PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 5
James Hastings · 1,128,046 words · 1137 reading sections
Section 61
T Mt 612 zat dges Hui re cocrguare tudiv, ds rool Mueis donna amey ToIs agerirors quay. Lk 114% zud ages Hiv res dmoprics Tieciv, zoek yeep cedrol Kpioueey THVT! OPEACYTE TKI. SERMON ON THE MOUNT 37 will is the only law of life, and that His Kingdom is the only end of life, the worshipper needs God’s forgiveness for …
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* Jesus’ Gethsemane experience illuminates the words of this petition (cf. Mt 2636-46, esp. v.34), The Saviour is here face to face with the bitterest trial of His life ; the attitude of the Jewish nation towards Him has come to be that of fixed and final rejection; the chosen people are ready to repudiate their Messia…
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* Similarly Harnack, Das Wesen des Christentums, 1901, p. 42 {Eng. tr. p. 65]: ‘There is nothing in the Gospels that tells us more certainly what the Gospel is, and what sort of disposition and temper it produces, than the Lord’s Prayer. With this Prayer we ought also to confront all those who disparage the Gospel as a…
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SERMON ON THE MOUNT 39 As Jesus had been teaching in Mt 57-8 how the Divine ideal for men was to be worked out in the sphere of individual and social ethics, and in Mt 6118 in the sphere of religious worship, so in Mt 6154 He sets forth how this ideal demands an ex- clusive devotion to spiritual things—not that mater…
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But what of our material needs—food, clothing, and shelter, means and opportunities for mental and spiritual growth? Must not life be largely a struggle for these earthly, transient things? To this fundamental problem of human existence Jesus gives an explicit answer in Vivien eb as that God knows these needs of men, a…
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| * So Neander, Meyer, Kuin6l, Feine, H. Weiss, H. Holtzman B, Weiss, and others. Tholuck and Achelis regard v.12 as € traneous material in the Sermon, holding that it was probak the closing epitome of some other discourse ; similarly Godd But in Luke also the verse is given in the Sermon, which together with the fact…
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+ So Neander, Bleek, Tholuck(?), Kuin6l, Godet, Achelis, Feine, Wendt, B. Weiss, Bacon, and others. It is the view of Kostlin, Feine, Hilgenfeld, and H. Holtzmann, that this verse as it now appears is Judaized, to make it a polemic against the heathen (cf. above on Mt 518f.); reference is made to the Teaching of the Tw…
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§ Luke’s source did not contain this clause, perhaps for the usual reason that it was too Jewish. The case is the same in Lk 1025-28 = Mt 2233-40-= Mk 1228-31, where Matthew’s clause, ‘On these two commandments hangeth the whole law and the pro- phets,’ is entirely absent from Luke’s account, and in Mark’s account is d…
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k. The Duty of Righteousness. —Mt 7°" =Lk 68-8 (cf. Lk 13% 2’). The discourse which has set forth the Divine ideal of life, closes with strong exhorta- tion for its attainment. Jesus solemnly enjoins the duty of righteousness. It is a strenuous under- taking, in which men must follow only trustworthy guides. And this r…
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The next paragraph in the Sermon, as it appears in Mt 7°°—Lk 6%, quite surely belongs as a whole to the historical discourse.* Since it is the duty of all men to attain righteousness, it becomes a matter of the utmost importance that men shall choose true teachers who will teach them what true righteousness is, and how…
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And, finally, the duty of righteousness is most *Mt 721 Ob wes 6 Aéywy poor Kipis xbpie civeredoerces sis cay Bacirsioy rev odpavav, LAN 6 woidiv Oo OeAnuw rol rarpos jeov TOU by rois oupavois. Lk 646 Ti 52 we xwrcize Kipie xbpse, zal od woicire oe Aéyo ; t+ So Feine, Godet, Ibbeken, Weizsiicker, Wendt, and others. T…
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* See the text of both passages quoted above underi. 3. The Lukan form of the parable is conspicuously secondary in char- acter; the Jewish phraseology is largely removed, and the description is generalized so as to be adapted to any locality. Matthew, on the other hand, gives a faithful picture of the conditions of ho…
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Literature upon special portions and aspects of the Sermon has been cited in the footnotes. C. W. VoTAw. NEW TESTAMENT TIMES.— Introduction. i. Distribution of the Jewish Population in the Holy Land. ii. Languages. iii. Political Constitution. iv. Social Conditions, v. Parties. vi. Education and Culture. vii. Art and…
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46 NEW TESTAMENT TIMES been taken possession of during the Exile by the Edomites, and the post-exilic community was at first far too weak to drive back the intruders.* The boundary between this New-Edom and Judea was formed in the 2nd cent. B.C. by the town of Beth-zur, and this was, in all probability, approxi- mate…
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A similar condition of things prevailed also in the country to the east of the Jordan. Here, too, there had been numerous settlements of Jews, who, however, were so hard pressed by the heathen that Judas Maccabzeus brought them to Jerusalem (1 Mac 5*). But at a later period the middle portion of the trans-Jordanic trac…
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language, and subsequently played the same réle as Latin did in the Middle Ages. See, further, Driver, LOT® 503 ff. Along with the idioms just discussed, we have to take into account, for NT times, also the Greek laneuage. The factors we noticed as favouring the introduction of Greek culture paved the way also for the…
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The independence of the country was brought to a sudden end by the conquests of Pompey. The Jews were henceforward under the Roman domi- nation. The extent of the land was materially diminished by Pompey’s withdrawing the numer- ous Hellenistic cities from Jewish rule. On the other hand, he left to Hyrcanus, as high pr…
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- country of the Jews (with the exception of the districts to the east of the Jordan and in the north, which were assigned to Agrippa II.), came directly under the Roman sway. ‘The constitution was now quite the same as in Judea prior to Agrippa I., except that the Romans handed over the right of nominating the high pr…
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50 NEW TESTAMENT TIMES NEW TESTAMENT TIMES all kinds are there in abundance, as well as rich pasture land for them.’ Especially fruitful was Galilee, where Jesus spent most of His life, and from which He borrowed the numerous country scenes that we encounter in His parables. A great many people found employment on th…
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How far the civil officials—the military do not come into consideration for reasons indicated above —received payment cannot be made out with cer- tainty. In many cases their office may be assumed to have been an honorary one. This would be the case, for instance, with the elders of the community, the judges, the membe…
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When we compare the condition of the Jews immediately after the Exile with that which pre- vailed in the time of Christ, a very important difference, as was above remarked, presents itself. Instead of the small, poverty-stricken population of Nehemiah’s day, we see a numerous people, which with energy and industry can …
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Taking all these dues together, we see that the material resources of this little nation were drawn upon to an extraordinary degree, and that none but a very energetic and temperately living people could have borne such burdens, and upon the whole even prospered under them. From the social point of view, the Jews must …
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NEW TESTAMENT TIMES ee ee NEW TESTAMENT TIMES 53 ee the old Davidic kingdom had been raised up once more. The condemnation of this desecration of the Davidie throne and the sacred hopes meets us in the Psalms of Solomon (174*:) and in a passage in the Book of Enoch (chs. 94ff.); cf. also Assump. Mos. 6". The overth…
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The third, ‘philosophical,’ party, mentioned by Josephus generally along with the Pharisees and the Sadducees, namely the Hssenes, belonged to an entirely different world. This was a small ascetic sect, permeated with mysticism, and holding some extremely strange notions, the origin of which is still an unsolved proble…
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+ On the other hand, the phrase YS7 DY ‘people of the land’ is used in opposition to Pharisees, who were not all scribes, t Cf. Weber, Jiid. Theologie?, 1897, p 125 ff. priests on points of interpretation of the Law. At the age of sixteen he began to study carefully the tenets and maxims of the three sects—the Saddu-…
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f the day was cloudy, the new moon was not reckoned to commence till the following day. + Geographical knowledge was enlarged by the Sets of Jewish merchants, but yet was in general superficial and vague.§ Medicine was upon a primitive basis. The mild and sensible Ben Sira exhorts his-readers not to despise the physic…
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* Blau, Das altjiidische Zauberwesen, 23 ff. + Cf. Jacob in ZATW xvi. (1896) 171. 56 NEW TESTAMENT TIMES ee The trumpets blown by the priests would not belong to the orchestra proper, but would serve simply to mark fixed points in the service. How early the liturgical system was developed may be inferred partly from …
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viii. THE JEWS OF THE DIASPORA.—As long as the existence of the post-exilic Jewish State in Palestine continued, the Jewish communities of the Diaspora were thrown into the shade by it. Nevertheless, developments and transformations took place amongst these, which were of the greatest significance both for Judaism itse…
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Most important of all are the writings which are more or less influenced by Greek philosophy. The only independent Jewish thinker is Philo, who plays no unimportant réle in the history of philosophy. The others assume an eclectic atti- tude towards the various Greek schools, and aim only at bringing their ideas into ha…
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* See Bacher in JQR iv. 406 ff. {+See Weiss, Dor Dor W’Dorshow, i. p. 54; Kuenen in his essay, ‘Uber die Manner der grossen Synagoge’ (occupying pp. 125-160 of the Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Biblischen Wissenschagt von A. Kuenen, Freiburg and Leipzig, 1894), con- tests the existence of such an assembly (cf. also art.…
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TALMUD ‘Ediyyéth viii. 4}) and the subject of the ordinances and decrees (Levitical purity) being both signs of antiquity. Shim‘on b. Shetah of the third ‘ Pair’ is credited with having introduced several important reforms in various religious departments, whilst Shemaya and ’Abtalyon were called the ‘Great Ones of th…
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Third Generation (130-160).—The disciples of R. Ishmael, of whom only two are known by their names (R. Joshia and R. Jonathan), whilst the others are usually quoted as ‘the Tanna of the school’ of R. Ishmael. The younger disciples of R. ‘Akiba are R. Meir, who continued the systematizing labours of his master, and is t…
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9. Halla, abn the ‘Dough,’ a portion thereof to be given to the priest (Nu 1518), 4 chapters. 10. ‘Orla, nowy ‘Uncircumcised,’ fruits of the tree during the first three years (Lv 1923f:), 3 chapters. ll. Bikkirim, o'Nd3 ‘First Fruits,’ brought to the temple (Dt 261f., Ex 2319), 3 chapters. IL MO‘Ep, 1y41D ‘Season.’ …
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2. Mén&hoth, n\in3s> ‘ Meat-Offerings,’ including also the laws regarding libations (Ly 2° etc., Nu 153), 12 chapters. 3. Hullin, pen (also poan ny ny) ‘Things Secular,’ regarding the mode of killing animals and birds for ordinary use, as well as the various diseases disqualifying them from being eaten, and many other…
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* For this ‘higher criticism’ of the Mishna, see Dr. Lewy, ‘Uber einige Fragmente aus der M. des Abba Saul’ in Zweiter Bericht iiber die Hochschule fiir die W.d. J. in Berlin, 1876, and Dr. D. Hoffmann, Die erste Mischna (Berlin, 1882). 62 TALMUD of the public property. This commences nzv'7 ninyy (M. Shabbath i. 1), …
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The works recorded thus far, though containing occasional hermeneutical elements, convey, owing to their scantiness and the long intervals at which they occur, but a faint idea of the interpretatory * See S. Schechter’s introduction to his edition of Aboth @ R, Nathan, Vienna, 1878. tSee Dr. Joel Miller’s introductio…
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(Siphra Lev. ad loc.; Meékhilta ad loc.; Baba amma, 83b). This argument, called vpz (an- alogy of matter), is in direct opposition to the literal sense of the Scriptures, which implies the Jus talionis in unmistakable terms; but it was only meant to lend some biblical sanction to a Halakha that had been a controverted …
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iv. The “Amoraim oxox ‘Speakers,’ ‘Inter- preters’; a designation commonly applied to the authorities who flourished 220-500, and whose main activity consisted in expounding the Mishna. The seats of learning were no longer confined to Pales- tine, great schools having arisen, as in the time of the Zannaim, in various p…
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* See JQR ix. 120. t Neither the Jerus. nor the Bab. Talm. extends over all the 60 (or 63) tractates of the Mishna. The Jerus. Talm. has Gémara to the first four orders of the Mishna and to three chapters in the tractate Niddd@ in the sixth order; but in the second order there is missing the Gémard to the last four ch…
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* On all these points see N. Briill’s essay, ‘Die Entstehungs- geschichte des bab. T. als Schriftwerkes’ ; and Weiss, as above, vol. iii. p. 208ff., and vol. iv. p. 1ff. 2 + The question whether the Jerus. Talmud ever had Gémdra to the fifth order is best discussed in the Hehalutz... by Osias H. Schorr, who on excelle…
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Einleitung in den Thalmud, Leipzig, 1894 ; M. Mielziner, Intro- duction to the Talmud, Cincinnati, 1894 ; Schiirer, GJ V2, 1. § 3 E, Leipzig, 1890 (Germ.). For popular accounts see E. Deutsch, The Talmud, Philadelphia, 1896; A. Darmesteter, The Talmud, Philadelphia, 1897. DICTIONARIES AND GRAMMARS: Nathan b. Yehiel (o…
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There is no need to spend time in criticising the details of such a story, which is merely an attempt to find a venerable origin for a Roman practice ; for it is certain that the Roman govern- ment had such books of Sib. oracles, which they from time to time augmented or retrenched by various editorial processes. What …
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68° SIBYLLINE ORACLES the flight of Aineas from Troy in ll. 144 ff., which begin— dipger © éx yevens re kal aiwaros ’Accapdxoro mais KhuTOs Hpwwv, Kparepds Te Kal AAKuLos av np, which may be compared with ‘Romulus, Assaraci quem sanguinis Ilia mater Educet’ (Virg. 4/n. vi. 779). After describing the person and fort…
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[Since the writing of the foregoing article, Geffcken’s tract, entitled Komposition und Entsteh- ungszett der Oracula Sibyllina, has appeared, to which the student is referred for the latest view of the subject. ] J. RENDEL HARRIS. SAMARITAN PENTATEUCH.—i. HisTorIcaL CONNEXION BETWEEN THE SAMARITANS AND THE PENTATEUCH…
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Later notices of the actual existence of the Samaritan Penta- teuch are found in the Talmud (cf. Zach. Frankel, Ueber den *The view of L. Blau, expressed in his programme ‘Zur Einleitung in die heil. Schrift,’ 1894, p. 74, that the term idiires here does not refer to the Samaritans, will not hold its ground. Hinjluss…
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(c) Material differences: (a) many passages are altered or supplemented from parallel passages. For instance, nvysx x5 of Gn 182 is replaced ‘in the Samaritan by mnvs xb 1d ashit, after vv.28 31%, The servant of Moses is called in the MT sometimes ywin (Nu 13° 16, Dt 32#), and sometimes y(1)vim (Ex 17% 138. 243 ete.), …
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In view of all these differences between the SAMARITAN PENTATEUCH SAMARITAN PENTATEUCH 71 0 ee Jewish-Hebrew and the Samaritan-Hebrew Pen- tateuch, there can be no doubt that what the Samaritans possess is a later form of the Pen- tateuch. Whether we look at the groups dealing with linguistic differences or at thos…
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(6) Is it more likely that the readings wherein the Samaritan and the LXX agree in differing from the MT were found in older Hebrew codices? (Abr. Geiger, Urschrift wu. Uebersetzungen, p. 99f.; de Wette-Schrader, Hinieit. p. 98; Vatke, Hinleit. p. 109). There are traces, of course, of Jewish-Hebrew MSS whose text devia…
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RACES OF THE OLD TESTAMENT further twofold division suggests itself, viz. be- tween those which belong to the more immediate ethnic group of which the Hebrews form a part, and those which lie outside of these limits. Con- fining ourselves in the main to a discussion of the theme in the narrower sense, it will meet our…
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ermanent character along the Euphrates, first at tr and later farther north at Harran. That, how- ever, these settlements did not involve casting aside nomadic habits altogether, is shown by the Biblical tradition which records a movement of Hebrews from Ur to Harran and thence by the northern route into Palestine. The…
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74 RACES OF THE OLD TESTAMENT name of that group may have been. That there were other clans or tribes arising from that general group is quite certain, and, as this body of Arameean tribes moved northwards from the Euphrates Valley and settled to the east and west of the Jordan, they were joined on the road by others.…
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So far as the OT is concerned, we are interested only in the first two subdivisions. The culture of the Arab branch of the Semites begins in the south —in southern Arabia and in Abyssinia. Which of these is the original and which the off- shoot is a question which a number of years ago could have been answered without …
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* Weil, Biblische Legenden der Musselminner (Frankfort, 1845), pp. 245-275. RACES OF THE OLD TESTAMENT 75 which became differentiated as Hebrews, Moabites, and Ammonites, attain the higher grade at the time of their entrance into western lands or shortly thereafter, while the Edomites represent a sub- division which …
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3. There is still one branch of the Semites to be considered whichreceives prominent mention among the races of the OT —the PHanicrans. If we were to be guided by the testimony of language alone, the settlers along the northern Mediter- ranean coast certainly belong to the same branch as Hebrews, Moabites, Ammonites, a…
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It was the Canaanites—to use the general name —whom the Hebrews, upon entering Palestine, found in possession, and the wars with them con- tinued for many generations, until finally the Hebrews obtained the upper hand. This contact with the Canaanites forms a most important factor in Hebrew history. By that power of at…
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The question has been raised, notably by Sayce (Races of the Old Testament, p. 110), whether the Amorites and other groups of the pre-Israelitish inhabitants were Semites. Much stress has been laid upon the representation of Amorites on Egyp- tian monuments where they are depicted with yellow skin, blue eyes, red eyebr…
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iii. NON-SEMITIC AND MIXED RAcgEs.—1. But, while a doubt thus remains as to the ethnic character of the Hittites, there is no question as to the non-Semitic character of a group with which the Hebrews from a certain period came into close though always hostile contact — the PHILISTINES. ‘There is no reason to question …
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3. Of the BABYLONIANS we have already had occasion to speak. In the Euphrates Valley, like- wise, a mixture of races appears to have taken place at a remote period ; but here the situation is just the reverse of what we have found in Egypt, inasmuch as it is the Semitic element which obtains the * See Erman’s article …
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1. The Japhethites represent groups and races lying to the north of Palestine. Of the ‘sons’ of apheth, namely, Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras, the majority have been identified. GoMER is the equivalent of the Gimirrai frequently referred to in the inscriptions of Assyrian kings, and represents …
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RACES OF THE OLD TESTAMENT writer of Gn 10 has but vague notions regarding racial affinities of nations, whereas his geographi- cal views are quite clear and definite. Still it so happens that Asia Minor, from the western coast far into the interior, was at an early date the seat of Aryan settlements, and in the 7th c…
1,267 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.