PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels — Volume 2
James Hastings · 1,290,716 words · 1269 reading sections
Section 1
SR'^'^^pnvo, UTAH ^ * Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Brigham Young University http://www.archive.org/details/dictionaryofchri02hast Dictionary of and the Gos \ / / / / y Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels EDITED BY JAMES HASTINGS, D.D. WITH THE ASSISTANCK OP JOHN A. SELBIE, …
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RVm= Revised Version margin. EV=Auth. and Rev. Versions. IV. For the Literature ^^T= Ancient Hebrew Tradition. .4 //S'Z, = American Journal of Sem. Lang, and Literature. .^/TA= American Journal of Theology. .<4 7'=Altes Testament. ^Z, = Bampton Lecture. .BiTf= British Museum. i^-KP=; Biblical Researches in Palesti…
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Rev. James Denney, D.D., Professor of New Testament Language, Literature, and Theology in the United Free Church College, Glasgow. Rev. [Marcus Dods, D.D., Principal and Pro- fessor of Exegetical Theology in the New College, Edinburgh. Rev. James Donald, D.D., Keithhall, Inverurie. Rev. Henry E. Dosker, D.D., LL.D.,…
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Rev. James ]Moffatt, D.D., Broughty Ferry. Rev. W. S. Montgomery, B.D., Abbeyleix, Queen's County. Rev. R. W. Moss, D.D., Professor of Systematic Theology in the Didsbury College, Manchester. Rev. Warren Joseph Moulton, M.A., B.D., Ph. D. , Associate Professor of New Testament Language and Literature in Bangor Theo-…
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Rev. Charles Tr avers Wood, M.A., Fellow and Lecturer in Hebrew in Queens' College, Cambridge. Rev. H. J. Wotherspoon, M.A., Edinburgh. Rev. Arthur Wright, D.D., Fellow, Tutor, and Vice-President of Queens' College, Cambridge. Rev T. H. Wright, Edinburgh. Rev D. G Young, B.D., Moneydie, Perth. Rev. J Young, B.D., …
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The question of His Galila^an neighbours who were familiar with the circumstances of Jesus' early life, ' Is not this the worker in wood ? ' (6 T^KTwv, Mk 6^), shows clearly how fully He adopted this principle as regulating the prepara- tory discipline of His young manhood. Nor must we forget that it was amongst that c…
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J. R. Willis. LAKE OF GENNESARET.-See Sea of Galilee. LAMB.— See Animals (vol. i. p. 64^), Names AND Titles of Christ, and Shee^. LAME. — This Avord, perha])s originally meaning bruised, signifies a crippled or disabled condition caused by injury to or defect of a limb or limbs ; specifically Avalking Avith difficult…
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The transition from Hebrew to Aramaic in- volved no great linguistic revolution, as it was simply a transition from one Semitic language to another, and that a closely cogTiate one. It was, however, only very gradually effected, and was chiefly due to the predominance to which Aramaic attained in Western Asia during th…
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LANGUAGE OF CHRIST LANGUAGE OF CHRIST some reason or other, was unwontedly moved, for it is said that ' he looked up to heaven and sighed. ' And, though it is not stated, the spectacle of Jairus' child-daughter lying cold yet beautiful in death, was calculated to touch profoundly the heart of the great Child-Lover. …
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' I am so bold as to say, now that I have completed the task set before me, that no other person, either Jew or Greek, with whatever good intentions, would have been able to set forth this history to the Greeks as accurately as I have done ; for I am acknowledged by my countrjmen to excel them far in our national learn…
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(6) The question of an Aramaic Gos^iel ( Ur- Eoangdiam), while important chiefly in connexion with the Synoptic problem, bears closely upon that of the language spoken by Christ. If Christ spoke Aramaic, such a Gospel was to be expected, and at the same time its existence would furnish weighty proof at once of the prev…
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/ 6 LAST SUPPER LAST SUPPER Last Supper was a Passover, and therefore, as St. John certainly seems to represent the Passover as still to come while the Supper was proceeding,* that there is no discrepancy in the accounts, t 1. In examining the evidence afforded by the four accounts, we find, with satisfaction, tha…
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(3) The third indication of time presents some difficulty. On a day called ' the first day of Azuma ' preparations were made for the Feast, according to Mt. (26''^) and Mk. (\-\}-), at the sug- gestion of the Twelve ; according to all three (Mt 26'»- I'J, Mk 1413-16, Lk li''-'-^), with the consent and at the command of…
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Parallel with the 6-4,la of the first two Evangelists is an interesting expression in Lk •22^^' ore iyivero i) wpa. "While in itself absolutely vague, in connexion Avitli the preceding words, ' they made readj' the Passover,' it would naturally indicate the com- mencement of 15th Nisan, when the lamb was eaten ; but in…
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(iii.) Those who fail to discover traces of a Pass- over meal in the accounts of the Last Supper, Avho point to the absence of allusion to a lamb, and gener- ally to the weakness of the evidence adduced, may reasonably claim an argument c sUentio for what that is worth. It may be added that the supposi- tion of the dis…
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t ilt 262 and parallels compared with Jn 131- 2 do not suggest any difference of practice as to the date of observing the anniversary. ° X Caspari {Chron. Gconr. EhUeit.), referring to Pesachim x., supposes the Supper to have been a Mazzoth meal, of which the essential element was unleavened cakes (mnzzoth), with or w…
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k See note J on preced. column. II See the account, from personal ex-perience, of an Eastern supper, given by Peiritz, op. cit. pp. 13-15 and note, and the similar account by Thomson in The Land and the Book, pp. 126-128. LATCHET LAUGHTER are simple, homelj', ordinary ; but the wiiole is pervailed by an air of myst…
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It has been too readilj- inferred from the com- parative absence in NT of allusions to mirth, that Jesus was characterized bj' a certain sobrietj- of demeanour which precludes us from thinking of Him as ever laughing or even smiling, and that Christianity from the first discouraged anything in the form of laughter-prov…
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* tit^paivK^Btt,! in Lk. is specially used of convivial mirth (see 1219 1523). t See James Sully, Essay on Laughter. X See art. ' Our Lord's Use of Common Proverbs,' Expositor, Dec. 1902. from my Father ; for which of these works do ye stone me ? ' the touch of irony is unmistakable (Jn 10^-),* as it is also in the…
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J. Eo.ss Murray. LAW. — The question of Christ's relation to the Jewish law is one of fundamental importance for the origin of Christianity, but at the same time one of peculiar dithculty. The difficult}- arises, to some extent, from the fact that His own teaching marks a period of transition, when the old Avas already…
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1. If the order of incidents in the Gospel of St. Mark could be accepted as chronological, the first collision of Jesus with the representatives of the tradition was occasioned by His eating with pub- licans and sinners at the house of Levi (Mk 2'5*). Although stress cannot be laid on the order in which the incidents a…
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In the Sermon on the Mount fasting is recognized as a fitting religious exercLse ; but, as in the case of prayer and almsgiving, it is essential, for its true religious quality to be preserved, that it should be practised without ostentation. The religious self- advertisement which characterized the Pharisees eviscerat…
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It is possible that the usual view taken of the passafre, ac- cording to which the words ' making: all meats clean ' Oik 719) are the concluding words of Jesus, should be accepted. This involves, however, a gi^mmatical irreirularitv, and we ought perhaps to adopt the view taken bv Origen. Greirorv Thauma- turgns, and C…
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Nehemiah that there should be an annual pay- 2nent of a third of a shekel for the temple service (Neh lO^^-^'^). The temple itself, Christ predicted, would be destroyed. Howev^er we ma^" explain the saying, ' Destroy this temple, and I will build it up in three days' (Jn 2^'-'), He certainly foretold in His eschatologi…
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6. We have left till the last the much-debated passage Mt 5^""-", since it is helpful in our inter- pretation of it to have before us the application of the principle in detail. The opening words of the passage, ' Think not that I am come to destroy tlie law or the prophets,' show clearly that Jesus was con.scious that…
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Literature.— The subject is discussed in the ^'ew Testament Theologies, the treatises on the Teaching: of Jesus, and in the Lives of Christ and the commentaries. A verv able n^no-rraph by R. Mackintosh, Christ and the Jetrhh Law, is devoted to the subject. Other works that mav be mentioned are : Schiirer, Die Predict J…
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From this point He goes on to deal with typical instances of the difference between letter and spirit in the Law. He begins with a command- ment of the Decalogue, the Sixth, couided with a corresponding passage from the Mosaic legisla- tion, ' and whosoever shall kill, shall be in danger of the judgment ' (5-^). He say…
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LAWLESSNESS LAWYER 17 addition to Jeremiah's doctrine of the New Cove- nant or Ezekiel's doctrine of the renewed heart and the washing of re<j;eneration, Jer SP'"^-, Ezk 36^"^), nunle the external ritual everything, and took no account of lieart-religion, were on that acc-ount conijiared to those who should cleanse …
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LiTERATiRK. — Hastings' DB, art. 'Law (in >T)'; Bruce, Training of the Twelre, pp. 67-95 ; Kingdom of God, pp. 63-S4 ; Wendt, Teaching of Jesus, \i. 1-4S ; Dykes, Manifesto of the King, pp. 203-220 ; Dale, Christian Doctrine, 19S ; Hobhouse, Spiritual Standard, iii. "SV. B. FrANKLAND. LAWYER {voniKos) or 'teacher (doc…
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* Juchasin, 81. 1 : ' In Talmude Hierosolymitano unusquis- que R. Eleazar scribitur, absque Aleph, R. Lazar.' t E. A. Abbott in Encycl. Bill. art. ' Lazarus,' § 2. or wickedness perpetrated, but of evil endured and fortune enjoyed.' (3) Its Jewish imagery, (a) ' The beggar died, and he was carried away by the angels.…
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It was an indubitable miracle. In the sultry East it was necessary that the dead should be buried immediately (cf. Ac 5^-^), and it sometimes happened that a swoon was mistaken for death, and the man awoke. Tiie JeMish fancy was tliat for tliree days after deatii the soul hovered about the sepulchre, fain to re-enter a…
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* la Juan. Kr. Tiacl. \ti\. § 1. 20 LEADIXG LEAR^'IXG And the sick Lazarus lent himself to their design. Pallid with disease, he let himself be wrapped in grave-clothes and shut up in the sepulchre ; and when Jesus, believing that he was dead, came to take a last look at his friend's remains, Lazarus came forth in …
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LEARNING. — To what extent did learning pre- vail in Palestine in the time of Christ ? and is it correct to say that He Himself and His Apostles and discii^les Avere illiterate ? Higher education existed at least in the col- legiate institutions of the capital. From the restoration folloAving the epoch of the Exile th…
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(Ac 4'") ; yet this is but the technical description (a.ypa.|x^laTOl. kolI i5i(I)Tai) of men who had not gi'adu- ated in the colleges of the scribes. If not many noble were called (1 Co l-*), there were at least some who combined sjnritual insight with literary culture, and who were able to express the new ideas in for…
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The week which began with the Passover is called 'the days of unleavened bread' (Mt 26", Mk 141- ^^, Lk 22^- ''), from the practice enjoined in Ex 2^^ Lv 238, Dt 16»- ^- ». The effect of leaven in raising a mass of dough (see above) is the basis of our Lord's parable of the Leaven (Mt IS^", Lk 13-«- -'), which sets fo…
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As supplement to the art. Judas (i. 906), it may be stated that this strange combination ' Judas Zelotes,' mentioned above as the reading of the Old Latin MSS in Mt 103, jg attested for Rome by the chronographer of the year 334, by the list of the canonical books of the year 382 ; and for Ravenna by the mosaics of the …
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Alex. Soiter. * On the readinsr 9x55x70? i iTizi.rfii.; XiiicCt; for Mt, see T. Soden. i. p. 1074, and ih. p. 1313 for the reading of D in Mk. \Miat, according to v. Soden, the true reading in Mt. is we aave not been able to discover. The MSS KB represent, accord- ing; to him (and others), the recension of Hesychius. …
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Literature. — Neander, Life of Christ ; Edersheim, Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah ; Godet, St. John ; Keim, Jesus of Nazara, vi. 253 ; Lipsius, de Cruce, ii. 14, iii. 14 ; Hastings' DB iii- 94a. \V. H. DUNDAS. LEPROSY {Xe-n-pa, Mk 1^2^ Lk 512 ; and Xewpos, [leper] Mt 8^ lO* 11^ •26«, Mk V If, Lk 4^^ 7^^ IV").— Th…
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It might be thought that Rabbinical commentaries or existing Jewish custom might help to throw a light on the subject, but neither of these is any real help. The Talmud teaches that zara'ath refers to any disease with cutaneous eruptions or sores, and indeed some references appear to demonstrate that the writers consid…
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(1) In the tubercular form, after a prodromal period of indefinite duration during which there is a gradual loss of power and vivacity, obscure pains in the limbs and joints, feveri.->h attacks and loss of appetite, the first definite signs to appear are symmetrical discoloured blotches, especiallj- over the back. The…
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It has been mentioned that one of tiie striking things about leprosy is that it occurs so sporadic- ally. It is not the rule in Palestine, at any rate, that wliole villages or families become leprous, but a case arises here and there. To illustrate this, we give a list of villages from which came some 60 cases tiiat we…
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LEYELLIXG LEVITES Zi tions, however, that Jesus was to some extent familiar with the literature studied in the schools, both from His direct reference to passages con- tained in it, and from striking parallelisms in language and thought between various saj'ings of His and maxims of uncanonical books such as Sirach a…
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In each of the Synoptics the setting forth of the problem is prefaced by a statement of the Levirate law as spoken or written by Moses (Mt. has '^ilwvaijs dire, but in Mk. and Lk. it is MwiicrTjs eypa\p€v ripuv). In none of the three statements are the ipsissima verba of Dt 25' used, and Mt. bonows the words eTnyafj-^p…
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LIBERALITY.— 1. This may be considered to begin when the requirements of the Law have been fulfilled. Thus the payment of tithe, which in our Lord's time was evidently regarded as an ideal (cf. Lk 181'-), cannot be described as liberality, though it seems certain that many of the wealthier among the ' dispersed ' regar…
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LiTKRATURE.— J. O. Dvkes, Manifesto of the King, 351 ; J. LI. Davies, Spirittial Apprehension, 244 ; "S. Cox, Biblical Ex- positions, 195 ; W. M. Sinclair, Christ and our Times, 279 ; \V. Dickie, Culture of the Spiritual Life, 1S3 ; Edersheim, Tfie Temple : Its Ministry and Services; works on Jewish Antiqq. ; the Conun…
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That the Ajjostles so understood Christ can hardl> be ques- tioned. Throu<rhout the XT liberty (i/j^ww.a, and its even more confident form ics^c-.a;) runs as a golden thread, distin- guishing the New Disjjensation from the Old. There is the same joyous exercise of the power of a new life that Christ foretold. The write…
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Jesus accejDted the idea of life as it had come to Him through the OT. To Him also life is primarily the physical existence (cf. Mt 6^^ ' Take no thought for your life, what ye shall eat and drink,' etc.), and He advances on this conception along ethical and religious lines, in the same inanner as the Psalmists and Pro…
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Jesus is Himself the Mediator of the new life. He imparts to His disciples His OAvn consciousness of God's presence and Fatherhood. He inspires in them a faith and obedience which without Him would have been for ever impossible. Through knowledge of Him and participation in His spirit, thej- enter into that fellowship …
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The solution is aflorded by the doctrine of the Incarnate Word. Jesus Christ, as the eternal Logos, possessed ' life in himself,' and j-et assumed humanity and entered into our lower world. He therefore became the vehicle through which the life of God is imparted to men, or at least to those elect natures who are predi…
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aspect of St. John's thought. What is elsewhere described as a mystical indwelling becomes a moral fellowship. ' Henceforth I call you not servants, but friends ; for the servant knoweth not what his lord doeth ; but I have called you friends ' (15^^). The disciples are to enter into a perfect harmony of mind and will …
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Tlie introduction of the saying in Lk ll^s-ss is due to the key-word Xi-x^os- Here, as often, Lk. groups sayings togetiier less from their internal conesi)onclence than from some verbal common element. He sharj^>ens the point of tlie savin"; by introducing v.^. As eves mav l)ecome injured by the blinding glare and dust…
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3. If Christians, however, are to arise and shine, it must be because their light has come. Conse- quentlv revelation is also embraced under the liglit- svmbolism of the Gosj^els. in Mt 4''. Lk 1™ [Is 9^] 2^, where the reference, baseti on OT quotations, is to the redeeming life of Christ. This semi- mystical applicati…
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These and other applications of this metaphor throughout the Fourth Gospel are all suggested in the somewhat abstract language of the Prologue. Three further jjoints may be selected as typical of this mode of thought. (a) The function of Christ as the Light is de- scribed as bearing not only upon the creation of the U…
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sizes this point. Possibly our Lord was alluding to Is 14^-. A similar idea appears in Rev 12^. Wellhausen regards the verse in Lk. as apocry- phal ; but Jesus frequently used apocalyptic im- agery. In the Koran (Sura 72) the demons are cast out of heaven at the coming of INIohammed, the angels bombarding them with sta…
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It would seem from the OT that the lips had come to be regarded as a sort of oriufinating centre of life and morals. We read of 'lying lips' (Ps Sl'S), of ' the lip of truth' (Pr 1219), of ' unclean lips ' (Is 65), and of ' the poison of asps ' as ' under the lips ' (quoted in Ro 313) ; and in the XT also, of ' the fru…
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The case is siniOar with that in the paragraph Mt 18'"". It is important that the relation of this paragraph to the preceding one (18''^), and the nature of the transition made at v.^ be correctly apprehended. The Apostles had been disputing about their relative claims to greatness in the Kingdom of heaven ; and the Lo…
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We may take it as established, then, that the phrase ' these little ones ' on the Master's lips means not 'children,' but distinctly and always 'my disciples.' The question still remains open, however, whether our Lord means by it all His disciples, or only a speciallj* designated class of them. The latter has been qui…
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Only two OT passages suggest themselves as offering natural points of departure for the framing of sucli a phrase as our Lord employs. The one of these is Is 60-- and the other Zee 13^. In the former, the terms employed, from which our Lord's jilirase may have been derived, are pf)r\ in the first clause and -\'v.^^^ in…
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Ben'jamix B. Warfield. LIVING. — 1. Bi'os = 'livelihood,' 'means of liv- ing.' It is often used in this .sense in class. Gr., ' .7. Tov ^iov KTacrdai, iroiel<r6ai, etc. ; Plato, Gorg. 4!S6 D, (men) oh Iffn /cat ^los Kai du^a ku'l &Wa ttoXXix aya$d ; Phocylides, Frriff. 10, ed. Bergk, dii^-qadai SioTrjv, dpeTTjv 5' ora…
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(2) As applied to the Risen Lord : Lk 24' tL ^rp-€LT€ TOV ^CivTo. fjL€Ta Twv vsKpCov ; the angels' ques- tion conveyed a reproof to the women who were come to the place where the dead was laid, bring- ing the spices which they had prepared : it was like asking them, ' Where is your faith ? ' Thej- had heard the announc…
1,032 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1906–1908); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.