PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 5
James Hastings · 1,128,046 words · 1137 reading sections
Section 601
+ Mt 2430 ‘the sign of the Son of Man in heaven’ (so A post. Const. vii. 32). t The shorter recension found in Cod. Ottob. and two other MSS (see T. Schermann, Eine Elfapostelmoral, Miinchen, 1903) may be rather earlier. 442 DIDACHE DIDACHE no proof that the Epistle of Barnabas was written in Alexandria, rather tha…
914 wordsSECTION 602Section 602
(2) Secondary witnesses: containing textual evi- dence of a fragmentary or uncertain nature, like that of the Sibylline Oracles. The parallels in these, as in most of the writings here named, will be found in J. Rendel Harris’ Teaching of the Twelve Apostles.— Ignatius, Smyr. xiil. 1, Magn. iv.—Did. xvi. 2. Preaching …
954 wordsSECTION 603Section 603
* As the Didache is not among pbpoeryphe, it may have been one of the Opuseula atque tractatus ort odoxorum patrum not specified, to which perhaps the Epistle of Barnabas also belonged. + Possibly the early prevalence of the use of Wednesday and Friday as fast-days, and of the three Jewish stated hours of prayer, also…
1,033 wordsSECTION 604Section 604
The striking verbal agreement with the very phrasing of the Two Ways (as found in Didache, CO, and L), conjoined with great freedom of treat- ment,—involving changes in thought, as well as insertions and omissions, —all this points to use of a document rather than to quotation from a familiar stereotyped tradition. For…
929 wordsSECTION 605Section 605
But what date must we assign to Barnabas ? As this is a crucial matter for our Didache, which was probably rather later, reason must be shown for fixing on the reign of Vespasian, in spite of much critical opinion to the contrary. It is a mistake in method to rely mainly on the apparent reference in ch, xvi. to a rebu…
966 wordsSECTION 606Section 606
t Here one may observe that vi. 3 represents the spirit of the concordat of Ac 1520.28f, now seemingly applied with larger liberty for the individual conscience. § Note the tendency to modify it as time goes on, whether into Doctrine (de Aleatoribus, iv.) or Aducxario, the title of a work which was meant to supersede …
945 wordsSECTION 607Section 607
+ In an exhaustive discussion in The Journal of Philology, xix. 184 ff. See also the passage from John Climacus, below. eee 446 DIDACHE Christian ethics,* and so attracted a good deal of subsequent attention and comment. If, then, we may infer that the passage in the Did. is the fountainhead of this maxim in the Fat…
946 wordsSECTION 608Section 608
§ Compare the Rabbinic saying, ‘He that receiveth alms without needing the same, shall come to want before he dies’ (Keéthabéth, 68a). || Oh. xxxi. ad jin., where he says that the principle in Mt 1041f., as to making friends by the worldly Mammon, is even more divine than say} 7H alroivei o¢ didov, since it teaches on…
901 wordsSECTION 609Section 609
"Amino ray ccepricsiv x0) corpeorrizdiy emibuuiav. Here there may be dependence on 1 P 211; but more probably capzzxav is an interpolation from 1 P 211, to explain the less biblical caperizdv, which the Apost. Const. changes into xoruizay. Of. 4 Mac 182 Tay 38 éxiPomsay ok wey elow sburizoed, cei DE cayerize:. The pres…
929 wordsSECTION 610Section 610
t Sim. ix. 17. 1: so Dr. Taylor, Journ. of Phil. xviii. 298. Yet Hermas may rather have the spiritual analogue of the Twelve tribes of Israel in view (cf. Mt 1928), It is noteworthy that in Mand. xii. 3. 2 we read cuveriargoey OUY THs EVTOAMS THE jédexo, and then follows a rebuke of the suggestion that these Zyroaei ar…
964 wordsSECTION 611Section 611
iv. CHURCH CONDITIONS IMPLIED IN THE DIDACHE.—This subject will be discussed more fully under C. Enough here to indicate certain features bearing on origin and date. Thus the degree to which its Christianity is still expressed in forms determined by Judaism, while yet its attitude to unbelieving Judaism (‘the hypocrite…
1,168 wordsSECTION 612Section 612
‘He will send forth his disciples, and they shall disciple all the nations and every tongue unto the resurrection of the Beloved ... and his ascension into the seventh heaven, whence he came: and many who believe in him will speak in the Holy Spirit. . . . And on the eve of his approach, his disciples will let go the …
915 wordsSECTION 613Section 613
‘Everything which goes to confirm its Jewish character has a bearing on the question of its date. If it is derived immediately from Jewish sources, it must either have emanated from a mere sect, which long preserved its Hebraic peculiarities, or it must have come down to us from the primitive age in which Christi- anit…
1,165 wordsSECTION 614Section 614
In the last respect, as also touching the nature of the primitive Eucharist, the Didache illumines and is illumined by Pliny’s report to Trajan about Christians in Pontus-Bithynia. Their early morn- ing worship on the ‘stated day ’ included a binding of themselves by solemn vow (sacramento is Pliny’s word) ‘not to any …
901 wordsSECTION 615Section 615
DIDACHE DIATESSARON 451 set out above in A. ii., we are struck by the high prestige of the full Didache for more than two centuries. Only this can explain the way in which it is used, and even cited, as in de Aleatoribus. So with the influence it exerts on far later works, whether as their basis in one degree or anot…
1,072 wordsSECTION 616Section 616
i, Author and Date. ii, Title, Language, and later History. (a) Testimony of Greek writers. (0) Testimony of Syriac writers. iii. Non-Syriac versions of the Diatessaron. (a) The Armenian version of St. Ephraem’s com- mentary on the Diatessaron. (b) Codex Fuldensis. (c) The Arabic version. iv. Relation of the Diate…
1,050 wordsSECTION 617Section 617
(a) Greek writers.—The first notice of the Dia- tessaron occurs in Eusebius (HE iy. 36), who states * Zahn, Forschungen, i. p. 282. t Cf. Xpovnsy, Exxdnorworixh, Terpoevoyyérsoy, etc. Baethgen objects that these were used also as titles in Greek, and, as such, were taken over into Syriac, while Diatessaron is a Greek…
1,012 wordsSECTION 618Section 618
The beginning of the 5th cent. forms a decisive point in the history of the Syriac versions of the ew Testament, inasmuch as it marks the intro- duction of a new version, which was destined to supersede all its predecessors. It was during the episcopate of Rabbula, bishop of Edessa (A.D. 411- 435), and under his direc…
937 wordsSECTION 619Section 619
mixed No) and put together a Gospel and called it (the) Diatessaron, that is ‘‘ of the Mixed” (da -Méhalléte); and concerning the divinity of . Christ he did not write. And on this (Gospel) * Op. cit. p. 29. + For a full discussion of his commentary on the NT as con- tained in the Cambridge MS, Add. 1978, and of the …
1,054 wordsSECTION 620Section 620
The statements of Bar-Hebrzeus (d. 1286 A.D.) in like manner appear to be mainly borrowed from the works of earlier writers, especially Bar-Salibi. He follows the latter in reproducing Ishodad’s notice concerning Tatian with the same omission and insertion, but by a strange misunderstanding of his author applies the la…
956 wordsSECTION 621Section 621
Among the first to recognize the great import- ance of Moesinger’s translation was Professor Zahn, to whom, indeed, all NT scholars are largely in- debted for a knowledge, not only of a considerable part of the Diatessaron itself but also of a large number of facts bearing on its history and char- * Zahn, Forsch. i. 4…
954 wordsSECTION 622Section 622
n this respect he appears to treat all four Evan- gelists as of equal authority ; but, in the main, his scheme of our Lord’s public ministry, which ex- tends over three Passovers,* is based on the Fourth Gospel. In detail, however, the latter is treated with the same freedom as the Synoptists. Thus the purification of …
978 wordsSECTION 623Section 623
* ‘Ex historia quoque ejus comperi, quod Tatianus, vir eru- ditissimus et orator illius temporis clarus, unum ex quatuor compaginaverit evangelium cui titulum diapente composuit’ (Codea Fuldensis, ed. E. Ranke, 1868, p.1f.). The origin of the curious title ‘Diapente’ (d:& wévre) for ‘Diatessaron’ has long perplexed the…
1,096 wordsSECTION 624Section 624
Copt, Galim dos Gali. It is probably to be assigned to the 14th century. It displays a less correct orthography than the Vatican MS, but presents the text in a more original form. Both the intro- ductory notice and the colophon describe the work as the Diatessaron. It clearly begins with Jn 1’, Mk 1! forming a sort of…
970 wordsSECTION 625Section 625
viz. the Diatessaron.’ In the Syriac exemplar, used by the Arabic translator, the original title was probably obscured by the substitution of ‘the Son of God’ (Mk 12) for ‘viz. the Diatessaron,’ while later still the insertion of another marginal gloss from Mk 11 (ea Marco dic : Initiwm) caused even further confusion. …
1,083 wordsSECTION 626Section 626
(1) Even if we exclude those cases in which a harmonistic reading is attested by either a single Greek MS or one of the old translations, or a Patristic quotation, Baethgen has shown that there still remain some 150 cases in which Se stands alone, except for the frequent agreement of T. This is the more remarkable, sin…
931 wordsSECTION 627Section 627
* To these we may add Mt 1023 (the omission of ro "Io puna). + Guardian, Oct. 31, 1894. { Op. cit. p. 107f. ‘ ; § Hjelt, op. cit. p. 108 n., corrects this to fifteen, and points out that in four of these passages Ss is defective. [a ee 460 DIATESSARON DIATESSARO re reg es we have seen, was the accepted text of …
916 wordsSECTION 628Section 628
renders the wé\evs of Mat. by loz. In Mt 14 he translates éxéracev by two synonyms, the one (AC2.2) being taken from Matthew, and the other (cake) from the parallel Mk 61. The dependence of T is no less clear in Lk 18, where Ss renders 6é:é71 elonxovobn 7 dénots cov quite freely by ‘ For, behold, God has hearkened to …
932 wordsSECTION 629Section 629
LITERATURE.—(1) General :—C. A. Credner, Beitriige zur Hin- leitung in die bibl. Schriften, 1832, p. 437 ff., Gesch. der neutest. Kanons (herausg. von G. Volkmar), 1860, p. 17 ff.; H. A. Daniel, Tatianus der Apologet, 1887; C. A. Semisch, Tatiani Diatessaron, 1856; Th. Zahn, orschungen zur Geschichte des neutest. Kanon…
921 wordsSECTION 630Section 630
*For the sake of brevity we have used the sections into which Niese has divided the text. These are also given in brackets in the other principal critical edition—that of Naber. Character = 462 JOSEPHUS JOSEPHUS visit of Josephus to Rome nearly synchronizes with the period of St. Paul’s imprisonment in that city …
1,020 wordsSECTION 631Section 631
: By the end of A.D. 67 the whole of Northern Palestine was in the hands of the Romans. Only Jerusalem,. where a bloody civil war was raging, remained to be taken. But its capture was delayed by the events of A.D. 68, which drew the attention ot the generals to the West. News came first of the death of Nero, which took…
1,021 wordsSECTION 632Section 632
wrote as many as sixty-two letters in its support (Vita, 363ff.). From two of these, which are quoted, it appears that the work was issued in parts, for Agrippa asks for the rest to be sent to him, while he offers to supplement the information of the writer at their next meeting (70.). This is undoubtedly a careful pi…
930 wordsSECTION 633Section 633
Contents.—In Books 1.-x. the narrative closely follows the Biblical account down to the Baby- lonian captivity. Book xr. embraces the period from the return under Cyrus to Alexander the Great: XII. continues the narrative from the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus (R.c. 280) to the death of Judas Maccabzeus (B.C. 161): XIII…
976 wordsSECTION 634Section 634
pecs of some of the Strabo extracts is explained y the fact that Nicolaus was at those points the main authority. Traces of the style of Nicolaus, as seen in the extant fragments of his work, may *Livy is once named (xiv. 68), but it is not likely that Josephus made any use of his history. JOSEPHUS also be found, in…
969 wordsSECTION 635Section 635
(6) The objections to Destinon’s theory are that Josephus is elsewhere generally accurate in the matter of references: the formulas of reference used in the veritiable references are not unlike that used in the unverifiable cases: the first person, undoubtedly meaning Josephus, is used in Close proximity to KaOds dedyA…
1,020 wordsSECTION 636Section 636
JOSEPHUS it must be admitted, does the historian, with a view to greater picturesqueness, refrain from add- ing minor details of his own invention with regard to the strength of contending armies, names of localities, and the like (see Driiner, Untersuch. iiber Josephus, Marburg, 1896, p. 39ff.). He, how- ever, profes…
1,125 wordsSECTION 637Section 637
PROJECTED WorxKS.— At the close of the Antiquities, Josephus, after promising a brief autobiography, the Life which we possess, an- nounces his intention, God willing, of writing two future works: (1) A summary of the Jewish War and the subsequent history of his nation down to the thirteenth year of Domitian; and (2) a…
1,017 wordsSECTION 638Section 638
Whether, and how far, Josephus used the Hebrew along with the Greek text has not yet, it seems, been ascertained with sufficient accuracy. There can hardly be a doubt that a man of his antecedents and education would be almost as well acquainted with Hebrew as with the Aramaic spoken in his day; but the indications tha…
1,207 wordsSECTION 639Section 639
JOSEPHUS Origen and Jerome there can be no doubt that the number 22 in Josephus was arrived at by treating Ruth and Lam. as parts of Judges and Jeremiah. There is no ground for Gritz’s inference, that Ecclesiastes and the Song of Songs had not been received into the Canon when Josephus wrote. See, further, Ryle, Canon…
916 wordsSECTION 640Section 640
Some of the most striking among other legend- ary additions are the following: * Before the Fall all living creatures spoke a common language (Ané. I, 41), and the serpent for his malignity was punished by the loss of speech and feet (Ané. I. 50; so Jubilees, iii. 28, ‘and on that day was closed the mouth of all beasts…
1,010 wordsSECTION 641Section 641
Among additions to and comments upon the Scripture narrative in books outside the Penta- teuch, may be mentioned details with regard to Manoah and his wife—how they used constantly to visit the suburb (7d mpodereov) to pray for children, and of Manoah’s jealousy of the angel who had visited his wife (Ant. v. 276ff.). S…
909 wordsSECTION 642Section 642
6. Prophecies in the OT. —Josephus is careful to note the fulfilment of prophecy, and especially to reconcile apparent discrepancies in the predic- tions of different prophets. From the fulfilment of many of the prophecies of Balaam, even within the memory of the historian, one may conjecture that the remainder also wi…
1,131 wordsSECTION 643Section 643
vy. THE ALLEGED WITNESS OF JOSEPHUS TO Curist. —The passage on which so much has been written occurs in Ant. XVIII. 63f. {iii. 3], and runs as follows: ‘ Now about this time lived Jesus, a wise man, if indeed one should call him a man. For he was a doer of marvellous works, a teacher of such men as receive the truth wi…
1,077 wordsSECTION 644Section 644
We conclude, then, that the passage about Christ was introduced into the text by a Christian reader towards the end of the 3rd cent., between the time of Origen and that of Eusebius. For the literature and an admirable discussion of the question, see Schiirer, GJV? i. 544-549 (to which the present writer is largely ind…
955 wordsSECTION 645Section 645
Niese (Hist. Zeitschrift, Bd. lxxvi. 207) remarks on the language of the Jewish War that it is ‘precious’ (yewdhit), and rich in poetical and rare words. ‘It is not the simple speech of the Atticists, but approximates to the overladen ful- ness of the Asiatic oratory.’ He finds the style of the Antiquities simpler and …
1,113 wordsSECTION 646Section 646
Cicero (ad Fam. iv. 6. 1) says that Aimilius Paullus, the conqueror of Macedonia, lost two sons within seven days. Livy (xlv. 40) tells the story in more detail, that the younger son died five days before, and the elder three days after, his triumph over Macedonia was celebrated. Some scholars have remarked on the disc…
961 wordsSECTION 647Section 647
NUMBERS, HOURS, AND YEARS or Sept. A.D. 56; and the year in which the vision took place would be, on the Asia Minor and N. Syrian system, the year ending in autumn A.D. 48, on the S$. Syrian system the year ending in spring A.D. 44, on the Roman system A.D. 43 (see § ili. 7). 4. In Ac 20° it is said that the deputati…
980 wordsSECTION 648Section 648
ii. Hours or THE Day.—1. ‘Hour’ (pa, hora) is a word used in a considerable variety of senses in the NT. The Latin hora was borrowed from the Greek (dpa), and was to a great extent deter- mined in usage by the origin. The Greek word épa meant, in a very wide and general sense, a distin- guishable period of time, a divi…
937 wordsSECTION 649Section 649
According to our own ordinary modern system of counting time, the legal Day is divided into 24 hours, and the hour is an unvarying and absolute duration of time ; while the length of the day and the night are continually changing within certain limits (according to latitude), the day containing more hours and the night…
983 wordsSECTION 650Section 650
When hora prima or secunda indicates a point of time, it means the moment when the shadow reaches the line at the end of the first or of the second hour after sunrise; and soon. Hence, in this usage, hora prima corresponds in logical sense, though not in time, to our expression ‘ one o'clock.’ The length of the hour v…
1,043 wordsSECTION 651Section 651
2. There has been among some NT scholars a certain degree of hesitation about accepting as absolutely and invariably true the principle that hours were counted only as beginning from sunrise 5 and some attempt has been made to show that the hours of the day were sometimes counted after a different fashion. This hesitat…
924 wordsSECTION 652Section 652
Thus the one example that has been most confi- dently quoted to prove the existence of a peculiar way of numbering the hours in Asia Minor turns out to be an example of the ordinary custom. In truth, the idea that in Asia Minor people counted the hours from midnight is even more improbable than it would be in other cou…
993 wordsSECTION 653Section 653
from the day of his accession, his last year is a broken one; and his successor’s reign has to be counted as beginning from a different date. Thus a literal reckoning by the exact years of each king’s reign becomes chronologically so complicated as to be extremely unwieldy and practically impossible. Some modification…
901 wordsSECTION 654Section 654
480 NUMBERS, HOURS, AND YEARS reign of Claudius, the dates (so important for NT chronology) of the great famine (Ac 121) and of the edict expelling the Jews from Rome (Ac 18?) have been assigned to the fourth and ninth years of his reign. Now Claudius began to reign on 25 Jan. A.D. 41, and many writers have forthwith …
905 wordsSECTION 655Section 655
Fr; 53) ve Nero » 13 October (till A.D. 60). 9 » Vespasian ,, 1 July. a9 2” Titus 2» 29 ; Domitian ,, 13 September. > 99 Nero’s and Domitian’s days coincided with those of their predecessor’s death. Claudius’ day was one day later than Caligula’s death, Caligula’s was two days later than Tiberius’ death, and the ot…
962 wordsSECTION 656Section 656
on the It is therefore impossible to arrive, ground of custom or etiquette, at any sure con- clusion about the sense that should be attached to the date in Lk 3!; and the meaning can be deter- mined only by the general chronology of the life of Christ, which is not within the scope of this article. In this place there…
900 wordsSECTION 657Section 657
No dates in the NT are expressed by the consuls, but in early Christian times such dates were some- times used. Thus they found their way into Eusebius and other important later authorities for the early history of Christianity ; and often very important questions relating to early Christian chronology turn on this sys…
918 wordsSECTION 658Section 658
This chronological weakness is not a peculiarity special to the NT, but is characteristic of many ancient writers, even those whose purpose was more specially historical than was the case with the early Christians, among whom St. Luke alone seems to have had any thought of historical sur- roundings to his narrative. Th…
941 wordsSECTION 659Section 659
There is an extraordinary variety of eras of this class. The idea seems to have been struck out *The reckoning was stated independently by M. Imhoof Blumer in Grriechische Miinzen, p. 33 (357), Zft. f. Nunism. Xx. p. 257: ef. Kaestner, de Aeris, p. 418. + Recueil d’ Archéologie Orientale, i. pp. 9 es betty { Niese i…
1,056 wordsSECTION 660Section 660
All this, and much more, would form part of a complete history of Patristic exegesis ; but, since such a history cannot be written in these pages, it has seemed wisest to attempt only a limited and experimental treatment of one corner of the vast field, and to confine the scope of the present article to such Patristic …
1,042 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.