PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,290,716 words · 1269 reading sections
Section 1021
THADD.ffi;US occurs only ]Mk 3^8 and Mt lO^ ; in the latter place in the AV in the form : ' Lebbteus, whose surname was Thaddanis.' On the textual questions, see artt. Judas (vol. i. p. 906), Lebr^us (above, p. 22), and ' Thaddajus ' (DB iv. 741). In the Western Church neither ' Lebbteus ' nor ' Thaddreus' became commo…
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As the place of his burial there is mentioned, besides Beirut in Phoenicia, the town Ostracine in j Egypt (see Const. Apost. , ed. Lagarde, p. 283), where QaSSaios 6 Ae^aios Kal 'lovdas is distinguished from Judas Jacobi ; the latter, after preaching through- out the whole of Mesopotamia, was stoned by the Jews, and li…
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The name, then, is to be taken as denoting some contemporary of Luke (or of whoever wrote the Third Gospel and Acts). Otherwise he is unknown to history. Later tradition naturally busied itself with fanciful conjectures upon his personality, turning him eventually into the bishop of Antioch or of Csesarea (cf. Zahn's E…
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tian literature. For it is plain that this man's need stirred his friend to write. Behind Theophilus he probably saw many a likeminded inquirer. This catechumen's case was in some Mays typical and characteristic, and thus St. Luke was led to write his Gospel narrative, an instance of the ' first and noblest use ' of th…
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Following the example of OT thinkers, Jesus employed the idea embodied in the word ' thirst ' to express the conscious needs of the human soul for something higher and more satisfying than it could discover in its earthly experiences (cf. Is 55\ Ps 42^ etc. ). Just as man in the vigour of physical health revolts agains…
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Later traditions of Thomas, obviously of little value, are mentioned in Eusebius and in the Apocryphal Acts of Thomas. He is spoken of as a missionary to Parthia, or to India. Some traditions assign to him the honour of martyrdom ; and his supposed grave was shown at Edessa in the 4th century. The personality of Thoma…
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Hugh Duncan. THREE.— See Number. THRESHING - FLOOR. — See Agriculture in vol. i. p. 40-\ THRONE (dp6vos) is a term applied, first of all, to the royal seat of a king ; and, secondly, to the official seat of a judge or subordinate ruler. In the former sense it is employed of heaven as the throne of God (Mt 5^4 23^2).…
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3. Present condition. — The modern town is called by the Arabs Tdbariyeh. Traces still re- main of the ancient city along the Lake, especially to the south of the present town. Heaps of stones, columns of grey granite, foundations of buildings, and of a thick wall which extended almost to the famous baths, all confirm …
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Literature.— J. B. Bury, A History of the Roman Empire (London, 1893 and later); J. Bergmans, Die Quellen der Vita Tiberii des Cassius Dio (Amsterdam, 1903) ; R. Cagnat, Cours d'Epifjraphie LatineS {Paris, 1898), p. 179 fif. etc. It is generally admitted that the ancient authorities take too severe a view, based on the…
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Literature.— Kaestner, de Aeris; Bilflnger, Die antiken Stundenangaben ; Schwarz, Der Jiid. Kalender ; Lewin, Fasti Saeri ; Wieseler, Ckron. Sy7wpsis of the Four Gospels ; Ideler, llandbuch der Chronologie ; Schiirer, HJP i. 37, ii. App. iii. and iv. ; W. M. Ramsay. Was Christ born at Bethlehem? v.-xi. ; Hastings' DB i…
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Aramaic : 'n^^iTi a^hi^ 'lisiiiri >^':. Latin : Hie est Jesus Rex Judseorum. Greek : 6 ^aaCKeis tQiu 'lovdaiuv. This view agrees with Edersheim (Life and Times, ii. 591 n.), except as regards the order. He supposes the Latin to have been at the top and the Aramaic last ; but this is contrary to the only evidence we ha…
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When we remember that Jesus was constantly charged by His enemies with being a law-breaker (Mk 2"'- '^- -^ etc.), we may see in the saying an utterance that has its polemictal bearing. Im- mediately after (v.-") we find Him declaring, ' Except your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the scribes and Pharise…
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W. J. Henderson. TOLL.— See Publican, and Keceipt of Custom. TOMB, GRAYE, SEPULCHRE.— The terms ' tomb ' and ' sepulchre ' are used in AV in- differently to tr. fj.vYiiJ.uo'i, u.riiij.a,, and ru^oi. ' Grave ' is used 8 times (Mt 2752. 53, Lk 11«, Jn 528 1117. 31. 38 1217) as rendering of /xr/i/zet/>v. This last is by…
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It Avas in one of those chamber-tombs that our Lord Avas laid (Mt 27''^ Mk 15-»8, Lk 23^3) ; and dis- used tombs of this kind Avere used as places of abode by the outcast and the homeless (Mk 5-). To prevent desecration by Avild beasts, the tombs r TONGUE TORCH 735 were often cut in almost inaccessible places ; an…
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2. In e7notional expression. — Gnashing of the teeth, with weeping and wailing (Mt 8^2 13^-- s" 22^^ etc. ), is the physical exjiression of regret over re- membered advantages and opportunities lost. It was also a sign of evil possession (Mk O^*), and a manifestation of malignant hatred (Ac 1^*). Among the modern inhab…
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TOUCH. — ^The word ' touch ' is always associated in the Gospels with Christ Himself, except in one instance. The exception is Lk ll""* 'Ye yourselves touch not the burdens with one of your fingers,' a passage requiring no exposition. I. Christ's touch.—!. Christ's touch of heal- ing.— Clirist liabitually established …
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TOUCH TOWEL 73' come in contact with detileinent and yet not be defiled. ' Another would have defiled himself by touching the leper : but He, Himself remaining undefiled, cleansed him whom He touched ; for in Him health overcame sickness, and purity defile- ment, and life death' (Trench, Miracles, 233). Thus the lif…
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In the Incarnation, then, God has put Himself where men might touch Him ; and in the various instances of touching Christ, grouped above, we see how men responded to this opportunity. There were those who sought with all their hearts for closer contact, impelled by the sense of need, or by the impulse of adoring love ;…
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has its tower (Pahnijra and Zenobia, p. 332 f.). A representation is given in that work (p. 279) of a stone tower in the ^Jauran constructed of black basalt, with a stone loft at the height of 14 feet, reached by a spiral staircase (see also Porter, Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and Bethany, p. 18; Stanlej', Sinai and Palestin…
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The gradual change by which the Jews, from being an agricultural people, became a people devoted to commerce, is illustrated by many Tal- mudic passages : e.g. ' Rabbi Eleazar said. There is no worse trade than agriculture ; and Rabbi Rab adde<l. Commerce is worth all the har\'ests of the world' (Jehmnoth, 63. 1). This…
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* For a description of the demands of society for which the trade of the day caterefl, see Friedliinder, Dargtellungen aiit der Sittengeach. Boms, iii. ' Der Luxus.' 740 TRADE AND COMMERCE TRADES Jews in Roman times did not scruple to bring against them the most ridiculous charges, but pre- cisely this charge of dis…
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Literature. — Herzfeld, Handelsgesch. der Juden des Alter- thums ; art. ' Trade and Commerce ' in Hastings' DB and in EBi ; on the general subject of the relation between commerce and religion see G. A. Smith's Isaiah, vol. i. ch. 18. J. Ross Murray. TRADES. — It had long been a custom, which almost had the force of l…
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would then be the distinctive badge of tlie Israelite.* By some it was held that the oral or traditional Law was even superior to the written, because the latter was dependent for its authority upon the oral testimony of Moses. In other words, the oral precedes and underlies the written. The covenant was founded not o…
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1. Narratives of the event. — (1) The evidence for the Transfiguration is remarkably strong. It is recorded by all three Synoptics in its incidents, and by the Fourth Gospel in its inner mood (Mt lV-«, Mk 9--10, Lk 92«-36, Jn 1223-«). In the first three Gospels both the precision of detail and the agreement are strikin…
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* Cf . the omission of the Temptation narrative. t Cf. Moffatt, Historical New Testament, pp. 596-598 ; per contra, Swete, Epistles of St. Peter, t There appears to have been another, identif j'' ng the site with the Mt. of Olives. TRANSFIGURATION TRANSFIGURATION 743 17", Mk 9^). There is, perhaps, a certain fitn…
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The latest attempts have more interest, as discovering a certain measure of independent fact in the event. One finds the substratum of real history embodied in it in the confession of Peter made previously, which was elaborated by idealizing tendency into a vision and attributed to the disciples (Bacon, AJTh, 1902, pp.…
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The reality of the Transfiguration may be reason- ably maintained on the basis of such considerations as these : — (a) that it primarily displays the state of the inner consciousness of Christ at its height ; (b) that it was the direct resultant of the preceding events ; and (c) that in the description, on the face of …
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§ Cf. His expressions : His ' time not come,' His ' hour,' His being ' straitened to accomplish,' He ' must work the works of TRANSFIGURATION TRAN SFIGURATION 745 outward seeming its proper home, living there a concurrent life on a higher plane, with peculiar relations to an unseen world, holding power over it, and…
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That points to an organic change that will take place in us at His coming. It has to be taken in conjunction with this other, ' Christ in you the hope of glory' (Col P'). The moral transformation is the root and beginning of the organic. Christ not only so acts upon us as to conform us to His holy and exalted pattern n…
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fact that he was known to have had a natural birth ; whereas the return of Elijah would neces- sarily exclude such birth. Jesus' answer to the disciples simply removes the case from the physical into the spiritual sphere, and thus makes the question before their minds an irrelevant one. The prophecy had been fulfilled,…
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The ordinary way of reckoning the length of a journey was not by miles, but by time (Gn 30^ °''" Tn., Jon S'* c'v Ti^na, Lk 2** 7)ixipas 656s), and this makes it diflicult to determine accurately the distances covered. Moses asked that the children of Israel should be permitted to go into the wilder- ness a three days'…
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748 TREASURE TREASURY have been an appeal to selfish prudence merely, would justify, if it were correct, all that unbe- lievers have said about the selfishness of Chris- tianity. It was not to the man's selfishness that Christ addressed Himself, but to the earnest long- ing after righteousness which He perceived in …
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2. Kop^avas (fr. Kop^dv • see COEBAN) occurs in NT only in Mt 27", Avhere it denotes the sacred treasury of the Temple. -Into this treasury the chief priests AA'ould not put Judas' thirty pieces of sih^er, 'because it is the price of blood.' In Joseplius (BJ II. ix. 4) the Avord is used not of the Temple treasury, but …
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1. The topographical problem. — This includes tiie question of Pilate's Praetorium (see vol. i. p. 859, and Pr^torium), the precise meaning of Gabbatha (Jn 19'^ cf. Gabbatha and Pavement), the problem whether Annas and Caiaphas had separate residences or stayed together in an official house, and the site of the meeting…
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In compiling the later Acts of the Martyrs, Christians were better off. For one thing, these subsequent trials were usually deliberate ; occasionally they were expected for some time, so that the Church was not taken by surprise, and in any case attention was piously paid to the last words and experiences of the saint.…
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The primary fact which emerges from such a study is that when Jesus Avas brought before the * Professor Burkitt, The Gospel History and its Transmission (p. 139). TEIAL OF JESUS TRIAL OF JESUS '51 Jewish authorities,* He was judged worthy of death, and thereupon remitted to Pilate. But was He really tried ? and if…
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The fact that this preliminary examination or a,vaxpi(n! before Annas is recorded only in the Fourth Gospel (1812-14. 19-24) has excited, not unnaturally, strong suspicion of its authenticity, and efforts, more or less plausible (cf. Keim, vi. 36 f.), have been made to show that the author has wrongly inferred from Lk …
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* The term lV«i (Mk 1456, of. v. 69) refers to harmony of state- ment. Had the Evangelist meant ' adequate,' ' equal to the occasion,' he would have used lxx.va.i or some equivalent. t Compare the discussion of Strauss {Life of Jesus, Eng. tr. by George Eliot, § 114), who upholds its historicity against the suspicions…
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His answer is variously reported : ' / am {^ydi et>i) : and yon ivill see the Son of Man seated on the rlgJit hand of the Poxvcr, and coming with the clouds of heaven ' (Mk 14^-) ; ' It is as thou sayest {<tv elwas). Yet I tell you, in future you xoill see the Son of Man seated on the right hand of the Pmver, and comin…
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* Cf. H. Holtzmann, Das wessianische Bewusstsein Jesu (1907), pp. 29-31, as against Wrede's idea {Das Messfasfieheimnis, 74f.) that the phiase 'Son of God' must be taken in a meta- physical, not in a theocratic sense. t Bengel, on Mt 26^, has one of his fine comments : 'In ad- versissimis quibusqiie rebvs suminos fine…
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The silence of Jesus before Pilate was due to moral reasons. Dr. Salmon, in his posthumous work, The Humaii Element in the Gospels (1907, p. 512), prefers, indeed, to attribute it to physical fatigue. ' The only way that occurs to one of accounting for His silence is that, after the strain of the work of the previ- ous…
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The transference of Jesus to Herod (cf. vol. i. 722) is one of St. Luke's special contributions to the story of the Passion (23616, cf. Ac 4'-"). Whether taken from oral tradition (cf. Justin Martyr, Dial. 103) or from the Jewish Christian source (note the technical Jewish xpi'^'^''' i3a.inkia. = kmg Messiah, 23^) whic…
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* Compare the defence of the governor's action in Sir James Stephen's Libert 11, Erjualitif, Fraternity, p. 88 f. It is not a bench on which historical criticism will be content to rest for long. See Zinunermann's Hist<ir. M'ert der iiltesten Ueberl. (l!)0.=i) p. 184 f. t Besides the account of Judas (273ff-; cf. vol.…
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of the high priest or the councillors (Mt. ) blind folded Him, spat in His face, and rained blows upon Him,* asking Him with jeers to propliesy who struck Him. St. Luke (22"^"^^) more accu- rately places this horseplay during the nocturnal interval between His arrest and the assembling of the Council in the morning, wh…
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paT/<r,<i« (Mk 1465, jn 1822) jg a blow inflicted with the open hand (cf. Field's Notes on the Traiisl. of the NT, p. 105). This is the most probable meaning, on the whole, though the dubiety of the reading in the former passage (i^ocXXov or i^ocXov, ix«,iJi.iix.vov or £X«/3(9w) introduces a slight element of uncertain…
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t The condensed nature of his account here lends too pre- cipitate a character to the proceedings. Possibly the search for witnesses was loosely begun during the night ; but even so Luke's narrative is defective on this point. That he knew the Markan tradition of the false evidence is plain from the retention of In in …
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Three further points in the Johannine narrative demand a final word of notice. («) Are the famous words Ecee homo (195, cf. vol. i. 507) meant to represent Pilate, like Caiaphas (1149-52), as an involuntary prophet? This would be likely if i a.v6pu^o; were taken (with Nestle, Einfiihrung in das Griech. NT, 237 f.) in t…
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TRIBE i<pv\ri) is used mostly in the special OT sense of an Israelitish tribe, composed of tlie de- scendants of one of the sons of Jacob. The pro- phetess Anna belonged to the tribe of Asher (Lk 2^"). The Messianic claims of Jesus were strength- ened by the fact that He sprang from the royal tribe of Judah (He 7"). Ga…
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Literature.— Schiirer, II J P l. i. 65, ii. 107 f., ii. i. 250 flf., ii. 162, and the authorities there cited. James Patrick. TRINITY.— Our subject is the doctrine of the Holy Trinity in relation to Christ and the Gospels. 760 TRINITY TRINITY We have to consider how far that great conception of God's being and nat…
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In the Fourth Gospel this great claim of Christ occupies a much larger space, and is more explicit and more fully stated, but it is a mistake to sup- pose that it is more strongly expressed. Such a passage as Jn 5^-- -^ ' He hath given all judgment unto the Son ; that all may honour the Son even as they honour the Fath…
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When we turn to the Fourth Gospel, we find this teaching expressed with a fulness and clear- ness of statement which ought not to appear ex- traordinary. There must surely have been an inner side to such a life as we find portrayed from the outside in the Synoptics. If the external accounts give so many indications of …
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We find, then, that the teaching of our Lord and of the Gospels concerning God is the union of a true and uuAvavering monotheism Avith a great doctrine of mediation, according to Avhich God and man enter into A^ery close relationship in the Person of Jesus Christ, the Son of God. (ii.) The Son.—(\) The Son is a distin…
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(2) Organic relation of the Son to the Father. — {a) The subordination of the Son. — This truth is presented everywhere in the teaching of our Lord. Though He speaks ever as One who enjoys a unique relation of intimacy with the Father, though He claims God as His own Father, yet it is clear that He was filled with reve…
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(f^) The Logos. — For the use of this term in Christian theology we are indebted to St. John. It is a mark of the inner truth of the Fourth Gospel that nowhere is our Loxxl represented as using it ; for it is not in His manner, nor does it arise naturally out of the thought of the first age of Christian experience (but…
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This group of passages also shows very clearly that we are here taught to think of the Spirit as not only personal, but as distinct from the Father and the Son. This appears remarkably in 14-'' ' The Paraclete, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things, and bring to your remem…
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this so likely to happen as when He manifested Himself to His disciples after His resurrection ? The truth is that this passage in Mt. supplies exactly the clue we need in order to understand tlie rapid development of doctrine and the continuity of custom in the early Church. (See Sanday in art. ' God ' in Hastings' DB…
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And all this has its counterpart in the Christian experience of our own time, for Christianity is, for the Church and for the individual, the reve- lation of the Fatherhood of God through and in that Christ who presents Himself afresh to every age as the manifestation of the love of CJod, and whose personal influence, …
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766 TRUMPET TRUST conception of degrees of reality. Bradley in liis Appearance and Reality lias done more than any other writer to call attention to this principle. Foe to theology, as he professes to be, he may prove its most useful ally. The work of Pringle- Pattison points in the same direction. Person- ality may…
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When it is said that Christian faith is personal trust in God in and through Jesus Christ, one need not conclude that ' faith ' and ' trust ' are exactly equivalent terms. The thought is only that the deepest essence of faith is trust, and that there is no Christian faith that is not personal trust in God. An examinati…
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Not unknown in Church history is a view of the redemptorial work of Christ which would make it consist in appeasinc: an angry God. According to this view Christ and not the Father is the Reconciler, God and not the world is reconciled. In such a case perfect childlike trust is not to be thought of. There would be no fi…
901 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1906–1908); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.