PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,290,716 words · 1269 reading sections
Section 61
Avhich it had been foretold that living Avaters should flow out. Our Lord's application of the term KoiXia to it Avas in keeping Avith the use of [aii in certain passages of the OT, Avhere it denotes the Avhole of man's emotional nature and sympa- thetic afiections (Pr 20-''- ^o, Hab 3i«, cf. Sir IQi^ 51-1 . (,£ also t…
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had their fathers' having eaten it eventually de- livered them from the power of death (v.^^). Jesus also showetl that His hearers had failed to per- ceive the true purpose of the miracle He had wrought. The hread of the miracle was intended for ' a sign ' (v."^^), which they had not had faith to discern (v.*^), that H…
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(4) As aji)plicd to the Patriarehs : Mk 12-^ ( , Mt 22''", Lk 2(P*) ovK euTLv debs veKpCjv, dWd ^Jjvtwv. — In expounding this cardinal saying, we have first to inquire what doctrine our Lord is here vindicat- ing. Beligious minds among the Jews had already arrived at the clearly defined hope of a future life (Driver, S…
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(5) As applied to the manner or course of life : Lk 15'^ fiDi' do-aiTws, ' with riotous living ' (cf. Jos. A7it. XII. iv. 8, dcrdiTUjs i:rjv). Contrast ' holy living.' From this phrase is derived the title 6 dawros w6s, flius ijrodigus, by wliicli this pai'able is generally known (Trench, Par.^ 393 ; Jiilicher, Gleichn…
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Apart from incidental references in parables, there is one saying of Jesus which calls for fuller notice. 'If ye lend [davei^w, lend tipon interest; LOCUST LOCUST 43 contrast Kixpvf^i of a friendly loan, Lk IP only) to tliem of whom ye hope to receive, wliat thank have je ? even sinners lend to sinners, to receive …
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Locusts are migratory insects, as the qualifying words, migratoria, percgrina. applied to them de- note. They are produced chiefly in desert regions on the lofty plateaux of the East, and, carried by their wings and driven on by the east wind, they invade western Palestine in compact Inxlies. 2. Biblical names. — The …
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less ai)plicable to the discourses of tlie Fourth (Jospel, where, even if traditional lagia are em- 1 turn Uithe word handed down by tradition from the beginning' At a muvh laU^r time the term t« /.iyio. is applietl to NT S<rip- ture general!} in the same sense as to the OT (Ignatius, ad Sm</rn. iii. (longer form in …
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The relatively late date of Papias (145-160 A.D.) makes it certain that for him, if not already for Polycarp, to. \6yia meant the precepts of Jesus as embodied in narrative Gospels, pre-eminently in canonical Matthew. In later authorities, who take over the tradition, the term is gradually extended to cover the embodyi…
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LOGIA LOGIA 47 Marks only source of knowledge, had brought out the material in such irregular order as the oc-casion demanded (a-p6s tt]v xP^"^')- Our first concern must be with the motive of this conception of Mk. , reserving the question of its historicity. Clearly, while unwilling to reject the narrative Gospel,…
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The correspondenc-e of Papias' tradition of the Matthaean syntagma with known Palestinian c-on- ditions is strongly c-onfirmatory both of the tradi- tion itself and oi that interpretation of it which emphasizes the distinction between catechetic works and Gospels of the evangelistic type. It is char- acteristic of the …
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found in no other Gospel. Moreover, the combina- tion of discourse with narrative in Lk. is not, as sometimes stated, a mere adaptation by the Evan- gelist of logian material to narrative settings of his own composition. There are examjjles (14i-'^) of such fictitious settings, but who would dream of .so describing tli…
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VOL. 11.-4 Besides Wendt and Resch, mention should be made of the disposition of material in the Greek Synoptieon of A. Wright, who devotes Division 2 of his presentation to material supposedly derived from the Lcgia of Matthew. The arbitrariness of the dealing with the Lukan material is amply demonstrated by the two …
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The Stoics, animated chiefly by a practical interest, sought to connect the world of true being, as conceived by Plato, witli the actual world of man's existence. They abandoned the theory of supersensible archetypes and fell back on the simpler hypothesis of Heraclitus, that the universe is pervaded in all its parts b…
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2. The Fourth Gr ^pel sets out from a conception of the Logos wh' 11 to all appearance is closely similar to that of Philo. In the Prologue the main features of the Philonic doctrine are repro- duced one by one ; — the eternal existence of the Word, its Divine character {tjv deos), its relation to God as towards Him, a…
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Thus, in accepting the PhUonie idea. St. John does not commit himself to the i>recise interjneta- tion that Philo placed on it ; on the contrary, whether consciously or not, he departs from the characteristic lines of Philo's thinking. The differ- ences, however, do not alter the main fact that he rested his accoimt of…
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In all these directions, therefore, St. John gives effect to the idea of the Prologue that the nature of Christ was a Logos nature. His acceptance of this doctrine involves him in a new reading of the Gospel history — a reading which in some respects is artificial and inadequate. The life of Jesus becomes that of a hea…
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1. Solitude for the pui'poses of prayer, medita- tion, and rest. Tiie outstanding instances are — the Temptation in the Wilderness (Mt 4', Mk l^-, Lk 4'-), the retirement after the excitement con- sequent on the feeding of the five thousand (Mt 14--, Mk 6^^ ; cf. Jn 6^^), and the retirement for prayer, soon interrupted…
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OT use. — Long-suffering is one of God's noblest attributes, and is made the subject of a special revelation in Ex 346. xhe Heb. phrase 'erek 'aph (yV "■in) is found frequently in the books that foUow, and Joel (2iS), Jonah (42), and Kahum (13) speciallj- dwell upon this element in Gods character. JVr use. — It is sig…
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It is further to be observed, in the same con- nexion, that even the more vivid words for looking, as a synonym for 'seeing,' 'beholding,' are never used of Christ so as to draw attention to the manner of His look. Such a word, e.g., as drevi^w, ' to gaze fixedly ' (employed to describe a congrega- tion gazing at Jesus…
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' loved well because he hated. Hated wickedness that hinders loving: ' (Browning-). R. Stevexsox. LORD. — This title is used as the translation of three different words in the Gr. Gospels: (1) 6 decrirorrjs. This word occurs only once in the Gospels, in the prayer of Simeon, 'Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart …
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56 LORD .1 If the interpretation was given by Peter when speaking to Cornelius, it provides an interesting illustration of the way in which the first preachers of Christianity adapted themselves to the new con- ditions in which they found themselves, when they began to preach to Gentiles. The Saviour of the world mu…
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5. The variation of title in addressing Jesus sug- gests that in the original language of the Gospels at least two titles were employed. Of these 'Pa/3/3et was one, cf. ' ye call me Master (teacher) and Lord,' Jn 18'^, and the frequent use of ' Rabbi ' in the (iospels. Evidently 'teacher' (StSdcr/caXos) is a translatio…
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In the new and enlarged edition of The Lord's Prayer in Five Hundred Languages, comprising the Leading Languages and their Principal Dialects throughout the World, v-ith the Places where Spoken ; with a Preface by Reinhold Rost (London, Gilbert & Rivington, 1905), the Lord's Prayer is given in English in sixteen forms,…
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08 LORD'S PRAYER LORD'S PRAYER (O; In some Oriental translations 'deliver' is rendered by different roots in Mt. and Lk., and then both are combined in litur^cal use of the Lord's Prayer. (7) Of the DoxologTi' the Dldacite omits ' the kingdom and ' ; in the Apost. Const, (r^) one MS, on the contrary, omits ' and th…
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(b) On the imperatives dyiacdriTui, yevrjdriTiij, see Origen, de Orat. 24. 5 ; Blass, Gramnutr, § 20. 1 ; Moulton, Proleg. p. 172, who quotes from Gilder- sleeve on Justin ^NlartjT, p. 137 : 'As in the Lord's Prayer, so in the ancient Greek Liturgies the aor. imper. is almost exclusively used. It is the true ten.se for…
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ig) In the fifth petition 6<pei\-qfjLaTa is rather = irniain (Shemtob, Delitzsch, ^Lirgoliouth), not ?rn=2-N (Salkinson, Resch). On the variant ocpeiX-qv and the dogmatic changes of eiaeveyKy^. see alxive. In the Latin Churcii it l)ecame customary in the time of Jerome and Hilary to say 'in tentationem quam ferre (or, …
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Dogmatics and Ethics seem to be combined in every one of these three i)etitions : That we do not dishonour the name of the Heavenly Father (1) by mistrust, (2) by disobedience ; that His Kingdom may come (1) with its blessings, (2) with its tasks and duties ; that we (1) gladly accept all that is God's will concerning …
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In ExpT., besides the passages alreadv quoted, may be com- pared : vi. [1894-95] 50, 140, 146, 190, xiii. [1902] 378, 431, xvi. [1905] 5, 10. See also O. Dibelius, D«s Vaterunser: Um.rissezueiner Gesch. des Gehets in der alten und mittleren Kirche, Giessen, 1903 (chiefly pp. .59-72 — ' Die Auffassung des Vaterunsers b…
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Looking now at the six petitions, we observe at once tliat the first three have a Godward, the second three a manward reference. Because of this the prayer has often been compared to the Decalogue with its summation of human duty first to God and then to man (cf. Mt ^-i^", Mk' \2^^). But beneath this resemblance there …
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(d) Third Petition -. ' Tliy will be done.' This may be described as the dominant note of the Lord's Prayer. The petitions that precede lead up to this, and those that follow must be brought into iiarmony with it. We frequently use these words as if they were nothing more than a prayer of submission and resigniation in…
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By teaching us to otter this petition our Lord teaches that God is ready to forgive all our debts. But a condition is laid down. Those who praj' for forgiveness must be ready to forgive. On this Jesus placed great emphasis, so great that He does for the fifth petition what He does for no other, adding at the end of the…
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(3) It is a f'irm of prayer. The prayers which John the Baptist taught his disciples' (Lk lli) must have been forms ; and when a disciple of Jesus, reminding Him of John's custom, said, ' Lord teach us to pray,' it was doubtless a prayer- form for which he asked. And Jesus justified the request by replying. 'When ye pr…
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1. The Sacramental in Hebrew worship. — The term ' sacrament ' denotes an outward and visible sign of an invisible spiritual reality. By means of symbol, which is metaphor transformed into action or concreteness, truth is conveyed to the partici- pants in a sacrament much more readily than by tiie bare word. Language c…
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LORD'S ST7PPER LOKD'S SUPPER 65 His Kingdom in concrete symbolism, is evident from their misinterpretation of their Lord's pro- mise as to the future of His Kingdom on earth and His own return ; but we are led to expect onh' such words and symbolic action as would illuminate the spiritual idea of the Ivingdom ; not …
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The figure of 1 Co o?- 8 niay refer to an actual celebration of the Chriitian Passover in the Corinthian Church, for we know- that in the middle of the ind cent. Easter was the most im- portant annaal festival of the Catholic Church, and there is no evidence of its having been introduced after the Apostolic age. The gr…
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This do as often as ye drink it in remembrance of me more drink of the fruit of the vine henceforth drink of this fruit of the vino from henceforth drink of the fruit of the vine in the Kingdom of God I Mt Until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father's Kingdom Lk Until the Kingdom of God shall come 1…
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(ii.) Luke 22i5--'o._The difficulties of the text are such that so far no final decision has been reached with regard to them, some scholars indeed think- ing that the textual problem is involved in the Synoptic problem. The evidence is as follows : (1) The TH is supported by KABCL. (2) Old Latin b e (k defective) have…
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According to 1 Co 1123-26 the ruling idea of the Supper is the symbolical display of redemption through the death of our Lord, and the same con- ception, under the figtire of the Christian Passover, is involved in 1 Co. 5". Another truth also under- lying 1123-26^ ijut especially taught in lO'^—^ jg that all those who …
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1891, 32), and it would have been quite natural for the Christians thus to associate themselves together ; but a widespread religious custom is not sufficient to account for the usage, and its nomenclature among the early di.sciples. Why was it distinguished from the ' fellow.ship' {KOLvwvla) and singled out by a diffe…
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6. The sub-Apostolic Church. — (a) Clement f<f Borne. — To crumteract the disturbances resulting from the Corinthian rivalries. Clement urg^-s the necessity of order and reverence in the service, which will be effected by every one abiding in his own part (14). The bishops must offer 'the gifts blamele.ssly and holily …
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(e) Justin Martyr. — The ecclesiastical term for the Supper is henceforth ' the I^ucharist.' Justin makes no mention of the Agape. The Eucharist C9ases to be a meal of the congregation and be- comes a regular part of the Sunday service, and seems to i-erjuii-e the presence of a bishop or some other official for its val…
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St. Paul is ruled by the Hebrew idea of sin as it became heightened by the life and death of Jesus. God is for him the supremely moral Person, and sin is ti'eason against His Sovereigntj'. On His Son, the Redeemer from sin, he lavishes all his loyalty and worship. Indeed. Christ becomes his intimate personal friend and…
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LiTERATrKE. — Schultzen, Das AbendmaTtl im .VT", 1595: J. H. Thayer, " liecent Discussions respecting the Lord's Supper ' in JBL xviii. [l5i'9l 110-131 ; Cremer and Loofs, • Abendmabl,' i. and ii., in PliE^ i. ; Drews, ' Eucharistie,' ih. v.; Zahn, 'Asrapen,' ii. i. : Pluuiuier, 'The Lord's Supper,' in Hastings' DB\\\.…
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the words that I have spoken unto you are spirit, and are life" (vv.^^"^). By this conversation, the idea of a sacred meal is carried further than it had been in the miracle itself. An act of eating the flesh and drinking the blood of Christ is anticipated as the way in which His disciples will participate in the life …
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reasonably be understood to denote bread in general or anything else except the actual pieces of bread which our Lord gave as He spoke. The word ' is ' is the logical copula between the subject ' this ' and the predicate ' my body. ' In the Aramaic sentence which our Lord spoke, the jire- dication was probably expresse…
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(b) The meaning of ' This cup is the new cove- nant ' ; ' this do, as oft as ye drink it, as my memorial.' The interpretation of these sentences turns on three words: (i. ) 'covenant,' (ii.) 'do,' (iii.) ' memorial.' (i.) The sentence ' This cup is the new covenant in my blood,' while recalling the phraseology and pro…
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(2) Mk 14-2-25. As here recorded, our Lord's words at the Institution were : ' Take ye : this is my body ' ; ' this is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many. Verily I say unto you, I will no more drink of the fruit of the vine, until that day when I drink it new in the kingdom of God.' The words in con…
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LORD'S SUPPEE LORD S SUPPER 75 saving', This, is mj' body ^vllic•ll is given for you ; this do for my memorial. And the cup in like manner after supper, saying, This cup is the new covenant in my blood, even that which is i>ouied out for you. " From the jxfint of view of exegesis, this account of the Institution doe…
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4. He 13*'*. — The starting-joint in this passage is the assertion in v.^ of the unchangeableness of Christ : ' Jesus Christ is the same yesterday, and to-day, yea and for ever." From this is derived the thought of v.", that since Christ, the c-entre of Christian life, is unchangeable, Christian belief must have stabil…
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Darwell Stone. LOST. — The word ' lost ' has come to be invested with a sinister theological significance. A moral sense hopelessly degraded, a sullen abandonment to evil, a persistent closing of the heart, and a future determined beyond the possibility of altera- tion— ^are some of the ideas which it compels in the m…
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A. G. Campbell. LOT. — The suddenness of the Divine Parousia and the unpreparedness and want of expectation on the part of the world, find illustration from ' the days of Lot' (Lk 17-^), Avhen the people of Sodom continued their social and commercial activity until ' the day that Lot Avent out' (v. 2^). Lot's wife — …
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had seen the Father (Jn 14^). On the tAvo com- mandments to love God and to love our neighbour, Christ declares that all the LaAV and the Prophets hang (Mt 22^'^). In the commandment to love one another as He lias loved them. He sums np the neAv laAV Avliich He lays upon His disciples, de- claring that by their fulfilm…
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In the Fourth Gospel it is the same representa- tion of the nature of God that meets us. Here, too, ' Father ' is tlie favourite designation. It has been questioned, indeed, whether the title 'Father' lias tiie same significance in the Fourth Gospel as in the Synoptics. H. Holtzmann [Neutest. Theol. ii. 433 f . ) maint…
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\ LOVE LOVE 79 i8u]K€, if not to be restricted to the giving to the death, may be taken, in view of 3'^, of. l'^", to include this reference) ; and the result will be the consummation of the gracious puri)Ose which ani- mated the Fatiier in the gi^'ing of the Son. The cross will become the centre of attraction. Thr…
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In the Fourth Gospel the references to the love of the Father and the Son to one another are more frequent and more express. Christ is the only- begotten Son (3'®), loved by the Father before the foundation of the world (17-''), and now returned to the lx)som of the Father (P*). He and the Fatiier know one another inti…
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5. The love of man for Christ. — Of love for Christ there is almost no mention in the Synoptics. In one utterance, indeed, Christ requires His fol- lowers to love Him more than their closest earthly relatives (Mt 10^^). But the purpose of that .saying, as is proved by the parallel passage, Lk 14-*, is not so much to in…
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In the enunciation of this second great com- mandment, Christ specifies the love which men are required to show for one another as the love of ones neighbour. Doubtless the word was sug- gested by the precept from Leviticus which He quoted, just as the form of the first commandment is based, as we have seen, upon the l…
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From various occasional utterances of Christ we can form a general idea of the nature of the love which He expects men to display in their relations to one another. Its unselfishness on the one .side, and its interest in the welfare of others on the other, are features which continually appear in the exhortations in wh…
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the sure test whereby His disciples may be recog- nized by others (13^^). It is by their fulfilment of it alone that they may enjoy such close communion Avitli Him as He enjoys with His Father (IS^"-'-). He has given them an examj^le in His own Person of the love they are to practise. At the last meal with His disciple…
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Literature. — Sartorius, The Doctrine of Divuie Love ; Wendt, Die Lchre Jem, ii. ; ST Theol. of B. Weiss, Beyschlae, H. Holtzmann, Stevens ; Ritschl, Heekt/ertigung uml I'erson- nung ; Rothe, Theol. Ethik ; Seeley, Ecce Homo, chs. xiii. xiv. ; F. W. Robertson, Serm. iv. 222 ; Law, Serio^ts Call, ch. xx ; Butler, Serm. …
1,048 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1906–1908); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.