PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 5
James Hastings · 1,128,046 words · 1137 reading sections
Section 361
‘1. That it is desirable that a revision of the AV of the Holy Scriptures be undertaken. 2, That the revision be so conducted as to comprise both marginal renderings and such emendations as it may be found necessary to insert in the text of the AV. 3. That in the above Resolutions we do not contemplate any new trans…
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The Rt. Rev. Chr. Wordsworth, Bishop of Lincoln. The Rt. Rev. Lord Arthur CO. Hervey, Bishop of Bath and Wells. The Rt. Rev. Alfred Ollivant, Bishop of Llandaff. ae The Very Rev. R. Payne Smith, Regius Professor of Divinity, Oxford ; afterwards Dean of Canterbury. The Ven. Benjamin Harrison, Archdeacon of Maidstone…
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It is evident that, with such methods, progress would necessarily be slow. In fact, at the close of their ninth sitting the NT Company had finished the first revision of not more than 153 verses, or an average of 17 a day.t+ It was even proposed, for more expedition, to divide the Company into two sections; one beginni…
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The first revision of the entire NT occupied six years of labour ; the second, about two years and a half. What was to some extent a third revision, together with various necessary details, prolonged the task of the English Company till Noy. 11th, 1880, ‘on which day, at five o’clock in the after- noon, after ten years…
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In endeavouring to form a just estimate of the merits of the RV, it will be convenient to take the component parts of it in the order in which they appeared. The NT, moreover, challenges our attention first, because of its surpassing import- ance, because the changes made in revising it were relatively much more numero…
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patible with fidelity to the true meaning of the text’ and ‘ varieties which involved inconsistency, and were suggestive of differences that had no existence in the Greek.’ To the former class they professed themselves lenient. Some have thought that they would have acted more wisely if they had made this class more co…
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Gal 216 Knowing that a man is not justified by the works of the law, but by the faith of Jesus Christ. Gal 316 Now to Abraham + + . were the promises made. 1 Ti 32 A bishop... 1Ti 610 For the love of money is the root of all evil. He 115... for before his translation he had this testi- mony, that he pleased God. H…
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Being carried out on the same lines as the revised NT, we find in the present work the same improvements in the arrangement of the English text: the grouping by paragraphs, the indication by spaces of a change of subject, the clearer mark- ing of quotations, the system of parallelism adopted for poetical books and pass…
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* ny, literally rendered in the LXX by &a6 cay zaxdiy adrov. + See Lord Arthur Hervey’s note, ad loc., in The Speaker's Commentary. F : t As Ps 162, Ps 2216, 1 Ch 628, See the article in the Church Quarterly Review, before referred to, pp. 186, 187, where these passages are discussed. § See the marginal reading of I…
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The first_ printed English Bible containing the Apocrypha was that of Miles Coverdale, 1535. In a short prologue, Coverdale describes these writings as ‘The bokes and treatises which amonge the fathers of olde are not rekened to be of like authorite with the other bokes of the byble, nether are they founde in the Canon…
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But in fact the concessions made to the Puritan party at the Hampton Court Conference itself, with regard to the use of the Apocr. in the Lectionary of the Church, and the large excisions then agreed to,§ furnish evidence enough, if any were still needed, of the diminished esteem into which the Apocryphal books were fa…
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«And in thy prosperity he will be as thyself, And will be bold over thy servants : : If thou shalt be brought low, he will be against thee, And will hide himself from thy face.’ ‘Be bold over’ is not a happy rendering of rappyoidceras eri, ‘will be plain-spoken with.’ Sus 52 (Bishops’ Bible, agreeing with Coverdale).…
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Tt is but fair to add that, in two at least of the books, Wisdom and 2 Esdras, the Versions have been freely resorted to, and with happy effect. In 2 Esdras, more particularly, the Greek original of * In an able review of the revised Apocr., which appeared in the Times of Nov. 19, 1895, this charge is pressed home. 2…
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|| "Avrsoyess dvaypenbes The rendering of the AV throughout this passage needs emending in several points. Thus 3? éyrziE- AV 1611. 1 Es128 And he bound Joacim and the nobles. 1 Es 421 He sticketh not to spend his life with his wife. 2 Es 1442 and they wrote the wonderful visions of the night that were told, which …
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cerning which the Gentiles were wont to inquire, seeking the likenesses of their idols. 1 Mac 643 and the king seemed § to be upon him. 1 Mac 662 And the king en- tered. ..andhe saw... and set at nought... and gave On the whole, a study of the RV of the Apocr. cannot fail to make us aware of the great amount of work…
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In their Preface the translators indicate with clearness the ends they chiefly desire to attain. The principal of these are: that the name ‘ Jehovah’. be inserted, wherever it occurs in the Hebrew, instead of ‘LorD’ or ‘God,’ which had hitherto taken its place. That ‘Sheol’ in the OT and ‘ Hades’ in the NT be used to e…
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2 Ti 2° ‘having been taken captive by him unto his will’ (Am. RV); ‘having been taken captive by the Lord’s servant unto the will of God’ (RV). In aiming at perspicuity the RV has given a com- ment rather than a translation. The Am. RV leaves an ambiguity in the pronouns ‘him’ and ‘his.’ A point would be gained if ‘Hig…
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We may see from these few instances that it is vain to hope that a standard edition of the English Bible will be soon forthcoming; and still more vain to dream that the desired object has been attained already. That manyimprovements have been made upon the Revision of 1885, none would wish to deny. It is reasonable to …
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A. Edgar, The Bibles of England, 1889; ©. J. Ellicott, Con- siderations on Revision, 1870; T. S. Evans, ‘Crit. Remarks on RV,’ in Hapos., 2nd ser. iii., v.; articles by various writers on the Failure of the RV, in Hapos. Times, iii., iv.; F. Field, Notes on the Translation . . ., 1899; Forshall-Madden, The Holy Bible (…
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| Ee 272 DEVELOPMENT OF DOCTRINE DEVELOPMENT OF DOCTRINE DEVELOPMENT OF DOCTRINE IN THE APOCRYPHAL PERIOD.— SOURCES.— B.C. 200-100: Sirach; Daniel; Ethiopic Enoch 1-86, 83-90, 91-104; Baruch 1-38; Tobit ; Sibylline Oracles (part of Book iii.); Testa- ments of the Twelve Patriarchs (B.c. 140- A.D. 30); Book of Jubi…
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DEVELOPMENT OF DOCTRINE of Jubilees, assigned by the most recent scholarship to c. 130 B.C. ; the Psalms of Solomon, dating from B.C. 70-40; and the Asswmption of Moses, which appears to have been written practically at the dawn of the Christian era (A.D. 7-30). These and other pseudepigrapha dating from the early cen…
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2. Another interesting and important factor here enters into the discussion, viz. the relation im which the later Judaism stood to foreign systems of thought, for it was undoubtedly owing to the influence of these, combined with a certain decay of the older Hebraism itself, that it assumed its distinctive character. T…
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(2) Greek influence.—The tide of Hellenism, which began to flow over the whole civilized world after the brilliant conquests of Alexander the Great, affected Palestine as well as other countries. During the period of the Ptolemies and the Seleu- cide the Greek spirit took possession of the land ; native customs and tra…
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We find, then, that human speculation had a great function to perform in so acting upon OT dogma as to soften and widen it in the direction of the larger truths of the perfect revelation in Christ. This revelation was certainly the more sop! received and apprehended that the Greeks had lived and thought. The contributi…
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*G. A, Smith, Zhe T’welve Prophets, vol. ii. p. xi. + This is the principle of classification adopted by Bret- schneider in his important work, Die Dogmatik des Apokr, Schriften des AT’, Leipzig, 1805 (4th ed. 1841), 276 DEVELOPMENT OF DOCTRINE normal and in the abnormal directions. Yet even here there was a gradual…
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1. The OT position.—While the general idea of God is everywhere expressed in the OT by the name El (also Eloah, Elohim), the earliest concep- tion of the Divine nature within the sphere of revelation is that conveyed in the name El Shaddai=(?) ‘God Almighty.’ Although probably of pre-Mosaic origin, it was only at a lat…
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In the remaining Pal. books the conception of God undergoes little modification. According to the author of Jubilees, Israelites are God’s children because physically descended from Jacob (178) ; but He is also the God of all (22% 30 etc.). The idea of God presented in Judith is of the narrowest * Des Doc. Rel. des Ju…
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In the Assumption of Moses, a pure Pal. composi- tion, the OT conception of merit is still adhered to (12”), although in the Apoe. of Baruch, a com- posite book belonging to the first century of our era, justification by works is taught (517 67°) just as in the Talmud. (3) If some of the Jewish-Alexandrian writings co…
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It will be necessary for us here, and at subse- quent stages in our investigation, to take account a DEVELOPMENT OF DOCTRINE of the theological position of the Jewish - Alex- andrian philosopher Philo, whose views, as marking a notable development of Judaism intermediate between the Apocrypha and the NT, cannot reas…
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280 DEVELOPMENT OF DOCTRINE which was removed by the Targumist Jonathan as too anthropomorphic.’ * Philosophy has often wavered between pantheism and the recognition of a personal Deity. The human mind has difficulty in uniting the two con- ceptions of the Absolute and concrete personality. Revelation, however, has d…
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DEVELOPMENT OF DOCTRINE DEVELOPMENT OF DOCTRINE 281 Our conclusion, then, is that in at least one of the most important Apocryphal books, The Wisdom of Solomon, there is an appreciable development towards a more spiritual idea of God, and that what of grossness yet remained in the conception of Him was purged away by…
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It is thus possible to find the germ of the doctrine of the Logos already in the opening verses of Scripture, which represent God as having called things into being by speech. But, doubtless, it was only in connexion with the later development of the Wisdom that the origin of the Logos doctrine was referred back to thi…
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It is not difficult to see how the Alexandrian Jews found their Heb. 727 (Hokhma) in this Greek doctrine of the vods. Not to take account of dif- ferences, Plato and Solomon—or the writer of Pr 8 it should perhaps rather be said—were agreed that Wisdom must be distinguished from God, that it nevertheless belongs to Him…
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DEVELOPMENT OF DOCTRINE 283 in the OT.’* And so good an authority as A. B. Davidson says, ‘If in the Alexandrian Wisdom of Solomon a progress directly in advance of what is found in Proverbs viii. on the doctrine of Wisdom may be justly contested, there is certainly what may be called a progress round abowt,—the ideas…
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From what has been said, it will be apparent that, while the Memra plays a réle somewhat similar to it, it is not to be altogether identified with the Logos of Philo. In one respect, however, the Targumists are at one with the Alexandrian theo- sophy of which he became the leading exponent; the Deity Himself remained i…
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The question is often asked, How far was the writer in his view of the Logos influenced by cur- rent philosophical speculations, and more especially by those of Philo? In seeking an answer we must keep in mind the fact that when the Gospel was written the name Logos was a familiar one, alike in Jewish and in non-Jewis…
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iii, ANGELOLOGY AND DemonoLocy. — A. ANGELOLOGY.—1. The OT doctrine of angels.— There was throughout the East a general belief in angels as inhabitants of the spirit-world. In the OT these are recognized as spirits intermediate between God and man, and acting as the mes- sengers and servants of Providence. Their nature…
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* Cf. Enoch 207 Gabriel). + These are called (1) Vohu-Mané = ‘the good mind’; (2) Asha-vahista=‘the highest holiness’; (3) Khshathra-vairya = (Uriel, Raphael, Raguel, Michael, Sariel, DEVELOPMENT OF DOCTRINE been alien to all Jewish tradition to compare Ormazd or any of the archangels with J’. To them He was far ab…
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Von Angesicht zu Angesicht gesehn 3 Und meinen Engel.’ The same idea was extended to nations and armies (Dn 121, 2 Mac 11° 1578). Indeed we find in 2 Mac. almost a repetition of the old Roman legend of Castor and Pollux mounted on white steeds and appearing at the head of the Jewish armies (3”*). A somewhat similar ta…
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Philo’s doctrine of angels, although much akin to that of the Essenes, bore the peculiar stamp of its birthplace. It was a Platonized version of the ancient Hebrew beliefs. The latter formed, indeed, the common basis of both the Palestinian and the Alexandrian angelology; the differences in the developed products were …
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2. The Satan of Job, Zechariah, the Chronicler, and the Similitudes of Enoch.—In the Prologue to Job we have the first trace of the Satan or Adver- sary, 7.¢. the angel whose function it is to act as Accuser and to execute God’s purposes of judg- ment. As a member of God’s council (18) he stands in contrast to those an…
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3. The doctrine of evil spirits in the Apocrypha and in the writings of eats cakiboush the Apocrypha say nothing of Satan (unless Wis 2, on which see below, refers to him), they clearly teach the doctrine of Sauda or evil spirits. These are not angels, nor, apparently, fallen angels. They have power to plague and even …
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DEVELOPMENT OF DOCTRINE Enoch, which seems to embrace all the super- stitions of the period, a list is given of the chief of the demons to the number of eighteen (67), and another of (evil) ‘angels’ to the number of twenty (so the Greek text of 692), followed by a further enumeration of their chiefs, with an account o…
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iv. ANTHROPOLOGY.—The development in regard to the doctrine of man is not so remarkable. In DEVELOPMENT OF DOCTRINE general we find just the OT anthropology in the Apoerypha, though it is in some respects stated with greater precision and clearness. On one or two important points, however, there is a distinct deviati…
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Although the work is considerably under the influence of Hellenism, the doctrine of creationism is traceable in 4 Mace. (13), where God is spoken of as giving their souls to men. The reverse is the case with Enoch, and yet trichotomy is taught in at least one passage (678). The expressions of Josephus on this subject a…
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resurrection was thus transferred to the resurrec- tion itself, and Josephus was at once right and wrong in limiting the resurrection to the good, while representing the wicked as delivered up to punishment. But in general it is true of this writer that he has no decided anthropological views of his own, and that his p…
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to find it, viz. works and faith (97 13%). As the | prearrangement. thought already appears in Gn 15°, there is no need to ascribe the expression to the influence of St. James. 5. Free will and foreordination.—The OT clearly affirms, on the one hand, the doctrine of Divine providence and foreordination, and, on the o…
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ie te eee externalism held the field, and that more and more, as the one thing needful. J a A conspicuous example of legalistic Judaism is furnished in connexion with the observance of the Sabbath (see vol. iv. p. 320"). No fewer than 39 species of servile work are forbidden on that day, and each of these includes num…
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In contrast to the Palestinians, the Alexandrian Jews applied the idea of retribution to the future as well as to the present life. Wisdom clearly teaches the doctrine of future rewards and punishments (31%). The Day of Judgment is expressly men- tioned (37-38), The terrors of an evil conscience and the thought of futu…
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2. The OT position.—The prophets Amos, Hosea, and Joel give clear expression to Messianic hopes for Israel and Judah, but say nothing of a personal Messiah. What they predict is the revived glory of the Davidic house (Am 9Uf-) and the return of the children of Israel (Hos 35). Nor does Zeph- aniah, in depicting the hap…
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In the Alexandrian Wisdom of Solomon likewise we meet with little that can claim to be directly Messianic. We have the same belief expressed as to the punishment of the enemies of God’s people, DEVELOPMENT OF DOCTRINE DEVELOPMENT OF DOCTRINE 297 and the elevation of the latter to a position of supremacy, but all in …
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But there is an element in Jewish Apocalyptic literature which forbids us to regard it as a mere extension of OT Messianic teaching. Foreign in- fluence is clearly traceable in such ideas as those of a partial resurrection, a millennial reign, ete. And in this instance the external impulse was not Greek, but Persian. B…
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We must next take account of the Similitudes of Enoch (chs. 37-71), which Charles refers to B.C. 95-80. This work exhibits the genuine religious spirit of Judaism. The Messianic doctrine in par- ticular finds here unique expression. Dealing with the old problem, How can the temporary triumph of wickedness consist with …
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reign in righteousness (1778). The heathen (17”: 27. 31) and the ‘ proud sinners,’ z.¢. the Hasmonzeans (vv.26f 41), will be driven from the inheritance usurped by them. The subject nations will come to a purified Jerusalem to bring her wearied children as gifts, and to see the glory of the Lord (172), Himself without …
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The representation of 2 (4) Esdras (written, according to Schiirer, in the reign of Domitian, A.D. 81-96), while of the same spiritual type, is marked by some striking peculiarities of its own. Among the Jews hitherto the thought of a glorified Messiah had been universally prevalent, but pseudo- Ezra speaks of him as d…
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DEVELOPMENT OF DOCTRINE due to a spiritualizing in Philo’s mind of the Zion of the prophets. The coming era will be signal- ized by the tameness of wild beasts (de Premiis et Penis, 15 ft.); by the saints’ bloodless victory in battle [‘ Then, says the prophecy (Nu 24’, LXX), aman who goes to battle and makes war shall…
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8. Question as to the retrogression of the Mes- sianic idea during the post-Prophetic period.—Was there a break in the development of this doctrine ? Did the distinctively Messianic hope disappear with the cessation of prophecy, to be revived only with the advent of Christianity? It would be wrong to suppose that it ev…
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God (Ps 6°, Is 3818). He has nothing to fear, and nothing to hope for. Into this conception of Sheol ‘no moral element enters; there is no distinction made between good and bad. Personal identity, however, is not lost, and the kingdom of the dead reflects the family and other distinctions of the upper world. Thus men…
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2, Post-canonical development.—But, although the doctrines of immortality and the resurrection were thus steadily establishing themselves in Jewish thought, it was only very gradually that they won their way to general recognition among the people. In several of the OT Apocrypha there is no mention of them. Sirach limi…
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i ee 304 DEVELOPMENT OF DOCTRINE The Pal. Judaism of the Ist cent. A.D. con- tinued virtually to reflect the eschatological posi- tion arrived at in the preceding century. In the Assumption of Moses, as well as in the Apocalypse of Baruch and 2 (4) Esdras (certain sections ex- cepted), there is conserved the idea of …
1,010 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.