PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,290,716 words · 1269 reading sections
Section 781
This is further confirmed by the general inter- pretation Jesus puts upon His healing miracles as prophecies and pledges of the approaching Kingdom, in which all sin and death shall be done away with. With regard to the casting out of demons, the correctness of this view is vouched for by the ex- plicit statement (Mt 1…
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lgio-14^ where first the sinning one is compared to a sheep gone astray and to be sought, and then, to give the motive for this search after the subjec- tively lost, Jesus adds : ' Even so it is not the will of your Father who is in heaven, that one of these little ones should perish' {dTrdXrjTai) ; that which is alrea…
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In the remainder of the passages there are no means of determining whether ' salvation ' be future or present. For Mt 18'i (TR only) the reference to the present is supported by Lk 19'". In Lk 8'^ ' that they may not believe and be saved,' the eschatological sense would be quite plausible, but the other view is slightl…
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It is not true, as is being frequently asserted of late, that in the gospel preached by Jesus there is no place for His own Person, it being merely a gospel about God. Though not frequently in so many words, yet in acts we find our Lord seek- ing to cultivate a relationship of faith between the disciple and Himself and…
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4. In proper names, the conception of ' saving ' occurs twice in the Gospels, namely, in the name Jesus, and in the exclama- tion Hosanna. A reflexion upon the meaninp; of the name Joshua is found also in Sir 46i, and in Philo, who explains it by irurv.p.x xup.ou (de Mut. Nom. 21). The meaning of Mt 121 jg not that Je…
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SAMARIA, SAMARITANS SAMARIA, SAMARITANS 557 and the positive side are named together : ' our Saviour, who abolished death, and brought life and immortality to light through the gospel.' Salvation from sin specificallj' appears in Ro 11-® in a quotation from the LXX of Is 59-*. 6. It ought to be observed that a-ur-qp…
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2. History of the Samaritans in their relation- ship to the Jews. — Although the Samaritans claim descent from the patriarchs (Jn 4^^), and present us with an unbroken history, and although it is to some extent true that they represent the spirit of the tribe of Ephraim (Renan, Lancf. Semit. p. 230), we must date their…
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testimonj-, and at a later period we occasionally meet with a less bitter tone ; for, while some of the Rabbis, remembering 2 K i72o-'28, called them ' proselytes of the lions,' Rabbi 'Akiba was ready to recognize them as true proselytes (Bab. Kidd. 756), while others said it was permitted to have dealings with one who…
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In accordance with the Law, the levirate marriage is practised ; but with the difference, that it is not the brother, but the nearest friend that takes his wife. As among the Sephardic Jews also, a second wife is allowed during the life of the first when she has had no children. Beyond these things their religious ide…
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This, according to the Samaritan division of the Decalogue, was reckoned the Tenth Commandment, and, liice the others, of perpetual obligation, so that the Samaritans regarded not only the Temple at Jerusalem, but also the tabernacle atShiloh, though in Ephraim, and the wiiole Jewish priestliood after tiie settlement o…
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treated with respect and forbearance by Christ, as also by His Apostles after the Resurrection ; and just as His gentleness won the affection and gained the gratitude of publicans and sinners, so also did His treatment of the Samaritans. It was the one Samaritan and not the nine Jews who returned to give thanks (Lk 17^…
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Tiie road from Jericho to Jerusalem had a very evil reputation. It wound up barren and rugged hills, infested by brigands, who assailed travellers, robbing and sometimes murdering them ; and from those deeds of violence it derived a gliastly name — the Ascent of Blood. § It was much frequented. It was the highway betwe…
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dyia<r/x6s, the XT word for ' sanctification,' does not occur at all in the recorded sayings of Jesus. But He was constantly speaking ai)out the thing itself. Therefore we are constrained to recog- nize some special significance in the absence of the familiar wonls from the Lonl's teaching. Probably the explanation is …
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(3) Righteousness. The love of the Father is a holy love. God is the 'righteous Father' (Jn 17-5). Jesus came into the world from the Father to save from sins (Mt ips, Lk 15^- 1»- ^^, Mt 262*, Jn 3i«- 1^). Therefore no man can resemble the Father who does not desire supremely to be cleansed from sin. Likeness to the Fa…
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(3) There are definite statements as to the mcnim whereby _ this ethical likeness to the Father is secured. ' (n) By prayer. Jesus was a man of prayer. There are fifteen references to His prayers in tlie Gospels. It is specially noteworthy that He lietook Himself to prayer when any fierce tempta- tion assailed Him (Lk …
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564 SANCTIFY, SANCTIFICATION SANCTIFY, SANCTIFICATION another direct claim on the part of Jesus to be our Sanctifica- tion (cf. I4S 153- -i. 10). It leads us naturallj- to the very im- portant text 171719. Jesus pra.yed for His disciples, ' Sanctify them in the truth : th.y word is truth. . . . For their sakes I sanc…
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CO.NSECRATB, CONSECRATION, in VOl. i. (?) The passages quoted have led ns already to the teaching of Jesus that our sanctification is 'through the Holy Spirit/ Although this teaching is developed in John, it is not absent from the Synoptic tradition. The unpardonable sin is blas- phemy against the Holy Spirit-called '…
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SANCTIFY, SANCTIFICATION SANCTIFY, SANCTIFICATION 565 tian effort must be directed (3^- ^® 4"). He is the Son of the Father, whose presence in the world manifests the Father's love (S^* 49.10.14.16)^ and throu<;h whom believers may become possessed of tlie Fatlier ("2'-^ 4"). So He brings to men that eternal life whi…
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{d) A fourth category is the work of the Spirit u.iinrf the truth ' as it is in Jesus' as His instrument in sanctif ration. This is another of the ideas of Jesus emi)liasized by St. Paul. The Pauline Epistles connect sanctification with the work of the Holy Spirit (cf. especially Ro 8, 1 Co 2. 3i«- '^ 12). ' The Spirit…
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L1TERAT0RE. — The usage of terms may be studied in artt. ' Holiness ' and ' Sanctification ' in Hastings' DB. For general reference, of. Beyschlag, NT Theol. ; Stevens, The Christian Doctrine of Salvation and The Theology of NT ; Harnack, What is Christianity ? ; Forrest, The Axdhority of Christ ; the Comm. in the Inte…
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These names indicate with sufficient clearness the general character and composition of the court. It was an aristocratic assembly and high court of justice, in which, alongside of tne priestly nobility * Ac 521 presents a certain difficulty in its use of the phrase TO irunSpwv xal Tarotv t->,v yipouria-v. According t…
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568 SANHEDRIN SANHEDEIN interest in worldly business and culture, and con- sequently a readiness to fall under the influence of Hellenism. Passively opposed to them were the Hdsidim, the pious students of the Law and the legal tradition, whose intei'ests and aspirations were exclusively religious and ecclesiastical.…
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Under tlie totally new conditions Avliich pre- vailed after the destruction of Jerusalem, a neAv court established itself, bearing the name ' San- hedrin,' but differing in essential features from the older body. The ncAV Sanhedrin had no po- litical authority, and Avas composed exclusively of Rabbis, Avliose discussio…
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SAREPTA.— See Zarephath. SATAN. — 1. The word 'Satan' (|9^, SaTams), which in the NT is invariably used as a proper name denoting the arch-enemy of God and man, occurs in the Hebrew of the OT originally as a synonym of the common words for 'adversary,' as the verb jc^y is used simply in the sense of withstanding, tak…
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2. If the OT is remarkable for its reticence on this subject, we find in the NT the doctrine of Satanic agency very fully developed. It meets us on the threshold. It is one of the most conspicuous elements of NT teaching. Jesus and His disciples distinctly assume the reality of Satan and his kingdom as a mighty power f…
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Again, Jesus warns Peter on one occasion that Satan has asked and obtained the Divine permis- sion to sift the disciples as wheat ; and indicates that their only hope lies in the intercession of Christ Himself, who has prayed for Simon that his 'faith fail not' (Lk 22=*i). Once more, in Christ's discourse on the Last …
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in the name of the Son of Man the i^eople are saved, and that He is the Goel of their life (En 48'), or that the righteous in connexion with Him shall be satisfied with salvation (4 Ezr 45''), but also that Christus liberabit creaturam (4 Ezr 12^^ 1328), and that from .Judah and Levi the Lord will raise a Saviour for I…
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3. In St. Paul's writings, apart from the Pastoral Epistles, ffUTTjp is found only twice — Eph 5-^ and Ph 3^". The interpretation of the former passage is much disputed. The husband's relation as head to the wife and Christ's relation as Head to the Church are compared, and in this connexion Christ is called crdiTijp t…
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SAVIOUE SAYING AND DOING 573 need of salvation. Perhaps also tiie emphasis upon the fact that God as well as Christ is Saviour, thougli perfectly natural from the OT point of view, is specially directed against a system which tended to separate between the Creator-God of the old dispensation and the Saviour-God, Cii…
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purposely avoids the use of c-Mry.p with reference to Christ, because of its pagan, idolatrous associations. Why did not St. Paul avoid xvpio; for the same reasons? Why not iraijsiv and iritiTr.pix themselves as well as a-urip ? A far more simple explana- tion is that the non-use of y'B'in in the OT with reference to t…
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Literature. — Dale, Evangel. Revival, 104 ; EzpT iii. [1892] 46C, viii. [1896] 85 ; F. W. Robertson, Serm. ii. 94. J. E. M'OUAT. SAYINGS (UNWRITTEN).— Certain sayings ascribed to Christ, though recorded by early writers, are not found written in the Gospels, and therefore are known as the Agrapha, or Un- written Sayi…
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Between Lk 6* and ^ the following occurs : ' On the same day he beheld a certain man working on the Sabbath, and said to him, " Man, if indeed thou knowest what thou art doing, thou art blessed ; but if thou knowest not, thou art accursed and a transgressor of the law." ' These paragraphs are not supjiorted by suffic…
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The so-called 2nd Ep. of Clement of Rome (c. iv.) has : ' For this cause, if we do these things, the Lord said, "Though ye be gathered together with me in my bosom, and do not my commandments, I will cast you away, and will say unto j'ou, ' Depart from me, I know j-ou not whence ye are, ye workers of ini(iuity.' "' H…
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2. Hebrew standard of truth. — We recognize that, according to the scientihc standard, those propositions are true which accurately and impar- tially describe observed facts ; that is, the test of trutli is its logical form as descriptive. This notion of truth was originally foreign to the Hebrews. The words in the OT …
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* Tosefla, Manner nheni, ch. 2 ; Hallach, ch. 2 ; Jerus. Shehhiith vi. i ; Bab. Gittin 8a. SCIENCE SCIENCE 577 some of them being firmlj' fastened and others moving along ways made for them. To whatever branch of knowledge we turn, we find that observations are an insigniticant part of the system of teaching abou…
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The only department of thought in Avhich the Hebrews can claim to have elaborated anything at all Avorthy to be called ' science ' is literary criti- cism. This, hoAvever, Avas pursued, not in a modern spirit of desire for knoAA-ledge, but because the disasters Avhich the nation had experienced drove its religious lead…
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' aAy,6!/«,' sajs Beyschlag, ' is to Him not this or that worldly and finite truth, but the truth of God, the revelation of God as the eternally good, who, as such, is open-hearted to the world ... it is the sister of x«/">. for every revelation of God is a revelation of holy love ' {NT Theol. ii. 429). See also Truth.…
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Literature. — Bergel, Die Medeein der Talmudister : Studien ■iiber die naturwissensch. Kenntnisse der Talmudisten ; Bey- schlag, NT Theol. ; Bousset, Jesu Predigt in ihreiii Gecjcnsatz zutn judentum ; Delitzsch, System, of Biblical Psychology ; Edersheim, Life and Times of Jesus ; Giinzburg, Dogmat.- histor. Beleuchtun…
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In comparing these instances, we find no word used sim))ly for the purpose of causing pain. The contemjituons expression used on the occasion of Herod's threat is, we have seen, amply justified by 580 SCORPION SCORPION the character of the man, and destined to hold up to reprobation so paltry a device and so wretch…
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This place afterwards gave its name to a toparchy (1 Mac 53, Jos. Ant. xii. viii. 1), the Idumsean Akrabatlene, which is not to be confused with another toparchy also called Akrabattene (Jos. BJ II. xii. 4, XX. 4, xxii. 2, in. iii. 5, iv. ix. 3, 9), from its chief city, Akrabatta — in the Onomasticon '\xpa.filiuM (cf. …
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In Cliristian art the scorpion has received a symbolical character, as an emblem of the anti- Cliristian power. Thus a scorpion is to be seen on the shield of a Roman soldier in B. Luini's cele- brated fresco, ' The Crucifixion,' in Santa Maria degli Angeli, Lugano. Literature. — Bochart, Hierozoicon, ii. pp. 632-645 …
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Literature. — The Comni. on the passages quoted, esp. West- cott, Gosp. of St. John, and Bruce and Dods in EGT ; Taylor Innes, The Trial of Jesus Christ : A Lecial Monograph (1899) ; Rosadi, The Trial of Jesiis (1905) ; Farrar, Christ in Art, p. 378fE., St. Paul, i. Excurs. xi. J. C. LAMBERT. SCRIBES. — The Scribes we…
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From the earliest period there is evidence to show that they tended to associate themselves in guilds or families — an arrangement which would facilitate the interchange of opinion on difficult points in the study of the Law. Up till the destruction of Jerusalem the main seat of their activity was in Judtea, ' the scri…
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For purposes of teaching and of disputation there were sjjecial places set apart — ' houses of teaching,' as they were called — where the teacher sat upon an elevated bench, and the pupils on the ground. In Jerusalem, lectures were delivered in the Temple, somewhere in the outer court. The ' houses of teaching ' were d…
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Josephus, and even more plainly in the LXX, the influence of the Greek usage may be traced ; but in a writer like Philo, Jewish habits of thought ap2)ear to be absolutely determinative. The fact of importance is that there was nothing left for Christianity to invent here. It merely took over in their entirety the estab…
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i. The history of ypacpri, ypa<pai, as applied to literary documents, does not seem to have been exactly the same as that of its congener ypd/x/xa, ypdn/Mara. The latter appears to have been current first as the appropriate appellation of an alpha- betical character, and to have grown gradually upward from that lowly e…
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6. It is true that in one unique passage, 2 P 3'^ (on the meaning of which see Bigg, in loc. ), al ypa<pal does occur with a plural signilication. But the units of which tiiis plural is made up, as the grammatical construction suggests, ajipear to be not 'treatises' (Huther, Kiihl), but 'passages' (de Wette). Peter see…
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never means /3i/3\os in the NT, much less the entirety of tQv iepQi' ypaix/jLaruiv, but some particular passage.' Hitherto it has been thought enough to meet such assertions with a mere expression of dissent : Christiaan Sepp, for example (De Leer des NT over dc HS des OV, 1849, p. 69), meets this one with equal brevit…
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Ltterature.— Lightfoot, Hor. Heb. et Talm. (ed. Pitman) xi, xii ; Sohottgen, Hor. Heb. et Talm. 1732 ; Surenhusius, maon 133 sive jH^Xos xa.Toi.>.Ka.yf,;, 1713 (pp. 1-36) ; Dopke, Herineneutik d. J^T Schriften, 1829 (i. pp. 60-69) ; Edersheim, LT i. 187, n. 2 ; Weber, Jud. Theo/.'^ (1897) § 20 ; H. J. Hollz- inann, NT …
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ii. Description. -The Lake presents 'a beauti- ful sheet of limpid water in a deeply depressed basin' (BRP- ii. 380), its average below sea level being 682^ ft. ; but with the season of the year the level may vary to the extent of 10 ft. The rise and fall are dependent on the rainy season on the one hand, and, on the o…
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After crossing the Jordan we meet with another plain — el-Batiha — corresponding to the one on the west, but somewhat more extensive. It is covered with green grass (Mk 6^^ Jn 6^") at nearly all seasons of the year. With a breadth of 1 to 1^ miles, it extends 3 miles along the coast, and then narrows, extending nearly …
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With Josephus' glowing description the Rabbis are in fullest harmony. Rish Laqish says : ' If Paradise be in the land of Israel, Beth-Shan is its entrance' (nnn'5 [NB'n'n). Again we read : ' Seven seas,' spake the Lord God, ' have I created in the land of Israel, but only one have I chosen for myself, that is the sea o…
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SEA OF GALILEE SEA OF GALILEE 591 would be possible in other climates, e.g. a tem- perature of 110" is not uncommonly recorded. This may explain the expression ' great fever ' (irvpeTi^ fjieydXi^) of Lk 4^^. The temperature of the waters of the Lake does not vary so much as might be expected, and is very little loM…
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These facts may noAv be used to illustrate the tAvo occasions on Avhich Jesus is recorded to have been on the Sea in a storm (Mt S^s, Mk 4^^ Lk 8^3 ; and Mt 14^*, Mk 6^, Jn 6'^). On the former of these the journey Avas from Capernaum to Gergesa, and the Avind Avas from the north-east. Thus the boat Avas struck on its s…
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The chief fishing ground to-day is in the neigh- bourhood of el-BatUm, and here the work is con- ducted in boats with drag-nets {cT^povre^ rb SIktvov, Jn 2P) ; but in other places the want of a boat need not prevent a man becoming a fisher. If he simply possess a net and learn to cast it (/3dX\ovres dfjL<pi^\ri(TTpov, …
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V. Geography. — This has long been a vexed question, and is likely to remain so till excavating work is undertaken. The sites of Tiberias, Magdala, and Julias seem alone to be undisputed, so far as the Gospel history is concerned. The questions regarding the various sites will be treated each in its own place. The town…
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594 SEAL SECOND ADAM arrangements, this could not be satisfactory in the neighbourhood of a town like Capernaum. Then every village would have, as at the present time, its own dunghill, a fruitful source of swarms of flies. Great extremes of wealth and poverty there would not be. We meet, indeed, with a knowledge o…
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But the exact equivalent of ' search ' is ipewdw. It is used twice in Jn. (5^^ 7^"') of ' searching the Scriptures.' It may well be believed that it con- noted more on the lips of Jesus (5^^), who knew how to distinguish the spirit from the letter (Mt V^, Lk 72^ 1026ff-, Jn 683), and to bring forth treasures new as wel…
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2. Seed, on the other hand, depends to a certain extent upon soil. While essentially designed to co-operate with the vital forces of nature, it may be rendered wholly or partially barren. And in this further senss it forms a symbol for Jesus of the Divine word and its fortunes in tlie world of men. Consequently we find…
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(3) A third general significance of the word ' see ' is that of an ethical warning in the sense of the English phrase 'take heed.' For example, in Mt 24^ we read, ' See that ye be not troubled ' ; and in Mk 8'^ two words are combined in the warning, ' Take heed (dpare), beware (;3X^7rere) of the leaven of the Pharisees…
962 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1906–1908); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.