PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,290,716 words · 1269 reading sections
Section 121
* The present writer has recently seen it on the mould of this sarcophagus at the Museum of St. Germain near Paris. 84 LUKE LUKE, GOSPEL ACCORDING TO is a city of Macedonia, tlie first of its district, a Human colony.' Tlie cliaracterization of Pliilippi might almost be styled gratuitous. Since ilie battle of B.C. …
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1. Solutions offered in the past. — Augustine, bishop of Hippo, at the close of the 4th ac-it., .^^ good i otherwise he could hardly have followed Paul as he did, ministering to his ailing body. The present writer has little doubt that the reason why Titus, though a valued coadjutor of St. Paul, is not mentioned in Ac…
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as < )rigen and Jerome. 2s or is it conceivable, as some maintain, that St. Mark entrusted his first ; edition to St. Luke, who incorporated it into his I (insp. 1, but allowed no one else to make u.se of it. No wonder that with men who have an historical : sense such hyporlie.ses are unpalatable. But the I oral hypoth…
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(fe) Although St. Luke omits, as we have seen, 54 out of St. Mark's 223 sections, he does not always omit them entirely, but has preserved short fragments or ' scraps ' of 24 out of the 54. These 'scraps' are always misplaced in his Gospel. In fact, the departure from St. Mark's order is our chief means of detecting th…
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LUKE, GOSPEL ACCORDIXG TO LUKE, GOSPEL ACCORDIXG TO 87 cularly incredible here. But if St. JIark has misplaced it. he has misplaced also some other sections which adhere to it. And although we cannot with any confidence decide at which par- ticular visit to Jerusalem each of the recorded events happened, it is an eno…
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It is a further proof of the fact of conflation that in some cases, where the subject-matter is so clearh' marked that two Evangelists have collected the utterances respecting it, which may have been widely separated in the Source, into one conflation, they have nevertheless arranged the sections in different order. Th…
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4. Fourth Source — Anon5miou8 Fragments. — To this Source we assign 80 fragments of St. Luke, of which nine are found also in St. Matthew, but, of course, in a different context. If the sections in the third Division lack Apostolic authority, still more probable is it that these do so. Nay, to some of us it may appear …
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6. Editorial Notes. — The editorial element in all the Gospels is very great, for ancient authors took immense pains to reduce the crude chronicles which they used into literary form. In Hero- dotus, Thucydides, Li\y, and Tacitus the charm of style is all their own, and it mitst have been gained by unsparing labour. No…
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St. Luke, like the other Synoptists, seems to have thought that our Lord's ministry lasted one year only — ' the acceptable year of the Lord ' (NT Problems, 182-194). He appears to have placed our Lord's Birth after Herod's death, though St. Matthew distinctly places it before that event. For a discussion of this diffi…
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St. Luke was no idealist. He had a^literal, matter-of-fact mind, which blurted out facts' without ~^gloss1ng~ttrem. We have seen how he records without reservation the command to part with our possessions, as St. Barnabas and others in their first love did (Ac 4'>''-""). Being a physician, he nevertheless had the stron…
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The EV of the two passages in Mt. above cited prefers ' epileptic ' and ' is epileptic ' as tr. for o-eAijvio^eaSat, but without substantial warrant. The ground for the preference according to Encyc. BU/l. is that a Greek medical writer of the Tth cent, gives eTTiATjn-TDcdi; as the correct scientific term for the disor…
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ii. Leading cases of lunacy reported in NT. — 1. The cnse in the syvngogue at Capernanm (Mk r-^--^, Lk 431-37). The symptoms indicated by the Evangelists are — (1) The predominance of unclean habits and in- stincts. Mk. speaks of the man as being under the influence of an unclean spirit ; Lk. of the spirit of an uncle…
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conspicuous feature also Avas the homage paid by the e\il power, or by the man in spite of the evil power, to the authoritj- of Jesus (Mk 5', Lk 8^). The case belongs to those described hy Clouston as ' states of mental exaltation or mania,' whicli includes the varieties simple, acute, delusional, chronic, ephemeral, …
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(4) It must also be made clear that the physical disease may be the effect of a potent psychical dis- order. The whole mischief may come from the side of the mental or psychical. A long-continued yielding of the mind or spirit to evil agencies may result in physical deterioration, just as truly as physical deterioratio…
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T. H. Weight. LUST.— The noun 'lust' (iirievixla) occurs only twice in EV of Gospels (Mk 4i», Jn 8-"), and the verb 'to lust' {iTn.evix€u] only once (Mt 5^). Both noun and verb, however, are of common occurrence in the rest of the NT. In modem usage, ' lust' is confined to sexual desire ; but, when the AV was niatle, t…
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Per contra, that there were two men of the name is argued from various considerations. (1) Though Josephus does not explicitly say that he is speaking of two di-stinct jiersons, his descriptions imply such a distinction. Lysanias the son of Ptolemy was not a tetrarch, but bore the title of king (so he is also called by…
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There are very few references to madness in the Gospels ; in Lk 6^^ tlie word iivoia is used (tiie RVm renders it 'foolishness'), its meaning is certainly nearer to ' foolishness ' than to the modern notion of madness ; perhaps its meaning is best expressed by the German ausser sich, lit. ' outside of oneself,' resulti…
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In the light of all the information attainable at the pre.sent time, the probabilities strongly favour the view, which has long been held by eminent writers and e.xplorers, that the district in which these places were located was on the western shore of the Lake of Galilee, and that Magadan represents the village now k…
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Robert L. STE\yART. MAGDALENE.— See preceding art., and Mary, No. 2. MAGI ifj-dyoi, AV .and RV 'wise men'). — The only reference to Magi in the Gospels occurs in Mt 2, where we have the well-kno-\\"n stor^- of the visit of the Oriental Magi to the infant Jesus. The following article will deal Mith (1) certain diffi- c…
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In what sense, then, did the author of Mt 2 understand the term ? The majority of the Fathers affix tlie worst interpretation, and lay stress on the idea that magic was overthrown by the advent of Christ (Ign. Ephes. 19 ; Justin M. Dial. 78 ; Tertull. de Idol. 9 ; Origen, c. Cels. i. 60 ; Max. Taur. Honi. 21 ; Hilar, d…
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2. The historical value of the narrative has been frequently impugned, the principal objections being as follows. The account of the Magi is found in the First Gospel only, and is not corroborated by either Lk. or Josephus or smj pagan liistorian. (The references in Macrobius, Sat. ii. 4. 11, and Chalcidius, Tim. 7. 12…
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Allusion may here be made to the theory that the history of tlie Magi was added to the Gospel as late as the year A.D. 119. The eWdence for tliis is a Syriac document, ascriljed to Eusebius of C.-esarea, whicli was published with an Eng. translation b^' W. Wright in tlie Journal of Sacred Literature, vols, ix., x., 186…
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Mir<aculous elements were increasingly intro- duced into the narrative, and the whole history was gradually amplified. Thus the star is alleged to have shone with .surpassing brilliance (Ignat. Ephes. 19 ; Leo, Serm. 31. 1 ; Protevang. Jacob. 21 ; and pass, quoted in Barradius, Com. ix. 9), having the sun, moon, and ot…
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In the second instance (Lk 12'*) Christ seems to warn against a litigious spirit, and to commend that ' sweet reasonableness ' which is one of the gifts of His own Spirit, and which may obviate the necessity of going before a magistrate. This does not condemn as un -Christian all reference to a magistrate, but Christ h…
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In the OT ' when any question is addressed to a person or persons whom the reader knows to be present, the formula of replj- is frequently and perhaps generally without proj^er name and with- out pronoun'; cf. Lk 2^". Later in his Gospel Lk. generally uses 6 6e elwev ; but the first chapters have 'a sjtecial OT colouri…
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\-.49 eTi iToi'/.o'iy pcot tjCiyoc>.oc o hvyocTo;^ 7CV.\ ocytoy to oyouoc ocItoZ^ V.S*^ xac't TO IXeos ocvTou u; ytyioc; Koct yiyioct TOtS ^o^ovuivot; ocvTOyj V.'^l i'TotVitrty xpocTo? gv ^pocxtovt ocuToZ^ hiicxopTttrsy Crripyf^ocyou? htecvo.ec xocph*oc= oci/tmv' V.-''^ xicQstXsy ^vvocffToc? octo Opoyuv XOCt i/'…
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In Strophe IV. (vv.'^-ss) she comes back to the thought of the Messianic time now beginning : the assurances given to the fathers should be fulfilled. The source of the Incarnation is found in God's attributes of loving-kindness and truth. 3. Liturgical use. — In the Eastern Church the Magnijicat is sung as a morning …
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(2) In 2 P P*> the writer, who claims to have been present with Jesus on the Mount of Trans- figuration, says of that experience, ' We were eye- Avitnesses of his majesty ' (AV and RV ; Gr. /j.€yaXei6Tr]s). The word fj.€yaX€i6T7]s is found in only one other passage of the NT, viz. Ac 19^', where it is used to describe …
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r MAJESTY MALCHUS 105 in the Church, and finds expre:<siou in the so-called 'Letter of Lentulus' (see vol. i. p. 315). It gave rise to a type of presentment that ha*; doniinatetl Christian art ever since ; but it is right to re- member that this conventional conception of a Christ who was tall in stature, beautiful…
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LrrBRATDRB. — The Lexx. and Comm. ; Farrar, Christ in Art, bk. ii. ; P. Deanuer's art. ' Christ in Art " in vol. i. ; Dora Green- well, Patience of Hope, pt. i. ; Seelev, Ecce Homo, ch. iv. ; Denney,- Stud, iii Theol. 169. "J. C. LAMBERT. MALCHUS (MoXxoj). — The name of the man whom Peter wounded in the right ear at t…
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The genuinene-ss of the logion (a) there is no need to question, although its present position is probably due to editorial arrangement. Of the two .settings, Matthew's .seems preferable. Mammon here rejiresents a sort of personilied worldliness, a Plutus of the age, and Christ exposes the imi^ossi- bility of combining…
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MAMMOX MAX 107 less by far than a Christian's other interests (v.^"), alien (v.^-), and unreal (v.^^), even when it is not allowed to be a positive rival to God (v.^-*). Bj' its nature it belongs to the jjrcsent {i.e. this evil) generation, not to the real order of things which forms the sphere of the ehildrcn of li…
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MAN.* — 1. Christ's relation to men. — (li The first aspect of Jesus in His relation to men, is the re- lation of a Master to His disciples, and of a Brother, who is also Leader and Teacher, to His brethren. This relationship is immistakable. ' Ye did not choose me. but 1 chose you' (Jn 15"^). The disciple is not above…
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(3) It seems certain that the Jews, as a body, could never have accepted Jesus as their Messiah. It was the Pharisee who, with all his faults, had remained true in some measure to his national tradition ; and it was in him that the teaching of Jesus found its strongest opponent. It was, above all, the tiniversalism of …
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MAX MAX 109 their destiny is determined by their attitude to Himself and His brethren ; some will sit down with Abraham and Isiiac and Jacob in the King- dom of God; others will l)e cast into the outer darkness, where there shall l>e weeping and gnash- ing of teeth (Mt 25^'-^). But, generally, it is the ideal which…
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Man, then, as spiritual, takes precedence of everjthing else that is. He is not a means or a thing ; he is an end in himself. In the time of Jesus, however, as has also haijpened in other periods of history, the customs and institutions wliich man had made had become his master, Mere obscuring his vision and keeping hi…
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E. Wheeler. MANAEN (yiavarjv, Ac 13' = Menahem, cnjp, 'comforter,' 2 K 15" etc.). — Two facts only are re- corded in Scripture concerning Manaen. In his old age he was a Christian minister ; in youth he was foster-brother of Herod the tetrarch, i.e. Antipas (Ac 13^). But this must be read side by side with a statement…
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LrreRATTRE. — Lig-htfoot, Ktman's ed. iiL 211; Jos. Ant. xw X. 5, BJ n. viiL : Plumptre, Bib. Educ. iL 29. S2 ; art. in Smith's, Hastings', and Fairbaims DB (b.v Hackett, Cowan, and Dickson respectively), and in Eneyc BiJU. (bv Chevne). H. C. Lees. MANASSEH. — The well-known king of Judali, inenrioned as a link in our…
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LiTERATTXB. — Schleosner, htx. «.r. sm-rvK ; Meyer- Weiss <« Lk 2" : Keim, Jemu of Sazara (Eng. tr. ii SJ) ; Edershdm, Lift and Timet of Jetut, L IK ; Stanley, SP, iaA Tristzam, Land of Ifratl, as quoted ; Hepworth Dixon, Hoijf Land, L ch. 13. ■ J. Cbom.\bty Smith. MANIFESTATION.—!. The historic nianifcsta- tiou. — W…
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With regard to (1), we may believe that only His friends could have perceived them. They miglit have seen something, as St. Paul's com- panions did on the road to Damascus (Ac 9''), but not the face of Christ. Faith and love were neces- sary to interpret the manifestations. (2) They were not apjjarentlj- surrounded wit…
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There are three points which may be noticed in connexion with this analysis of the conventional idea of manliness, (a) All the virtues involved are compatible with pride, and indeed are conceived as ministering: to and supporting pride. This is obvious in regard to courage and love of honour. .Self-control, again, is d…
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114 MANLINESS MANNA saken Hiiu. Of His perseverance it is only neces- sary to say that He was ' obedient even unto death, yea, tlie death of the cross' (Ph 2*). It is in regard to love of personal honour that the transcendent difference between the world's idea of manliness and the manliness of Jesus be- comes appa…
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Literature. — Sidffwick, Hist, of Ethics ; Paulsen, A System of Ethics; Knight, The Christian Ethic; Martensen, Christian Ethics ; Luthardt, Hist, of Christian Ethics ; Benjamin Kidd, Social Evolution ; Ecce Homo, chs. 20, 21, 22; Wendt, Teach- ing of Jesus; Speer, The Priyiciples of Jesus; Tolstoi, The Christianity of…
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Like the classical authors, Plutarch still uses fMtr.in the literal sense of 'a stay' or ' a continuance ' : sirs <*<yr:y i» ri ^/su re7; ityaf^ois OUTS ictx.yuyr^ TOi? mjcxcI^ (1042 D), aXXat KCtt toOtoi? u^>v.)i •i0>rdei zaOr.xeiitra.^ u^oa zat,xii\Oig \^ix.y^/y/.i , 1063 D. But in 1024 F, though fjLOir, answers to …
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A ( =5 4, von S.), Codex Alexandrinus, in London, British Museum, Reg. I.D. v.-viii. (the NT is in showcases). This MS is of the 5th cent., and con- sists of 773 leaves (NT 143 leaves) of parchment, measuring 32 x 26 3 cm., with 2 columns to the page and 49-51 lines to the column. It contains, witii some losses, the wh…
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^ (=5 6, von S.), Athos, Laura 172 (/3 52), an uncial of the 8th or 9th cent., measuring 20'8 by 15 cm., has 31 lines to the page, and compi'ises 262 leaves. It contains the greater part of the NT, but lacks Mt., and Mk. down to 9^ The ending of Mk. is like that in L and T'. After 16* icpo^ovvTo yap, it proceeds as fol…
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2. Sinai, Monastery of St. Catharine ; Syr. 30, Codex Palimpsestus Sinaiticus (Burkitt's S). The MS was discovered by Mrs. Lewis and Mrs. Gib- son, of Cambridge, in 1892, and has been since studied repeatedly bj- Mrs. Lewis and other scholars. The MS consists of 182 leaves of vellum (one leaf was stolen in 1902, but af…
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33. Paris, Institut Catholique, Horner's H. This MS was written in 1250, and contains the Gospels complete, both in Bohairic and Arabic. It is on paper, contains 235 ( + 2) leaves, and 2 columns to the page, with 33 lines each. It measures 25 by 17 "5 cm., and contains some beautiful pictures. (b) of the Snhidic trans…
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g^: Paris, Bibl. Nat. 11553, formerly Sanger- manensis 15, of the'Sth cent., edited by the Bishop of Salisbury (Dr. John Wordsworth) in Old-Latin Biblical Texts, No! I. (p.xford, 1883). k: Turin, Nat. G. vii. 15 (formerly of the Irish monastery of Bobbja). Tim, perhaps the most precious of all Old Latin '^MSS, is of t…
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2. Relations with Paul and Barnabas. — When Paul and Barnabas returned to Antioch from Jeru- salem, whither they had gone Mith the ottering for the poor, they took Mark with them as assistant, perhaps owing to his kinship with Barnabas (Ac 12-^). A little later, he again accompanies them on their first missionary journ…
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5. Traditions. — Tradition has been busy with Mark's name. The most widely spread is that which assigns to him a mission in Egypt, and the evangelization of Alexandria. This mission is re- garded as occupying the gap between the history in Acts and the later ministry to the Apostles. It was also widely believed that h…
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The first passage which maif refer to Mk. is St. Luke's prologue. This shows that some who were not from the beginning eye-witnesses and ministers of the Avord had already written narratives of the Gospel historj-, and by implication avers (Lk P) that these narratives were incomplete in not be- ginning ' from the first…
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Tatian, Justin's pupil, affords evidence that Mk. was received in his time (o. 170 a.d. ) as one of the four Gospel narratives pre-eminently above, and 122 MARK, GOSPEL ACCORDING TO MARK, GOSPEL ACCORDING TO on a cUfterent platform from, all others. His Diu- tessaron is now known to be a harmony of our four Gospels,…
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2. Early quotations, references, and use. — The use of Mk. by the Apostolic Fathers is not certain, though in some cases quite probable. The quota- tion in Clement of Rome (Cor. 23) and pseudo- Clement (Ancient Homily, 11), which in the latter is introduced by Xiyn yap nai 6 wpoepriTiKos \6yos, is more likely to be fro…
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1. Presentation of Christ's Person and work.— Beginning with the preaching of John and our Lord's entering on His ministry, St. Mark de- scribes at length the Galihean ministry and the slow unfolding of Jesus" claims. Our "Lord, for example, does not at once jjroclaim His Messiah- ship, nor does He allow eWl spirits to…
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2. Autoptic character. — In many passages Mk. shows, equally with Jn. and much more than Mt. and Lk., clear signs of hrst-haud knowledge. In these places Mk. often gives a lifelike touch, though Mt. and Lk. in their parallels have lost it. Such are the stooping down of the Baptist to loose the shoe-latchet (F), the hea…
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MARK, GOSPEL ACCORDING TO MARK, GOSPEL ACCORDIXG TO 125 feeling. Possibly when the First Evangelist wrote, the Markan phrase, ' Why callest tliou me good? none is good save one, even God,' may have been misunderstood to imply a merely human Christ. Or perhaps the Westcott-Hort text of Mt. is not original, but is due …
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! thousand, shortened in Mt., left out in Lk.); 8'^' (the omission to take bread, abbreviated in Mt., whence we should have gathered, if we had not had Mk., that they discovered the omission only after landing, instead of when in the boat, as Mk., which is much more likely) ; 9^*- (the stranger exorcist, omitted in Mt.…
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(rl) Correction of Markan phraseology in Mt. or Luke. — The Second Gospel is distinguished hy a rough and unpolished style, reflecting the Greek commonly spoken by the Jews in the 1st century. In the parallels of the other Synoptics there are numerous instances of toning down and pruning Mark's unliterary forms of spee…
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MARK, GOSPEL ACCORDING TO MARK, GOSPEL ACCOR])IXG TO 127 smoother phrase from the non-Markan source of Mt. and Lk. rather than the rough phrase in Mk. (see § vii. 2 below). Note also 4'^ obroi 8e eicnv oi irapa rr]!/ odbv . . . Kai brav, k.t.\., for ol brav — siiupli- tied in Mt. and Lk. ; 4-'i where epxerai is very …
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Public-domain historical reference work (1906–1908); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.