PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,290,716 words · 1269 reading sections
Section 961
James Patrick. SUPERNATURAL.— It is generally recognized that this word is difficult to define, and its defini- tions are difficult to defend. The reason of this is simple. It is not a scientific but a popular term, and is therefore liable to the ambiguity and vagueness besetting words which really involve metaphysica…
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SUPERSCRIPTION SUPREMACY 683 natural law were broken or siirtpended by some intrusive and alien force ; but in the fact that the action of God upon the order of created being is in one case what we expect, in the other widely different. Tiiere is no reason why the word ' sujjer- natural,' which will certainly not be…
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Christ plainly claims supremacy over the moral nature of man, over human conscience and human destiny — a supremacy extending through all time, and without limitation. His association with or subordination to the Father is not referred to as limiting, but rather as justifying His OAvn claim (Mt 16^', Jn 5'«-2'?). On Hi…
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against him' (Lk 6''). He had to be constantly on His guard against their malignity. By the treachery of Judas they were able to surprise Him, unprotected by the multitude, in Gethsemane. Peter's denial was in some measure due to his being taken by surprise, even although Jesus had forewarned him. It is in the subjecti…
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SWEARING.— See Oaths. SWEAT. — The word ' sweat ' occurs only in one passage in the NT, namely Lk 22'", in the narra- tive of our Lord's agony in Gethsemane, where we read : ' His sweat became, as it were, great drojis of blood falling down upon the ground.' In ap- proaching the discussion of the passage there are thr…
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In a special discussion of the subject by Harnack, that WTiter maintains that the stamp of Lk. is clearly manifest on the verses in question, and it is to be remembered that it is a very remarkable thin;; that the only record of this event should occur in the Gospel attributed to the man whom tradition asserts to ha\e …
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* In the case of hsemophilic persons it seems not only possible but probable. Again, however, the relevancy is not very apparent. more than a knife or dagger, as in the LXX of Jos 5-- * of flint knives, but also a sword. The people who came to arrest Jesus were armed with swords and clubs : Jesus' followers also had t…
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In support of (1), several considerations have been adduced, {a) Shechem could certainly be roughly described as ' near ' Jacob's ground, and the disciples who went to ' the city ' to buy bread were away during the whole of the conversation, that is, for some considerable time. Cheyne (Encyc. Blbl. iv. 4831) considers …
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688 SYMEON SYMPATHY SYMEON.— See Simeon, No. 2. SYMPATHY.— The subject of sjrmpathy, con- sidered in its relation to Jesus Christ, is so large as to be almost co-extensive with His whole life and work. The Incarnation and the Atonement, whatever be the exact theological meaning of the two words, are undoubtedly exh…
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3. Christ's relation to others as expressive of sympathy. — («) Christ's relation to sinners. — By His friendly attitude towards ' publicans and sinners' He gave a practical expression of His doctrine of mankind, and of the power of human sympathy to reclaim. The great social gathering of outcasts in Capernaum (Mk 2^^-…
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(c) It was lorivg and jiidirioxs. — Sympathy is not always welcomed by those on whom it is VOL. II. — 44 bestowed. AVhen it savours of superiority, it is resented more than scorn. Yet this was never the case with Christ's sympathy. ' He knew what was in man' (Jn 2-=), and was capable of sym- pathizing in the full mean…
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3. A feature of normal Jewish life. — In the 1st cent. A.D. synagogues abounded wherever a Jewish population was found. In Jerusalem itself the number is variously given as 394 (Bab. Kethub. 105a) or 480 (Jer. Megilla, ISd). The figures are, of course, exaggerated, but are an indication of the degree to which the insti…
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6. The synagogue as a place of worship. — Before the destruction of the Temple the ordinary services were simpler than they afterwards became ; but the order followed generally the rule prescribed at a later date in the jMishna [Meg. iv. 3). Of the four principal parts («) the first was the Shema (so called from the op…
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8. The synagogue as a court. — Under the strict concepticm of a tlieocracy there can be no distinc- tion between things ecclesiastical and things civil Hence, in ])Iaces wliere the ])opul;iti(iii was prepon- derantly Jewisii, local administration was in the 692 SYNAGOGUE SYKOPHCENICIAN WOMAN hands of a court, which…
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SYNOPTICS, SYNOPTISTS. — The term 'Syn- optics' is, according to the universal practice of modern NT scholars, applied to the Gospels of St. Matthew, St. Mark, and St. Luke, as distinguished from the Gospel of St. John ; and these three Evangelists are known as the ' Synoptists.' It is so used because these Gospels are…
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Col 311); cf. the Oriental use of the word ' Frank' as equivalent to ' West European.' * In the reiffn of Hadrian, Syria was subdivided into (1) Syria proper, (2) Syro-Phnonicia, (3) Syria-Palestinia (Lucian, de Con. Deor. 4). The political division, then officially made, probably followed an already existing popular …
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The Deuteronomic Code calls it the Feast of Tabernacles, and requires it to be kept seven days, but does not fix a date. It describes it as a day of joy for all. Including servant, stranger, and widow (Dt IGi^ff-). In accordance with the sweeping centralization of worsfiip of Deuteronomy, it must be kept at Jerusalem, …
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A tradition as old as the 4th cent, locates the scene of the Transfiguration on Mount Tabor, and until the middle of the 19th cent, this Avas the generally accepted place of pilgrimage and devotion in commemoration of this event. The earliest references in this connexion are by Cyril of Jerusalem, Jerome, and others (C…
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squander the money entrusted to him, buries it in the earth, and keeps it safe for his master's return. After a long period has elajjsed, the master comes back and reckons with his servants. The first two slaves bring the capital they have originally received and that which they have made by trading. In each case they …
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Erise win the prince's warm approval, and, since e has been faithful in a very little, he receives authority over ten cities. The second has been less successful, his pound has made only five. He receives a reward i^roportionate to that of the other ; that is, he is set over five cities ; but ap- parently the prince su…
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TALITHA CUMI TARES 697 at least have taken it to those who would have traded witli it and returned it with interest. And, in any case, the slave had his orders, tacitly, it is true, in the parable of the Talents, but explicitly in the parable of the Pounds. The responsibility for misfortune was therefore removed fro…
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098 TARES TAEES harvesters of v.^" (cf. v.^^) are different from the servants, although this is merely implied here, and is first made perfectly clear only in the explana- tion. It is absolutely necessary to avoid the mingling of the kernels of the darnel and the wheat, lest the bread be poisoned. This may be effect…
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Two objections to the interpretation of the parable proposed in this article deserve attention. (1) In v.'^i, Jesus says that the angels shall gather out of His Kingdom all offences and them tSat do iniquity, whence it is inferred that the tares Avere in the Kingdom and not in the world. It is ad- mitted that the Avord…
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TEACHER. — SiSdo-fcaXos, though strictly meaning 'teacher,' is tr. 'master' by AV throughout the Gospels except in Jn 3^^. In two other passages besides this, viz. Mt 23» and Jn 3"*, RV gives the correct translation ; and in every case where both AV and RV tran.slate ' master,' RVm gives ' teacher' as an alternative r…
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The distinction between gradual exiierimental recognition {yLvdiaKeiv, ewiyLvdicrKeip) and the actual possession of knowledge (elS^vai) is Avell preserved ; e.g. in Jn 14^ ' If ye had come to recognize me (in my true cliaracter), ye would have had knowledge of my Father also.' Corresponding to the ethical quality of th…
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TEACHING OF JESUS TEACHING OF JESUS (01 which by no means took from the force of the summons to repentance for sins, now seen more clearly' in the purer lij^ht. So we read in Mk G'"-, even after much of the Galilajan teacliinj^ was already given, that the Apostles ' went out and preached that men should repent ' (VV…
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* Among these we can only allude to the stages in Jesus' teaching of His disciples in the latter part of His ministry, which dates from the decisive confession at Caesarea Philippi. 702 TEACHING OF JESUS TEACHING OF JESUS possibility for future insight and knowledge. This comes out most clearly in Mark's narrative,…
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Why then, it may be asked, resort to this obscurer form of instruction ? Because He m as noiv passing on to a new side or aspect of His teaching. Henceforth the more unambiguous form of declaration would have met immediately with a summary rejection X so decisive as to jeopard- * Surely Dr. Sanday (Hastings' DB ii. 61…
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t Confirmed also by the character of ' the Teaching of the I later form warrants the idea that 'Gnostic' or metaphysical doctrines are here meant in any degree. The 'secrets' in question are just those detailed aspects of the Kingdom and its develop- ment, as parts of the Divine counsels, wiiich form the essence of th…
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In confirmation of this view, namely, that Jesus' teachino-, even in the Johannine Gospel, moved essentifuly in the region of knowledge accessible to spiritual i)erception acting on kinclred facts of * Cf. Wendt, The Teaching} of Jesus, i. 256 ff., as well as his general conception of the relation between the Synoptic…
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Such a judgment is confirmed, positively, by the so-called ' Teaching of the Twelve Apostles,' which in its present form is probably of Palestinian or Syrian origin, and understands 'the teaching (diSaxv) of the Lord ' to have differed from Judaism only ethically, in the deeper knowledge of God's will, fuller spiritual…
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* See The New Testament in the Apostolic Fathert, Oxford, 1905. 706 TEARS TEARS books representing founders of religions ; but they receded furtlier from the earlier type of Christian written Gospel, of which the four in the Church's canon are the most perfect samples. See also artt. Discourse, Illustrations, Orig…
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(2) Jn 11^5 'Jesus wept.' The word here is iSaKpvaev, ' shed tears.' This was at the grave of Lazarus when He was about to raise him from the dead. There is something here to sur- prise us, though much that was very natural in the tears of the Saviour. To the widow of Nain who was following the bier of her only son He …
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423), In the parable of the Prodigal Son we see the depth of degradation into Avhich a man is brought when he breaks away from his God. In the case of the prodigal, the initial step was taken when the undisciplined thought was harboured in the heart. His mind fretted and rebelled against the restraints of his father's…
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And here our Lord stands before us as our Ideal. The Jesus of the Gospels presents to us a life which is tlie very embodiment of temperance, a life of jierfect self-restraint, of complete self- mastery ; a life free from excess on the one hand and defe(!t on the other, well-balanced, well-pro- portioned, without flaw, …
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ii. Herod's temple. — There are several ad- mirable descriptions of Herod's temple published and easily available ; § all are based on the main sources, viz. Jos. Ant. XV. xi., BJ \. v., c. Ap. i. 22, and the Mishnic tractate Middoth.W It will, therefore, not be necessary to give a detailed account here, but a general …
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(a) The Women's Court. — Tiiis was the smaller division ; it occupied tlie eastern part. The court received its name from the fact that it formed the limit to which women might advance towards the sanctuary, not because it was reserved for the use of women. H It was on a lower level than the Men's Court, whicii was ent…
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f TocvTo. rat pr,uxTot ika:>.viff-su ev tu •ycc'^o^vXatztu hihccffxa/^ iv tu lipu. It was teaching which, according to Jewish ideas, con- cerned men. t The tribunal was called hSlin p'n n*3 ('The great house of judgment '). 710 TEMPLE TEMPLE 5. The Holy of Holies (debir). — No human foot might enter here, with the…
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But perhaps the most impressive teaching of Christ in the temple was during the great festivals, when immense numbers of people from all parts of the country came up to Jerusalem. It is in the Fourth Go.spel that the details of this teaching are, for the most part, preserved ; thus in Jn T^""^" we read that during the …
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* Cf. also the activity of Jeremiah in this respect. t But cf. Westcott, in toe. \ See Box in Etiajc. Bibl. iv. cols. 49.';.3, 49.')4. § Queen Helen of Adiahene fixed a fjolden candelabrum in the front of the temple, which reflected the first rays of the sun, and thus indicated thetime of reciting the S/iema' (Voma,…
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But, on the other hand, there are references, equally decisive, though fewer in number, in which both the temple and its worship are regarded as of quite subordinate importance. Thus in Mt 12^, where Christ speaks of Himself as 'greater than the temple,' He was uttering words which, at all events to Jews, must have imp…
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* As Judaea was not under the jurisdiction of Herod Antipas, Christ would be more unfettered in His action there. TEMPTATION TEMPTATION 713 with the otlier prime mark of practical Judaism, viz. the saci-ificial system. That this is really the inner meaning of the ' cleansing ' of the temple, the following considera…
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Jesus Himself was both tried and tempted. He seems to confess His own liability to temptation when He refuses the epithet 'good' (Lk IS'''), although He never confesses to have fallen before temptation ; and the attitude He assumes to sinners implies His own sinlessness. The Avriter of the Epistle to the Hebrews (4^^) …
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over all its moral resources that its moral efforts can never involve any moral strain, such as is ex- perienced in temptation ; omniscience and omni- potence, therefore, cannot know the disturbance of feeling which is possible to limited knowledge and power. To ascribe these Divine attributes to the incarnate Son of G…
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Order of Temptations. — In Mt. and Lk. the order of the second and third temptations is inverted, while the substance of them remains identical. The order followed by Mt. is generally accepted as correct. There seems to be an ascending scale in the temptations as recoi'ded in the First Gospel, though Plummer (Lk 4-') s…
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The absence of the article before mi; has given rise to the idea that the temptations were not Messianic. Against this it has been jiointed out that the predicate is regularly anarthrous. Rut Middleton (Gr. Article, p. G2) shows that 'we sometimes find that the predicate of the £<>, has the Article, where^ the subject …
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attained by spiritual means, however slow and uncertain these seem. Third temptation. — The third question which had now once for all to be settled was. What kind of kingdom must the Messiah establish ? Shall it be a kingdom of this world, such as many expected and would promptly aid Him to secure ? The glory of the k…
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LiTKRATURE.— Ramsay, Hist. Com. on Galatians, p. 349 ff.; \\e%tcott, Hebrews, p. 298 ff.; Hastings' DB, artt. 'Covenant,' 'Testament.' F. S. RaNKEN. TETRARCH {rerpdpxv^ is the classical form, but in NT the MS evidence is strongly in favour of TeTpadpxv^ [Tisch., WH, and Nestle]). — The title is used in the Gospels of …
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718 TEXT OF THE GOSPELS TEXT OF THE GOSPELS (iii.) But a few of our earliest Greek MSS, sup- ported by the quotations of the most scholarly Fathers of the earlier centuries, and by a few Versions, present a different text, which has com- mended itself on its intrinsic merits, as well as on account of its proved anti…
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This much every thinking Christian will surely grant. But it is a diii'erent thing to go on to say : ' therefore this text must be the original authentic text.' It would be as logical to argue that because the gospel was given to the world in the Greek language, therefore Jesus must have spoken in the same language. It…
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For the sake of illustration, we fdve here the main reading's in the instance selected for special discussion by Hort. In Jlk 6-'3 (following and the people saw them going, and mami knew them, and they ran there together on foot from all the cities) we find the following readings : xxi rtpvf,\6o^ airoui (and ovtwent t…
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A moment's reflexion on the way in which the Bible is quoted in extemiiore sermons or in conversation will be sufficient to show that a writer's quotations may not always reproduce the text that he considered the best, supposing him to have formed a critical judgment on the subject. Natural looseness of quota- tion fro…
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(iii.) The judgment of such a scholar as Dr. Hort on the intrinsic value of the Antiochian readings must carry the greatest weight. It will be most satisfactory to quote his own words. ' Another step is gained by a close examination of all read- ings distinctively Syrian (Antiochian) in the sense explained above, compa…
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4. The generally accepted Critical Text. — Once again, it is with Hort's views that Me must princi- cipally concern ourselves, because WH's text is the only one published which can be regarded as in any way self - consistent. No textual student would place much confidence in Tischendorf's judgment, which is embodied in…
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It would be easy to extend this list by including documents Avhich occasionally support the Alex- andrian text, but it will be found that the nucleus of the attestation for most of Hort's readings lies practically in the group i<BCLX 33, often sup- ported by the Egyptian versions. At the .same time, it is most necessa…
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In order to complete this brief survey of the most important documents, we must here mention A — the important Codex Alexandrinus of the 5th cent. , preserved in the British Museum ; it contains a pure form of the Antiochian text, and it is quite possible that critics will learn to allow more weight to its evidence tha…
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TEXT OF THE GOSPELS TEXT OF THE GOSPELS ■23 Alexandria, and naturally taken up by the revisers. If it is the case that the Sahidic version is earlier than the Bohairic, again we find the Western type preceding the Alexandrian ; and if Robinson is further right in assigning the Bohairic to the 3rd, and not the 2nd ce…
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We next select an instance which exemplifies a particular excellence of the Alexandrian text — freedom from readings introduced to make one Gospel harmonize with the parallel passage in another. In Mt 12-^ NBZ 1, 33 read 'iu; oZ (B omits) ETEJtEv uiov, and they have the support of important MSS of the Old Latin (avid b…
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In Mk 62'^ nearly all documents read x<x,'i tla-ixioija-ni rvj; BuyxTpo; auryi; t-^? 'Hpahiiiho; : WH follow NBDLA 2pe (238) in substitut- ing a-jToC for xuTY,; Ty,;, making the dancer a daughter of Herod bearing the same name as her mother Herodias. This is quite impossible, and we have to understand rij; Buyxrpo; xvt…
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In his treatment of this difficult subject, the present writer has tried to set out main principles rather than to go into minute details : he lias also tried to show how a judgment must be formed rather than to express his own opinions. But it is almost impossible to move in textual criticism without having a working …
933 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1906–1908); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.