PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 5
James Hastings · 1,128,046 words · 1137 reading sections
Section 541
In the Republican period the publicant had been, of course, subject to the jurisdiction of the pro- consul or other governor of the province. But their situation, subject to the governor of a year, —who had no knowledge from his previous train- ing of the facts and methods of tax-collecting, and was therefore quite una…
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But that point of view was traditional among the poets; it had been handed down from the time when travelling was much more dangerous and difficult, when ships were small in size and fewer in number, when seamanship and method were inferior, when few roads had been built, and travel even by land was uncertain. Moreover…
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iii, (TRAVEL CONFINED TO THE ROMAN EMPIRE. —One of the main causes for that certainty and confidence in travel lay in the unification of the Empire and the profound peace and security established by the Emperors over all the Mediter- ranean world. Travellers were everywhere in their own country. Travel in foreign count…
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Again, there was a great deal of emigration in search of employment. This led chiefly to the great cities, and, above all, to Rome. In the great citymen of all nations were found ; and the Syrian Orontes, as Juvenal (Sat. iii. 62) says, emptied itself into the Tiber. But in every city visitors or strangers resident for…
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t Aristot. Oecon. ii. 24; Xen, Hell. v. 3.1; Pollux, x. 14. § Grotius (as Professor Knowling mentions) understood it as nae ee iumentis imponere, See also Hapositor, March 1895, p. 216f, ROADS AND TRAVEL (IN NT) ROADS AND TRAVEL (IN NT) 399 constructed. lLucian’s Navigiwm describes an Alexandrian corn vessel toward…
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One case of this class is of great importance as affecting the NT. Thousands of Jews of the Diaspora were able to go up to the Passover at Jerusalem only by ship: the land journey from distant cities would have been too tedious and slow. It may, ¢.g., be regarded as certain that all Jews who went up to the Passover fro…
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* Such ships may probably have been owned and perhaps in part manned by Jews ; though the existence of Jewish sailors is not much attested at that time. t As Philo, de Mon. ii. 3 (ji. 24, Mangey), says. The passage is quoted by Prof. Schiirer in the art. Diaspora, above, § v. t Moreover, it is quite unnatural to supp…
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i POMS Sead Ms os ASW) Ns fe) / Fe Limng LN AearaJ , ~ Zo L. Ascdrite Myy. \ NHrdenthy Engraved & Printed by oi = SC ANA Ny Hani, mA TiN Way li Tl Ml Lina yin es yy Ns THON RY) Zia) ' ; ) i ey ae \ ‘ ws ae ~ unniiiyy Aveh wns my Wey »y / « : ; fh td NUN OM ae : 3 d a ih % Gj wr \) oa esr S en 7; Za ne a ee) = …
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Those general letters of the Christians express and embody the growth in the law of the Church and in its common life and constitution. They originated in the circumstances of the Church. The letter of the Council at Jerusalem (Ac 1573-29) arose out of a special occasion, and was the reply to a question addressed from …
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The bishop, as the representative of the congre- gation in its relations to other congregations, was charged with the maintenance of correspondence, just as he was charged above other members with the exercise of hospitality to Christian visitors. The letter which he wrote might be regarded either as emanating from the…
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1. The earliest MSS of a French version of any part of the Bible which have come down to us elong to the 12th century. These contain the Psalter, the Books of Kings, the Apocalypse, and five chapters of St. John’s Gospel. All but the last are, in the earliest MSS, in the Norman dialect ; the last is in Provencal, and w…
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404 CONTINENTAL VERSIONS ee ee EEe—E—E—— — ————eE rr rae CONTINENTAL VERSIONS eo ee a ed eee ae marked by curious divisions of the text. They ‘present a recension quite peculiar, which cannot be confounded with any other family of text, and which can confidently be called Languedoc.’ _ It is important to remember t…
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Of the OT, the only part which has found a place in these MSS is that which includes the Sapiential books, and that probably has a different origin from the NT. The version is based on the Latin, corresponding exactly with the revision made at Paris at the beginning of the 13th cent., and ‘ con- tains none of the pecul…
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6. The 15th cent. is ‘the age of MSS retouched, and of the beginning of printed texts.’ The earliest printed text is that which appeared in Lyons in 1477 or 1478 with the names of Jullien Macho and Peter Farget as editors. It reproduces the text of the 13th cent. Bible, but is an edition of no im- portance. Much more i…
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A more complete and important revision of Olivetan’s work was carried out by Osterwald, who published a Bible at Amsterdam in 1724. This was followed in 1744 by a much more thorough revision, which regarded mainly the French idiom and the exegetical views of the time. It is clearer than Martin, and bears the marks of c…
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Probably in Italy, as elsewhere, only single books or sections of the Bible were first trans- lated ; and those the books most in use for deyo- * Romania, xxiii, 386. In this article the late M. Berger gives a very careful account of the early Italian Bible, and many facts have been taken from it, CONTINENTAL VERSIO…
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In regard to the text of the version, Berger (l.c. p. 417) sums up as follows: ‘We cannot affirm that it was translated entire by one single person, or by the same group of translators. . . . As for the NT, it appears to have come entirely from one pen, and that the pen of a man who knew the Provencal language perfectl…
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a ee SS EE ee CONTINENTAL VERSIONS LireraTuRE.—S. Berger, ‘La Bible Italienne au moyen age’ in Romania, 1894, p. 358 ff. (with bibliography, and list of MSS appended) ; 8. Minocchi, art. ‘Ttaliennes Versions de la Bible’ in Vigouroux’s Dict. de la Bible; Negroni, La Bibbia volgare ; Carini, Le Versioni della Bibbia i…
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Of versions made from the Latin Vulgate may be mentioned —(1) the Bible of Quiroga (Escur. MS 4), given by Cardinal Quiroga to Philip 1. In this the order of the books is that of the Vulgate ; and the Apocryphal books, not in the Hebrew, are translated; (2) a translation made for Alphonse V., king of Arragon (1416-1458…
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410 CONTINENTAL VERSIONS CONTINENTAL VERSIONS need of a translation based on the Hebrew and Greek began to be felt, and in 1807 Charles Iv. ordered such a one. This was the work of Felix Torres y Amat, afterwards bishop of Astorga, and was published 1823-1825. Though very successful and often reprinted, it did not sup…
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The only early edition is that just referred to; but nothing of it remains except four pages of one copy now in the monastery of Porta Celi, near Valencia. A note on one of these pages preserves the name of Ferrer as the translator, and tells us the translation was made by him, with the assist- ance of other scholars, …
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2. The next documentary evidence bearing on the Old German Bible is a translation of Tatian’s Harmony of the Gospels, contained in a St. Gall MS (No. 56) of the second half of the 9th cent., in which the Latin and German are given in parallel CONTINENTAL VERSIONS 411 columns. The Latin version rests on that of the Fu…
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Walther enumerates altogether 203 MSS, begin- ning with those which have been mentioned, and going down to the 16th century. Of these, 10 con- tain the whole German Bible ; 6 others were origi- nally, but are no longer, complete Bibles ; 5 contain the OT and 8 the NT. Of the whole number no fewer than 128 belong to the…
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- CONTINENTAL VERSIONS CONTINENTAL VERSIONS 413 edition one copy only, at Gottingen, out of the thirty-two known to us, bears a date, 1474. On Zainer’s edition of 1473 the Swiss edition and three other Augsburg editions, printed by Zainer (1477) and Sorg (1477 and 1480), depend. The next edition, published by Kobur…
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His work had no sooner appeared than it was the subject of much criticism, which came chiefly from the Roman Catholics. The earliest critic was Emser, who in 1523 published a volume, in which he called attention to the many mistakes and doctrinal errors contained in the work of Luther. Emser’s work was the precursor of…
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15. The German translations made in the interests of Roman Catholics have not been very numerous or very important. The earliest is a translation of the NT by Beringer, published at Spires in 1526. This was almost a reprint of Luther’s version. In the next year Emser, who has been mentioned as one of Luther’s first cri…
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5. Amongst the various sects various transla- tions circulated, each after a time preferring its own. Thus the Lutherans, who had used Lies- veldt’s Bible, in 1558 adopted one based on a Magdeburg edition, and the 1558 edition was many times revised and reprinted. The Memnonites used an edition of the Bible published b…
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3. In 1528 two Danish versions of the Psalter appeared. The one, based on the Hebrew, in which the Latin and German were also used, was the work of Wormord, a Dutchman, and was published at Rostock, but had no great success. The other was the work of C. Pedersen (1480-1554), aman ‘who had the same importance for Danish…
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LivERATURE.—Herzog, RH iii, 146 ff. ; Bagster, The Bible of Every Land, 186 ff. gg SsssSsSSSSSSSSSSssSSSssSSSSSSSSsSssSSSSSSSss CONTINENTAL VERSIONS ix. HUNGARIAN VERSIONS.—1. The introduction of Christianity into Hungary towards the end of the 10th cent. was soon followed by sermons in the vernacular, but Latin sti…
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LireraturE.—Herzog, RH iii. 115 ff.; Schwicker, Geschichte der Ungarischen Litteratur; art. ‘Hongroises Versions’ in Vigouroux’s Dictionnaire de la Bible. x. BOHEMIAN VERSIONS.—1. The oldest MSS of a Bohemian version of Scripture belong to the 14th century. There can be little doubt that the trans- lation of some part…
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LITERATURE. — Dobrofsky, Geschichte der Bohm. Sprache; Vondrak, Die Spuren der altkirchenslavischen Evangelien- iiberseteung in der altbihmischen Literatur; Morfill, Slavonic Literature; numerous articles in the Archiv fiir Slavische Philologie [see especially Supplementband, pp. 145, 146] and in the Centralblatt fiir…
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This last is the famous Ostrog Bible, so called from the place at which it was printed, the first complete printed Bible in Slavonic. For this work, brought out under the auspices of Constantine, prince of Ostrog, various MSS of the Slavonic were used ; the Slavonic text was compared with the Greek, and sometimes with …
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above facts are summarized], and the Literature there referred to; Nestle, Urteat, etc., 211 ff.; Kean, The Bible in Russia. xiii. MODERN GREEK VERSIONS.—1. The earliest translation into modern Greek dates from 1547, when the Pentateuch, the five ‘Rolls,’ and the other parts of the OT read in the Jewish services were …
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* These were sanctioned on condition that the ancient Greek text was printed in parallel columns with the modern Greek version. But in 1901 ecclesiastical and patriotic prejudices were roused by a modern version or ‘paraphrase,’ circulated at the expense of queen Olga, and, in consequence, the circulation of any Greek …
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iii, VALUE.— The revival of interest in the apocryphal writings of the NT is due partly to the discovery of new documents, and partly to the attraction exerted upon the minds of many scholars by the fascinating and complex problem of the literary origin of the Gospels. Amongst the questions upon which light is sought a…
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APOCRYPHAL GOSPELS Ne ee ee Gospels; but in general it ey be said that these writings were condemned by the Western Church until the Middle Ages, when a sufficient period of time had elapsed for their origin to be forgotten. Pseudo-Chrysostom (¢. 600) is said to have made use of the apocryphal Gospels of the Childhoo…
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In recent years elaborate investigations of the apocryphal Gospels have been published. Invaluable to all students are those found in Harnack’s Altchristliche Litteraturgeschichte and Zahn’s Geschichte des NZ’ Kanons. Holtzmann’s Ein- leitung in das NT, 3rd. ed. 1892, contains an appendix on the ‘NT Apocrypha.’ Admirab…
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2, Origen in his Commentary on Lk 1 (e. 220) 424 APOCRYPHAL GOSPELS gives the unknown authors of 7d kar’ Alyumrious evayyéhuoy the first place in his list of those who ‘took in hand to draw up a narrative of Gospel occurrences.’ With these writers who took the matter in hand he contrasts the four Evangelists who wrot…
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iii, CONTENTS.—The passages from this Gospel quoted by Clement of Alexandria are taken from the discourse of Jesus with Salome. (For the Greek text, see Harnack, Geschichte, i. 13; Preus- chen, Antilegomena, p. 2f.). To Salome’s ques- tion, ‘How long shall Death reign?’ Jesus re- plies, ‘So long as ye women give birth;…
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In regard to the place where this Gospel was written, Zahn suggests Antioch ; Harnack prefers Egypt. Its date cannot be later than the middle of the 2nd cent., probably about 140. Harnack, however, holds that the ¢erminus ad quem is 180. LireratuRE.—Emmerich, de Evang. sec. Ebroeos, dAigypt. etc., 1807; Schneckenburge…
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* For other traces of the use of this Gospel by Origen, see J. O. FE. Murray’s article in the Hapositor (4th series, vii. 55 if). + Other writers who were probably acquainted with the Petrine Gospel are the author of the Didascalia and Apostoli- cal Constitutions (cf. Harnack, Bruchstiicke, p. 41 f.); and Cyril of Je…
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There is much more to be said in favour of the view that Justin Martyr (c. 150) was acquainted with the Petrine Gospel, as a comparison of the following passages with the Fragment will show. ‘The Spirit of prophecy foretold . the con- spiracy which was formed against Christ by Herod, the king of the Jews, and the Jews …
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LITERATURE.—Bouriant, Mémoires publiés par les membres de la mission archéol. frangwise aw Caire, ix. 1 (1892) ; Stiileken in Die Apocryphen des NT; Harnack, Verte u. Unters. ix. 2; Zahn, Das Petrusevangeliwm; Volter, Petrusevangelium oder Aigypterevangelium 2; also editions by von Gebhardt, Kunze, Lods, A. Sabatier, y…
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LivERATURE.—This has been sufficiently indicated in the body of the above section of the article. B. 1. JAMES, PROTEVANGELIUM OF .— 1. Litle, ii. Evidence of existence. 1. Fourth century writers. 2. Origen. 8. Possible traces of anonymous use, iii. Summary of contents. Variations in pseudo- Matthew and Nativity of Ma…
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In Nat. Mary 5 the name Mary is given at the command of the angel. 6. When the child is six months old, Anna sets her on the ground ‘to try whether she can stand, and she walks seven steps’; Anna vows that Mary shall not walk on this earth until she has been taken to the temple of the Lord. When Mary is a year old, Jo…
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Pseudo-Mat. adds many details. The star is ‘ larger than any that had been seen since the beginning of the world.’ The ox and the ass ‘incessantly adore him,’ fulfilling the word of Habakkuk the prophet: ‘Between two animals thou shalt be made manifest’ (Hab 32 LXX ty uiow db0 Cawy yracbiion, by slight change in Hebrew…
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2. The Gospel of the Nativity of Mary.—This short Latin Gospel, entitled the Zvangelium de Nativitate Marie, covers the same ground as the early part of the Gospel of psewdo-Matthew ; its last words describe the birth of Jesus at Beth- lehem. It is found amongst the works of Jerome, and has every appearance of being an…
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- . What great thing he is, either god or angel, or what I am to say, I know not.’ The shorter Greek recension represents Jesus as Saying: ‘I know more than you, for I am before the ages. . . » When you see my cross, then will ye believe that I speak the truth.’ When Joseph takes the child to another master, who tries …
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v. DAtE.—Zahn holds that this Gospel was one of the sources used by Justin Martyr (c. 140), who says (Dial. 88) that Jesus ‘was in the habit of working as a carpenter when among men, making ploughs and yokes’ (dporpa kai gvyd); there is a verbal coincidence with this Gospel which describes Joseph as a carpenter who ‘ma…
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o definite date for the composition of this Gospel can be fixed. Lipsius is content to say that it was compiled ‘comparatively late, but probably earlier than the Mahometan times.’ LiTERATURE.—In 1697 Henricus Sike published an Arabic text with Latin translation: Hv. Inf. vel Liber apocryphus de Infantia Salvatoris. S…
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Mary and her three virgins return to holy Bethlehem ; in answer to her prayers the Apostles are summoned to her deathbed. John is ‘ snatched up by a cloud from Ephesus’ and assures Mary — that her ‘holy and precious body will by no means see corruption.’ By a whirlwind the Holy Spirit brings ‘Peter from Rome, Paul from…
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LireraturE.—Cureton’s Ancient Syriac Documents, p. 110; Enger published the Arabic text in 1854 (Joannis apostoli de Transitu Beatee Marie Virginis liber) ; Zoega gives some par- ticulars of the Sahidic version in the Catal. Codd. Copt. Borji- anorum. See Tischendorf, Wright, in opp. citt.; also Orr’s Introduction and…
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4. ‘When the people were baptized, Jesus also came and was baptized by John. And as he came up from the water, the heavens were opened, and he saw the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove, which came down and came upon him, And a voice cime from heaven, saying: Thou art my beloved Son, in thee I am well pleased. And again…
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LireraturE.—A. Meyer in Die Apokryphen des NT, p. 24. See Hilgenfeld, Harnack, Zahn, Westcott, in opp. citt. C. 2. PHILIP, GOSPEL ACCORDING TO.— i. Evidence of existence. ii. Contents of extant Fragment. iii. Characteristics. Date. i. EVIDENCE OF EXISTENCE.—The Coptic-Gnos- tie work known as Pistis Sophia testifies t…
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APOCRYPHAL GOSPELS 437 ence to our Lord’s saying about the impossibility of serving ‘two masters,’ these being, in his view, ‘pleasure and God.’ Lipsius and Zahn identify this work with the Gospel according to Matthias mentioned by Origen. Lipsius allows that the identification is a conjecture ; Zahn enters into a det…
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The date of this Gospel and of the Lwegetica is probably 130-140, the period when Basilides ap- peared as the founder of a sect. D. Of the following Apocryphal Gospels little is known but their name. Use has been made of Hofmann’s list, derived from Fabricius (in PRE? i. 661)— 4. ANDREW, GOSPEL OF.— Possibly identica…
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A. THE PrimAaL DiIpACHE.—i. THE DIDACHE or our MS.—(a) Title.—Of the two titles in the MS, ‘ Teaching of the XII Apostles’ and ‘ Teaching of the Lord through the XII Apostles to the Gentiles,’ it seems natural to regard the latter as the more original. One can hardly imagine the fuller and more individual title being a…
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(b) Contents and structure.—As it stands in our MS, the Didache has real organic unity. A natu- ral development of thought is traceable through- out (save perhaps in one section near the beginning), as will appear from the following summary. There are Two Ways in this world, one of Life and one of Death—so radically d…
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In Judaism, indeed, there seems to have existed something like a standing list, to judge from the many points of contact be- tween this list and those in the NT (¢.g. Mk 7211, Ro 129, 1 Co 510. 2 Co 1220, Gal 519-21, Col 35, 1 Ti 19f, 2 Ti 32M), on the one hand, and the traditional Confession of Sins in the Synagogue (…
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, 4). Hnally, let them ‘ watch’ in the interests of their ‘life,’ to be ready when the Lord comes. The last days may be very near, marked by abundance of pseudo - prophets and corrupters (already on the horizon, xi. 2) and by degeneration of the sheep. Then, as lawlessness increases, hatred shall go the length of pers…
917 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.