PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 5
James Hastings · 1,128,046 words · 1137 reading sections
Section 481
15. ii. 119, ‘God revealed to Jesus, Though thou shouldst worship with the devotion of the inhabit- ants of the heaven and the earth, but hadst not love in God and hate in God, it would avail thee nothing.’ 16. il. 119, ‘Jesus said, Make yourselves be- loved of God by hating the evil-doers. Bring yourselves nearer to …
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35. ili. 151, ‘Jesus said, Take not the world for your lord, lest it take you for its slaves. Lay up your treasure with Him who will not waste it,’ ete. 36. iii. 151, ‘Jesus said, Ye company of apostles, verily I have overthrown the world upon her face for you; raise her not up after me. It is a mark of the foulness o…
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50. ‘Jesus, son of Mary, said to John, son of Zacharias, If any one in speaking of thee says the truth, praise God; if he utters a lie, praise God still more, for thereby shall thy treasure be in- creased in the list of thy works, and that without any labour of thine, that is, his good works are carried to thy list.’ …
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pp. 97-99, 1894. J. H. Ropss. PAPYRI.—The manner in which papyrus was used as writing-material in the ancient world, the dates of its adoption and abandonment, and the countries in which it was employed, have been described in vol. iv. of this Dictionary (art. WRITING). The object of the present article is to show wha…
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iii. HeEpReEw Papyri.—If papyrus was used in Palestine at all as writing material (see art. EXTRA VOL.—23 WRITING, /.c. § ii.), no specimens of it could be expected to survive in that country ; and even in Alexandria, where the colony of learned Jews no doubt possessed copies of the Hebrew Scriptures on papyrus, …
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25. The Ascension of Isaiah, ch. 2. § 4-4. § 4; the only extant MS of any part of the work in the original Greek. 5th or 6th cent, Amherst Pap. 1 (Grenfell and Hunt, Amherst Papyri, pt. 1.). C Theological works— 26. Philo, rls 6 r&v Betwy Kdypovduos and epi yevécews “ABEX. 3rd cent. Formerly at Gizeh, now in the Louv…
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Hort. They range themselves with the Codices NB and their allies, thus supporting not merely the type of text which WH have shown to be earlier than the Textus Receptus, but that particular form of it (WH’s ‘ Neutral’) which there is good reason to associate with Egypt. In the OT nearly all the papyrus fragments yet…
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expoypagov, xwplfouat. 4 a eaition to the light thus thrown on the * tgBoerdy might also be taken to mean ‘heaping up (earth)’ ; but the construction without an object would be strange, and the expression somewhat tautological, since cuvvéyacs alone would give the same sense. 356 PAPYRI PAPYRI vocabulary of the G…
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1. Brit. Mus. MS. Or. 5000; a large and com- plete codex, containing the entire Psalter in the Sahidic dialect. Prob. 7th cent. Edited by E. A. W. Budge (The earliest known Coptic Psalter, London, 1898). Its text agrees markedly with that of the largest Greek papyrus Psalter (No. 6, above). 2. Brit. Mus. MS. Or. 5984;…
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13. Brit. Mus. Pap. 36, containing the Canons of Athanasius, in Sahidic. Described by Crum, op. cit., and to be edited by him shortly in the publications of the Text and Translation Society. 14, Papyrus at Turin, containing the Life of Athanasius and records of the Council of Nicza. Edited by F. Rossi (I Papiri Copti,…
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iv. Wages of hirelings in continual employment. —The class of whom we read most are the priests ; their wages in earlier times consisted of a share of the sacrifices, and of freewill offerings. Probably, as a rule, either a priest had land as a family in- heritance, or the sanctuary held land. Some priests received a s…
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There are references to various kinds of crafts- men who must have worked ‘by the job’ so to speak, especially to smiths and carpenters, but we are not told how they were paid. Judah’s payment of a kid to Tamar (Gn 38!) may be mentioned here. Code of Hammurabi.—This code, which is dated about B.c. 2285-2242 (Johns), i…
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We are told¢ that before the time of Julius Cesar a foot-soldier was paid 4 of a denarius a day, a centurion 3, a horse - soldier a denarius ; that these wages were doubled by J ulius Cesar, and further increased by Augustus, and again by Domitian. The Pretorian guards received double references to the payment of wage…
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petuation of the species, from destruction by water. If we assume the form of the ark to be conceived as that of an ordinary ship, we have no historical mention of its dimensions as given in Gn 6 being exceeded until the construction of the Great Eastern steamship, built at Millwall by Brunel in 1858, with accommodatio…
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Although we have no contemporary representa- tions of Pheenician sea-going ships of Solomon’s time, we have drawings of Egyptian ones to refer to of a much more ancient date, and of a type after which we may suppose the ships of the early Pheenicians and those of Hiram and Solomon to have been constructed. These drawin…
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The merchant ships of queen Hatsepsu’s expedi- tion to the Land of Punt, as delineated on the walls of the temple of Deir el-Bahri,* are long vessels curved upwards at each extreme, as we see the Pheenician triremes of the 7th cent. B.c. depicted * Egyp. Expl. Fund, pt. iii. vol. 15, pl. Ixxii., xviii, Lexiv., Ixxv. ;…
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SHIPS AND BOATS a the ship in order to obtain leverage in working the lee on special occasions when the loom must have been previously lifted out of the crutch ; but the stirrup may also have been used to support the rudder-paddle when not in use, or when it was ‘triced up.’ Occasionally ships had only one rudder-pad…
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According to The Egyptian made of the same he ps continued to be made of or of palm fibre as late described by Herodotus, were really sea - going vessels like those of queen Hatsepsu and Solomon, though they carried many thousand talents (more than 100 tons) of cargo; and, as the making of linen cloth was an Egy…
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a revolt in the island of Tyre, made use of 60 Pheenician galleys with 800 men to row them, but | SHIPS AND BOATS SHIPS AND BOATS 365 was utterly defeated by the Tyrians with 12 ships which took 500 et ereitilies a Sennacherib, who had sent the Rabshakeh to Hezekiah to reproach the living God (2 K 19? *), and deman…
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According to Lucian’s description, the ship had both bow and stern curved upwards like those of the ancient Egyptian and earliest Greek ships, the ends terminating in « gilded cheniscus, one of which was in the form of the head and neck of a swan, and the other either similar or a ‘figure- head.’ Somewhere between the …
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* Torr, Ancient Ships, pl. vi. 27. t Ib. pl. vi. 28. t Smith, V. and S. of St. Paul, pp. 192-200. § Epist. 77, cit. Smith, V. and S. of St. Paul, p. 157. eS SHIPS AND BOATS SHIPS AND BOATS 367 expressed in the AV, and means to put a ship before the wind. Captain Sturmy* in describing a naval sea fight says, ‘Bear …
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indicating her name Acécxovpoi, translated ‘ Castor and Pollux’ in the AV and ‘The Twin Brothers’ in the RV. Whether the parasemon was, in this case, a painting on either side of the stem denoting the fratres Helene, sons of Jupiter, who were then specially venerated as the patrons of sailors,§ like St. George and S…
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The ancient caravan road connecting Damascus with Arabia, the modern Pilgrim Road, ran along the eastern side of the territory of the Israelites, and thus was of no service to them. In like manner the important caravan road from Gaza to Arabia touched only a small and thinly peopled tract of their country. On the other…
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T&T. CLARK. <> Oo ee OADS AND TRAVEL (IN OT) ROADS AND TRAVEL (IN OT) 369 of ‘road’ or ‘way’ plays a prominent part, a circumstance probably connected not with the increase of communication but with recollections of the nomadic pre-historic period of Israel’s history. In the desert the discovery of the right path i…
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iv. THE RoAvDs OF THE OT.—The mention in the OT of the then existing roads is naturally of a * Of. e.g. the illustrations in W. Max Miller, Asien wu. Huropa, Pah Wied Josephus (Ant. vill. vii. 4) records that Solomon caused the roads leading to Jerusalem to be paved with black stone, it is certain that he attributes t…
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¢ Cf. Brugsch, Deutsche Revue, ix. 850 ff. Gaza, Ascalon, Jamnia, Joppa, and Czsarea.* The other road is called in the OT ‘the way_to Shur’ (Gn 167, 1S 15”). The researches of F. W. Holland have shown that it deviated from the caravan road from Beersheba, and ran north from Jebel Yelek, then by Jebel Mughara, and …
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2. Roads in Palestine.—(a) When we turn to Judea, we are best informed as to the roads leading from Jerusalem. The ancient main road from the capital to the Maritime Plain led past Gibeon and Beth-horon, from which there was a steep ascent to the plain (cf. e.g. Jos 10", 28 2” 13%4 [LX X] 202, Ac 237-51; Jos. BJ II. xi…
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+ Robinson, BRP 2 i. 2148. t Cf. v. Kasteren, ZDPV xiii. 95 ff. : 4 § Ramah is the modern e7-Rdm; Gibeah in all probability is Tulél el-Fil, somewhat to the south of it. a 372 ROADS AND TRAVE Li (IN OT) Jerusalem, for he passed the night at Gophna, then at Gabath-Saul, i.c. Gibeah, and came finally to Scopus, fro…
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In addition to the two roads already mentioned which gave access from the north to the hill- country of Samaria by way of Bethshean and Jenin, there were a number of other passes at the choice of travellers coming from the Plain of Jezreel. The most important of these is the road leading by Lejjzin (probably the ancien…
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et other two crossing-places further up the river —one by the bridge el-Mujdmi, + hour south of the * In this neighbourhood, in the time of Christ, was the customs boundary (Mt 99). J ; i + Janéah may be sought most fittingly in Hunia. t Jos, Ant. xiv. xv. 11; BJ1. xiii, 1, mi. ii. 4; Vita, 74. § Jos. Ant. xiv. ili…
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(6) Further, the increasing Jewish commerce sup- plied many with a motive for travelling. In the earlier period it was mostly foreigners that tra- velled through the land and carried on trade with its inhabitants (cf. the story of Joseph, Gn 3778*-, Ex 218, Dt 14?!, and the term sdhér used for the trader by whose stand…
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toman pretor.| In Ca 3° we read of a sedan chair * Cf. Dechent, ‘ Heilbiider u. Badeleben in Palistina’ in ZDPV Vii. 173 ff. t+ When Josephus (An#f. vir. vii. 3-4) relates how Solomon often drove out to his gardens at Etham, he is simply adding a picturesque touch of his own, ROADS AND TRAVEL (IN OT) ROADS AND TRAV…
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When one reached: a city at nightfall he took up his position on the open space before the gate, and waited to see if any one would invite him in (Jg 19%#). In like manner a traveller in the country took his stand before the tent or the house into which he desired to be invited (Gn 187). When the guest entered, his fee…
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When one keeps this principle clearly in mind, the interpretation of Clem. Rom. i. 5 becomes evident and certain. Clement says of St. Paul that ‘after he had preached in the East and in the West, he won the noble renown which was the reward of his faith, having taught righteousness unto the whole world, and having reac…
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This dread of storms and dislike to travel in winter was not confined to voyages by sea. Even on land there are many proofs that, where moun- tain ranges or high plateaus had to be crossed, as in going across Asia Minor, ordinary persons avoided winter travelling and waited till spring. Basil of Cvesarea, who speaks in…
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iii. VARIATIONS IN THE ROUTES AT DIFFERENT SEASONS.— Where a long sea passage was involved, it does not follow that the route from the province to Rome was the same as the return from Rome to the province. The winds which favoured the voyage from Rome might prohibit the return voyage, or vice versa. We shall see one su…
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their teams of horses. Such a service required also careful study >f the seasons and the winds. Experience showed that there were seasons when the winds could be reckoned upon with con- fidence, and others when the long voyage was unsaie or impossible. The important period to notice is that of the Etesian winds; and it…
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It cannot be supposed that a passage on govern- ment vessels was allowed to every one, any more than that the Imperial postal service by land was open to every one. In the latter case it is known that no one could use the Imperial service without a diploma signed by the Emperor (who made a rule of entrusting a certain …
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vy. VOYAGE FROM ALEXANDRIA TO ROME, — The voyage from Alexandria to Rome was a much more difficult and tedious matter than the voyage from Rome to Alexandria, owing to the pre- valence during summer of westerly winds in the * Ships ready to sail from Puteoli in June must doubtless have started from Alexandria in the p…
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t Josephus, Ant. xiv. xiv. 2f.; BJ 1. xiv. 3; Ant. xvi. ii. 2. After reaching the south-western extremity of Asia Minor the ships ran down to the eastern promontory of Crete, Salmone, and proceeded to work along its south coast in the same way as before (Ac 277-8), This was the safe course, in preference to the north …
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On the other hand, Lucian, in the passage quoted above, says that the ship which he describes, at the time when it was forced to put into the Pireeus by stress of weather on the seventieth day from Alex- andria, ought in ordinary course to have been already in its harbour in Italy if it had not been driven astray into …
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From Puteoli thus started, and to it came in, a vast body of trade. After the completion of the great works by which Trajan improved the har- bour, Portus Augusti, at the mouth of the Tiber, which Claudius had planned and in part made, that port supplanted Puteoli to a considerable extent as the emporium of the Eastern…
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It is impossible that ancient ships ordinarily sailed from the Sea of Azoff to Crete in ten days. A voyage from Crete to Alexandria in four days is more credible, because ships could often have a continuous run with a steady breeze, and a lucky voyage might reach Alexandria in four days. But there is a great variety in…
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A business letter written in Puteoli on 23 July, A.D. 174, was delivered in Tyre a hundred and seven days later,+ though it was sent in the most favour- able season for sailing. This letter would not be transmitted by the Imperial service, but by private agents, travelling doubtless by ship. It could hardly have been s…
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Very little evidence exists as to the exact route beyond Neapolis. The way to Syria under the later Empire was by Byzantium, Nicomedia, and Ancyra ; but it is certain that that route was not in use so early as New Testament times, for the roads of the provinces Galatia and Cappa- docia seem not to have been constructed…
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fuses quite inconsistent routes and methods of travel, as is shown in the sequel. . a Ns, | ot Odi Ligy ST7¢ hs TSA i, Ail jy Ae LANNY i’ Sara is alin ive Wie on Hi ae ae ee siilig sient G. bias “ 7 yd = arentinius f ; my LS yi } VPLS MIng p- Zacape aq ‘ CHIEF ROUTES of the Sehraiay a ROMAN EMPIRE ''i…
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According to the Acta, Ignatius took ship at Dyrrachium and sailed through the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas to Portus Augusti, the new har- bour completed by Trajan at the mouth of the Tiber: he desired to land at Puteoli, but strong wind would not permit. There can be little doubt that this voyage, like that from Sele…
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Now of this total the journey to Smyrna would require forty-four, to which we may add two for delay in Tarsus and elsewhere, and four for the interval spent in Smyrna before the letter to the Romans was written (evidently on the eve of departure); and, as that letter was written on 24 August, the party must have starte…
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* Orelli, Del. Inser. Latin, No. 643. Philotimus took 36 days (July 9-Aug. 14) from Rhodes to Brundisium (Cic. ad Att, xi. 93; ad Fam. xiv. 24; pro Ligar. 7). ’ + They were called speculatores: a certain number were at- tached to each legion. The speculatores of the Pretorian guard were closely attached to the Emperor…
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The rates which we have found reason to ac- cept as customary may seem slow, but they are probably quite as great as is consistent with the climate and the character of the people. Travel was performed. chiefly in the summer season, and there is no doubt that the day’s journey began early in the morning, and that a sto…
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The great stages on this road were Cesarea, Syrian Antioch, Tarsus, Cybistra,* Derbe, Iconium, Pisidian Antioch, Apamea, Laodicea, Ephesus, and Corinth or Athens. Each of these was a knot where the roads of a whole district met, and where its trade and intercommunication and education found a centre. Thus this great a…
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This tendency, at a break between voyages, as at Corinth, or at a change from land to sea, travel or vice versd, to make a halt which might last for days, is illustrated in St. Paul’s journey from Philippi to Jerusalem (Ac 20. 21). Philippi was so near Neapolis that no detention at the harbour need be expected. But at …
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In the east of Cappadocia the old Trade Route was in the time of Trajan, or perhaps already under Vespasian, merged in the military road system for the defence of the Euphrates frontier. _ 2, The Syrian Route coincided with the Trade Route from Ephesus through Tralles, Laodicea, Colossee, Apamea, etc., as far as Laodic…
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Nicomedia first, and Constantinople afterwards, were successively capitals of the Roman world, and when the roads that connected the various districts of Asia Minor with the capitals acquired immensely greater consequence. But of them all only the road from Smyrna to Dorylaion was of considerable importance in Roman ti…
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It may be asked whether months. That may have been so: for the acces- sion of Pertinax, the most conclusive case known to us, falls in January, the stormiest month of the year. But it is perhaps more probable that when the northern route was established it superseded the other: it was for many reasons convenient to…
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ROADS AND TRAVEL (LN NT) But, in spite of these attempts to keep the peace along the roads, there was a considerable amount of insecurity. The inscriptions often mention guards or travellers slain by robbers.* Juvenal speaks of the brigands of the Campanian roads, who when actively pursued in their usual haunts find i…
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egenerated from the thoroughness of method that characterized the Roman Empire. iii. INNS AND ENTERTAINMENT.—Inns, taverns, and places of refreshment certainly existed in numbers along the great roads. Little is known about them, and the little that is known gives no favourable picture of them. Aristides complains of …
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* This journey is very fully discussed in Jowrn. of Hell. Stud. 1881, p. 48 ff. oe + Pliny, Nat. Hist. ix. 26, Hpist. ix. 33. 10. + Pliny, Hist. viii. 8. 6. § It was called diacsiopues, dieoeiev, Lk 314 (addressed to the soldiers on duty at an Imperial estate, probably near Jericho, who in later times would have bee…
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The duties payable at the frontier varied widely in amount. In Sicily, in all the provinces of Illyricum,* perhaps in Africa, the charge was five per cent. all round, in Gaul and in Asia two and a half per cent. In Syria it was levied by tariff (rivdxcov), varying for different wares and products, and reckoned accordin…
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Perhaps collection of taxes by the Roman State was now introduced, and the division of Judea into eleven toparchiai must have probably been intended to facilitate this: these had their meéro- poleis and komai, and were probably not divided into poleis on the Greek system. Many taxes were paid in the province Judzea— a…
914 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.