3) ; and for being a secret .sou…
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In his famous article on the Talmud {Qu. Review, Oct. 1867), the late Emanuel Deutsch pronounced a warm panegyric on ' the chieflj' Pharisaic masters of the Mishnic period ' for their ' wisdom, piety, kindness, and high and noble courage ' {Literary Remains, 29). C. G. Montefiore {Hibbert Joxirnal, Jan. 1903) has calle…
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James Donald. WOLF.— See Animals in vol. i. p. 65*. WOMAN. — The relation of Christ to woman is one of the most interesting and one of the most difficult topics in the Gospels. In order to estimate it aright it will be necessary to say something of the position of woman at the time when our Lord was born. In the East…
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* Dill, Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Axirelius, pp. 77-80. t Lightfoot, Ep. to the Philippiana, pp. 65-56. gratified. Her part lay in the careful training, educating, and helping of that great Life which was entrusted to her. It is singular, and some have thought that it was designed with a view to checking the …
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The great respect in which Jesus held the posi- tion of woman, the high dignity He attached to it, is shown not only by His actions and words, but by the new sanctity which He gave to marriage. The words, ' The twain shall become one flesh ' (Mt 195 =Mk 10^), placed the wife at once on a level with the husband, and mad…
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Jesus assigned great importance to marriage and family, the sanctity and unity of the home. Although His vocation required His abandonment of home (Jn 2*, Mk 3=*=^- ^), and He required of His disciples also the same renunciation (Lk 14-^), yet He missed the shelter and peace of home (Mt 8^"), and recognized the greatne…
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' Now, in order to grant that there did exist a healing spirit named ^sculapius, who used to cure the bodies of men, I would say to those who are astonished at such an occurrence, that since the cure of bodies is a thing indifferent, and a tnatter within the reach not merely of the good, hut also of the bad, you must s…
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The references in the Gospels are coloured throughout by this Hebrew conception. Even where Divine utterance is not in question, a value is ascribed to ' words ' Avhich does not belong to them according to our modern modes of thought. ' For every idle word that a man speaks, he shall give account in the judgment ; — fo…
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2. If proof on such an issue were needed by students, the use of the word Kdcr/xos would strik- ingly show the original way in which NT writers handle and apply such terms. Certainly, to the ancients, with the word Kocr/ios the vision of the figure of order would be manifest in thought. Generally speaking, in the NT th…
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But Johannine teaching on the subject of the world cannot be regarded as complete if the First Epistle be ignored. The scope, however, of this Dictionary must limit the inquiry to general refer- ences. The doctrinal differences here are expli- cable, as Bp. Westcott has pointed out (Gospel of St. John, Introd. Ixxviii)…
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2. His teaching concerning communion with this spiritual world. — Now, just as man has com- munion with the temporal world and its life, so lie may have communion with this spiritual world and its life, (a) Christ Himself, as man, con- stantly enjoyed such fellowship. The Gospel nar- ratives reveal Him as holding conve…
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i. The consequent meaning of worldliness. — The accurate recognition of Christ's attitude to the temporal Avorld at once yields the accurate con- ception of worldliness. Worldliness will clearly consist in devotion to ' the world,' not in any sense of that ambiguous term, but in the particular sense in which Christ re…
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LiTERATURK. — Creiiier, Lex. s.v. xo<r//.i>! ; Weiss, NT Theol., Index ; Beyschlaff, NT Theol. ii. 250, 435, 471 ; F. W. Robert- son, Serm., 2nd set. xiii ; Dale, Laws of Christ, 217; ExpT v. [1894] 201 ; J. Watson, The Inspiration of our Faith, 122 ; J. H. Jowett, Apostolic Optimism, 47 ; E. Grubb in Present - Day Pa…
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When Jesus turned His gaze from the fields of industrial life, and from the book of remembrance of the past to the book of the life of His own generation. He discovered a nation under the yoke, a race under the harrow. He hit the mark when He spoke of yokes. His audience was made up of those who were wearing yokes of a…
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Literature. — For homiletical treatment of these four inci- dents referring to vexvlo-xoi, the following may be consulted : — 1. Lynch, Sermons/or my Curates, p. 175 ff. ; Martineau, End. after the Christian Life, p. 265 ff. ; Expositor, i. vi. [1877] p. 229 ff. 2. Trench, Notes on the Miracles ; W. M. Taylor, Miracles…
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Zacharias had left his home in the hill-country ZACHARIAS ZEAL 845 of Judah to fultil in tlie Temple at Jerusalem his week of service ; and it fell to his lot to perform the verjy' special duty of burning incense in the Holy Place, separated only by the veil from the Holy of Holies. It was a very notable occasion i…
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The heart of Zacharias had been gathering thoughts to itself through all those months of silence, and no sooner was his mouth opened than he poured forth to God the hymn of priestly thanksgiving which we call, from its first word in the Latin version, Benedictus (wh. see). Here we need only note in it an evident allusi…
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that Simon may have been called fTyXwrijs ' because of his personal character either before or after his call,' as St. Paul (Gal \^*) styles himself irepicra-oTipws ^TjXwTTjs . . . tQv . . . Trapadoffecjv. See also Cana- N^AN. E. H. TiTCHMARSH. ZEBEDEE (Ze/SeSttios) is mentioned several times in the Gospels, but alway…
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Not only would the memories of the events, through which the newly settled Zebulun liad passed, influence its people, but their thoughts would also be moulded by the scenes around, which were rich in old historical associations. The tribe had given two judges to Israel, Ibzan of Bethlehem (Jg 12^) and Elon (12"), whil…
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Wm. M. Christie. ZERAH.— A link in our Lord's genealogy (Mt 1*). ZERUBBABEL.— Mentioned in both Mt.'s (P^f.) and Lk.'s (3^) genealogy of Jesus. ZION.— See Jerusalem, vol, i. p. 850'' f. APPENDIX CHRIST IN THE EARLY CHURCH.— To treat this subject exhaustiv'ely, it would be almost necessary to write a complete histor…
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2. A very interesting feature of the first half of the 2nd cent, is the rise of the Apologists, men of learning who had exchanged heathenism for Chris- tianity, and who addressed heathen readers in justification or explanation of their new faith, (a) Aristides the philosopher (about A.D. 125), address- ing the emperor …
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[a] The Adoptianists, who seem to have been tlie doctrinal successors of the early Judaic-Christian sect of the Ebionites, and whose chief teachers at Rome were Theodotus and Artemon, all taught a subordination, to a greater or less degree, of the Son to the Father, even making Christ nothing more than a highly exalte…
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(d) Eutychianism, however, with its dispropor- tionate reverence for the Divinity of Christ, proved too fascinating for the Eastern mind to be disposed of by the Council of Chalcedon. Political as well as religious causes entered into the long ' Mono- phtjsite ' controversy. The fifth (Ecumenical Council (Constantinopl…
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{a) The famous letter of Pliny to Trajan (A.D. 113?) speaks of having elicited from Christians, who had been examined, that it was their custom on a fixed day to assemble before daylight and sing alternately ' a hymn to Christ as God.' (6) A remarkable hymn attributed to Clement of Alexandria, intended apparently to b…
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CHRIST IN THE MIDDLE AGES 853 figure of Christ stands in the apse, fronting the worshippers, portrayed on a dark-blue ground amid golden-edged clouds of sunset ; His right hand is raised in blessing, His left holds a written scroll. The figures of St. Peter and St. Paul, witli palm-trees of Paradise and the phoenix (…
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1. Beyond almost any other Christian thinker, Augustine magnified Christ. This name, drunk in piously and deeply, even with his mother's milk {Conf. iii. 8), never lost its power over him even during his years of wandering. Having become emancipated from Manichsean dualism through the study of Neo- Platonic writings (P…
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Public-domain historical reference work (1906–1908); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.