PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 5
James Hastings · 1,128,046 words · 1137 reading sections
Section 961
husband, who can never cast off the wife of his youth (54°*), 6. The instrument employed by Jahweh for the deliverance of His people and the further accom- plishment of His saving purpose, is Cyrus, of whom and of whose Divine mission the prophet speaks in such honourable terms that it has been suggested that he actua…
927 wordsSECTION 962Section 962
After Duhm, in his Commentary on Isaiah (Gottingen, 1892), assigned the ‘Hbed-Jahweh-Lieder to a different and later hand than that of Deutero-Isaiah, and hence pronounced them a subsequent addition to the latter, explaining them, at the same time, in the individual sense (as perhaps referring to Jeremiah), there spran…
1,095 wordsSECTION 963Section 963
This idea of a vicarious penal suffering of Israel for the Gentile world, in order to bring salvation to the latter, is so extraordinary and unique that one can easily understand how it has called forth all kinds of explanations, and that ever and anon voices are still raised in support of the contention that the direc…
788 wordsSECTION 964Section 964
ii. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.—Deutero-Isaiah’s preps of the freeing of the people by Cyrus had been fulfilled in 538 after the conquest of Babylon. The edict of Cyrus granted permission to the exiles to return, and about 50,000, under the leadership of Zerubbabel and Joshua the priest, availed themselves of it. But the co…
991 wordsSECTION 965Section 965
' gifts, which from the rising to the setting of the sun are offered by the Gentiles, have Him, strictly speaking, for their object (Mal 1")—a remarkable witness to the far-reaching influence of Deutero- Isaiah’s teaching! There is no longer any need for a polemic against the folly of image and idol worship ; Is 57°*-…
993 wordsSECTION 966Section 966
RELIGION OF ISRAEL duties and the significance of the priesthood set up in Mal 25% must be pronounced a thoroughly worthy one. On the other hand, the way in which Haggai and Zechariah make all blessing for Judah depend eel upon the rebuilding of the temple (Hag 14*-, Zee 8°"), the emphasis laid upon outward observance…
963 wordsSECTION 967Section 967
3. Apart even from the occasions when it is brought into connexion with the Day of Jahweh, the idea of vengeance upon the heathen nations occupies the forefront of expectations as to the future. Those nations in particular are specified which either aided to the best of their ability in the destruction of Jerusalem, or…
922 wordsSECTION 968Section 968
4. If, in all the above expectations hostile to the heathen, we meet with a particularism which can be regarded only as a denial of the message of Deutero-Isaiah, there are, fortunately, not wanting numerous witnesses that his work had not been by any means in vain. Zee 2'°('!) foresees many peoples attaching themselve…
805 wordsSECTION 969Section 969
them as a wall of fire (v.%). Jerusalem is hence- forward holy: foreigners shall no more pass through her (J1 4 [3]?”), no oppressor shall again lord it over her, for Jahweh now with sleepless eye interposes Himself as the bulwark of His temple against all that comes and goes (Zec 98; cf. also Is 608). Nor is there any…
924 wordsSECTION 970Section 970
avidic asty. According to Is 6671, however, the priesthood is to be open also to the returned exiles (not, presumably, to the Gentiles who bring them home). The religious festivals present them- selves in a specially important light. The former fast-days shall indeed be transformed into days of rejoicing (Zec 88"), but…
916 wordsSECTION 971Section 971
8. Finally, we have still to mention some quite isolated expressions, which (like some even of those above mentioned) belong to the sphere of late apocalyptic expectations. We should hardly include in this category the promise of a new heaven and a new earth (Is 65” 66”). For, although this promise plainly attaches its…
946 wordsSECTION 972Section 972
It would be doing the Book of Daniel serious injustice to deny it all claim to a truly religious tone, and to see in it merely an embodiment of rigid zeal for the Law. Even if the beautiful con- fession of sins contained in 9* should have to be regarded, with many moderns, as a later addition, yet in 8” and 11% there i…
919 wordsSECTION 973Section 973
VIiI. THE PRIESTS’ CODE (P). i. THE SouRCES. — Regarding the numerous questions connected with the literary criticism of the stratum usually known as P, we must here be content with a few remarks. It is generally admitted that not only the present Pentateuch but also its latest stratum, namely P, must be viewed as the…
959 wordsSECTION 974Section 974
3. All the less can it be that, when man is said to have been created after the image of God and * The fullest treatment of these questions is by H. Gunkel, Schipfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit (Gottingen, 1894) ; and Frdr. Delitzsch, Das babylonische Weltschopfungsepos (Leipzig, 1896). 716 RELIGION OF ISRAEL R…
1,245 wordsSECTION 975Section 975
4, The fundamental notions on which the so- called Ceremonial Law, independence on the legisla- tive programme of Ezekiel, is based, are extremely simple. They amount essentially to the one idea that in the domain of Israel, Jahweh’s own people, everything without exception belongs, and is thus consecrated, to Him alon…
964 wordsSECTION 976Section 976
(8) The idea of a ¢értéimah of the land being due to Jahweh as an acknowledgement that one owes the whole to Him, finds a further expression in the command to set apart 13 priestly and 35 Levitical cities, each with a piece of pasture-land round about it (Nu 35, Jos 21). The circumstance that these cities and the pastu…
939 wordsSECTION 977Section 977
(6) Holy times.—Jahweh is Lord also of all time. Hence the employing of time in any pursuit that brings profit amounts to an encroaching upon God’s right of property. He permits, however, of such encroachment, upon condition that special portions of the whole time are set apart and ‘hallowed,’ z.e. withdrawn from profa…
935 wordsSECTION 978Section 978
RELIGION OF ISRAEL RELIGION OF ISRAEL 719 them more fully below in connexion with the sub- ject of sacrifice. But, besides these, we have to do here with the command to consecrate to God all the male firstborn (and therewith all the fur- ther offspring of the same womb), and, following out this idea, to redeem them b…
1,014 wordsSECTION 979Section 979
(vy) As to the Levites, it is a very general error to regard them as priests of a lower grade, the rank and file, as it were, of the ‘ priestly tribe’ of Levi, from which the priests proper, with the high priest at their head, emerge as a special branch. But this is by no means the intention of P. The circumstance that…
921 wordsSECTION 980Section 980
urnt-oftering (Ly 4%: 16-25), On the Great Day of Atonement the blood of the guilt-offering is actu- ally brought by the high priest into the Holy of Holies, and sprinkled upon and before the lid of the sacred Ark (Lv 16%"). But even the idea of the offering of food still plays a part (although, no doubt, a less promin…
939 wordsSECTION 981Section 981
RELIGION OF ISRAEL treated as most holy and serves as holy food for the priests. In view of all this, in the mind of P there could be no other answer to the question as to the etficacy of sacrifice, but simply this: God has connected the accomplishment of atonement with the obedient discharge of the sacrificial presc…
905 wordsSECTION 982Section 982
There is a widely diffused notion that P regards propitiatory offerings as effectual only in the case of unintentional or, at most, hastily committed sins. This view is based upon Nu 15”f-, where in point of fact a distinction is expressly drawn be- tween unwitting offences and those that are com- mitted ‘ with a [defi…
983 wordsSECTION 983Section 983
We pass over all further prescriptions regarding festal offerings and freewill services, and content ourselves with noting the fact that ald directions regarding holy places, times, persons, and actions have ever in view the one aim of realizing the idea of a God-consecrated people, the fact of its absolute dependence …
946 wordsSECTION 984Section 984
urge, s RELIGION OF ISRAEL but this is achieved, not primarily, as in the view of the prophets, by circumcision of the heart, but by means of all the countless purifying and aton- ing acts prescribed by the Law for every conceivable case (cf. especially Lv 12 and 15). Neglect of these rules—even wholly unintentional …
997 wordsSECTION 985Section 985
The question so much debated in recent times, who is to be regarded as the speaking subject (‘das betende Ich’) in the Psalms,t+ must undoubtedly, with Olshausen, Reuss, Cheyne, et a/., be answered very frequently in favour of the so-called collective subject, as against the almost uniformly individual interpretation o…
990 wordsSECTION 986Section 986
(c) On the other hand, it might appear strange that we still meet in the Psalms with traces of a theologumenon with which we have already (above, ». 684°) made acquaintance in Dt 4! as well as in n 10 (see above, p. 714). We refer to the idea of under-gods (béé ’@ohim or, shortly, ’éléhim or ’élim ‘gods’; even béné *é…
1,069 wordsSECTION 987Section 987
2. Anthropology outside the sphere of Jahwism proper.—iIn the judgments passed in the Book of Psalms on the purely human, we find, side by side with panegyrics on the lofty pre-eminence of man in his lordship over creation (8%, see above, p. 724°), lamentations over the weakness and transi- tory nature of everything hu…
1,108 wordsSECTION 988Section 988
5. The character of the religion of the Psalms.— If a sine quad non of all true religion is a sincere RELIGION OF ISRAEL confession of sin, then the religion of the psalmists has undoubtedly a firm basis. In addition to the ready admission of the general guilt of the people, of which we have already spoken, there are…
958 wordsSECTION 989Section 989
A dark shadow is undeniably cast on this attrac- tive picture by those outbursts of sometimes pas- sionate longing for revenge that are found in the so-called ‘imprecatory psalms’ (411! 58" 1097, and esp. 1378" ; ef. also La 14% 3%#: 421+), The expedient of declaring that the objects of hatred and revenge- ful longing …
1,103 wordsSECTION 990Section 990
* Gf. Couard, ‘ Die Behandlung und Losung des Problems der Theodicee in den Psalmen 37. 39. 73’ in SK, 1901, p. 110 ff. is a Maccabzean* priest-prince. That the writer believed the Messiah to have made his appearance in the person of this priest-prince can be inferred only from v.! (the seat of honour beside Jahweh) a…
1,025 wordsSECTION 991Section 991
X. THE SO-CALLED HOKHMAH (WISDOM) LITERA- TURE (Proverbs, Job, Ecclesiastes). The earliest trace of the ‘wise’ as a separate professional class is found in Jer 1818, where they are placed side by side with the priests and pro- phets as possessors of ‘counsel,’ ¢.¢. ability to select the best course in particular cases…
964 wordsSECTION 992Section 992
+ The superscription nbby bz, which was later prefixed also to the Prologue (11), indicates that 101-2216 was the basis of the collection. Whether in 101f. there are present any relics of a collection of proverbs attributed to Solomon (cf. the trace of such a collection in 1K 512) is a question on which we cannot even …
1,295 wordsSECTION 993Section 993
(d) As to the doctrine of retribution, we find Proverbs occupying exactly the same standpoint as the Psalmists (see above, p. 726°), viz. founding on the postulate that virtue and ungodliness must receive on earth a precisely equivalent requital (Q21f 1025 1121 31 139 21 144 94° ete.). Nowhere is there a trace to prove…
970 wordsSECTION 994Section 994
The poet brings the problem before us in the Prologue in the guise of historical facts. Job has witness to his exemplary piety from God Himself (18.23), And yet measureless woe has fallen upon him. Why? The reader is told in the Prologue :— the torture of Job rests on the permission extended by Jahweh to the Satan, wit…
996 wordsSECTION 995Section 995
All this of itself settles what we are to think of the Elihu-speeches. They are the work of a reader of the original poem, who felt dissatisfied that the speeches of Job, dubious in part, and almost bor- dering on blasphemy, should not have received a more stringent refutation. This lack the author of the Elihu-speeche…
969 wordsSECTION 996Section 996
* According to the correct text (bya and nj7'7; the MT has been corrected on dogmatic grounds, so as to express the hope of immortality). 732 RELIGION OF ISRAEL his people, viz. the kernel of the OT conception of God. All his scepticism and all his pessimism had not impaired his faith in a personal God who is at the …
921 wordsSECTION 997Section 997
II. WoRKS ON THE History OF SEMITIC RELIGION, WHICH TAKE ACCOUNT OF THE OT PARALLELS.—See above, p. 612, and add: Pere Lagrange, Etudes sur les religions sémitiques, Paris, 1903. III. WoRKS ON BIBLICAL THEOLOGY OR ON THE HISTORY OF THE RELIGION OF THE OT.—A. Kuenen, De Godsdienst van Israél tot den ondergang van den J…
947 wordsSECTION 998Section 998
( ) ” ‘face ,, ” Pe p- 6392, (c) 5, ‘glory ,, + 2° P- 680». d ‘name ,, ‘,, ' p- 640%. ” 4. Images of Jahweh, p. 641». (a) The pesel, p. 641». (b) ,, ‘ephéd, p. 641>. (c) ,, téraphim, p. 642%. (d) Jeroboam’s golden bulls, p. 643+. 6. Angels and half-mythological figures, p. 6434. (a) Béné’élohim, mal’akh, p. 643 f. (b)…
970 wordsSECTION 999Section 999
Sometimes only a literary 1. The ‘word’: difference between actual address and form finally committed to writing, : 676b. 2. Devices of style adopted for purpose of eighten- ine the effect of the address, p. 6774. : 3. Symbolical actions : (a) in Isaiah, p. 677; (6) in Jeremiah, p. 677» ; (c) in Ezekiel, p. 678% ; (d)…
921 wordsSECTION 1000Section 1000
Israel, p. 7114. . Prophecies in which particularism is more or less overcome, p. 711». . Special blessings reserved for the new Jerusalem, p. 7124, . Traces of ‘legal’ religion, p. 712%. . Messianic expectations, p. 7134. . Approaches to apocalyptic, p. 713. ) . Apocalyptic proper. The Book of Daniel, p. 7144…
900 wordsSECTION 1001Section 1001
3ACON, Rev. BENJAMIN WISNER, M.A., D.D., ' Professor of New Testament Criticism and In- terpretation in Yale University, New Haven. enealogy of Jesus Christ. BANKS, Rev. JoHN S., D.D., Professor of System- atic Theology in the Headingley College, Leeds. Conversion, Hardening, Hope, Jealousy, Joy, Justice, Liberty, M…
905 wordsSECTION 1002Section 1002
CONYBEARE, FRED. C., M.A., formerly Fellow of University College, Oxford. Areopagus, Armenian Version of Old Test., Armenian Version of New Test., Athens, Epicureans, Essenes, Greece (Hellenism), Patmos. Cooxr, Rev. G. A., M.A., Dalkeith; formerly Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Bethel, Deborah, Gaal, Gideon, Hagg…
902 wordsSECTION 1003Section 1003
Harris, J. RENDEL, M.A., Litt.D., Principal and Lecturer, Settlement for Social and Religious Study, Woodbrooke ; late Fellow and Librarian of Clare College, Cambridge. Exodus and Journey to Canaan [jointly with A. T. Chapman], Sibylline Oracles [Ext. ], Sinai. : Hastines, Rev. JAMES, M.A., D.D., St. Cyrus, Kineardin…
911 wordsSECTION 1004Section 1004
MARSHALL, Rev. JOHN TURNER, M.A., Principal of the Baptist College, Manchester. : Asmodeus, Baruch (exclusive of Apocalypse of), Bel and the Dragon, Corban, Jannes and Jambres, Jeremy (Epistle of), Pre-existence of Souls, Raphael, Shekinah, Susanna, Three Children (Song of the), Tobit, Uriel, Zepha- niah (Apocalypse o…
910 wordsSECTION 1005Section 1005
Lamp, Oven, Spinning, Tanner, Weaving ; and a few shorter articles on similar subjects. Post, Rev. GEorGE, M.D., F.L.S., Professor in the American College, Beyrout, Syria. Natural History ; and nearly all the articles on the plants and animals of the Bible. PoucHER, Rev. JoHN, M.A., D.D., Professor in De Pauw Univer…
913 wordsSECTION 1006Section 1006
peeiel Holiness (in OT), Righteousness (in ). Smitu, Rev. GEorGE ApAm, M.A., D.D., LL.D., Professor of Hebrew in the United Free Church College, Glasgow. Antioch (in Syria), Arbela, Bashan, Carmel, Isaiah, Itureea, Joshua (person, and Book of), Trachonitis. STANTON, Rev. VINCENT HENRY, M.A., D.D., Fellow of Trinity …
906 wordsSECTION 1007Section 1007
Cistern, Conduit, Judea, Megiddo, Pool, Salamis, Salecah, Salem, Salim, Samaria, Sa- maria (Kingdom of), Samos, Saramel, Seleucia, Senaah, Seneh, Senir, Shaalbim, Shaalim, Shaaraim, Shalem, Shalishah, Shallecheth, Shamir, Shechem, Shihor, Shihor -libnath, Siloam, Soco, Sorek, Sychar, Taanach, Tabor, Tamar, Telaim, Tela…
901 wordsSECTION 1008Section 1008
iv. 390? (Stenning). ii. 597% (Conder) ; iv. 456» (Nicol). i. 19° (H. A. White). i, 20%, i. ih Z ib 20°. ie 40s i. 20° (Massie). 789° (Margoliouth) ; Ext. 85* (McCurdy). iv. 507% (Post). i. i. Pele pee ee ee 20°, 20°(Price). [See Agade, Akkad]. . 21” (Hastings). . 22° (Stewart). . 229 (J. O. F. Murray). . …
907 wordsSECTION 1009Section 1009
atl ot ot Dd be pe ete ete ete pee i. 45°. ii. 40875 (Swete); iii. 665», 668° (Hastings). 1, 45%. i. 45°; iii. 326% (Mac- alister). j. 45* (Henderson). i, 45. i, 45> (Hastings). 1s 45: i. 45°. i, 5212 (Poucher). i. 46°. i. 467 (Hastings). Ext. 96> (Schiirer). i. 467 (Moss). i. 2249-997 (Hommel). [See Acc…
905 wordsSECTION 1010Section 1010
Almsgiving . Almug. Aloes, Lign Alees Aloft Alogi Along . : Alpha and ees Alphabet Aramean . Egyptian . Hebrew, Square Israelitic or Pheeni- clan Moabite Nabateean Sidonian . Syriac Alpheus . IMG ye e : : Asylum . . Hearth Horns A A of Ahaz . ° of Burnt-offering of Incense ‘. pre-Deuteronomic pre-Historic …
1,241 wordsSECTION 1011Section 1011
Anger . C ‘ Anger (Wrath) of God Angle . Anglo-Saxon Versions Aniam . : c ; Anim . C ° . Animism . ° ° Animal Kingdom Animals, Clean and Unclean Sacred, in Egypt in Greece in Israel in relation to bode Anise . Ankle- cs Anklets Anna . Annas . Annis (Apo. ) Annunaki Annus (Apoc.) é Annuus (Apoc.) . < Anointing . - . …
982 wordsSECTION 1012Section 1012
Apollyon Apoplexy Apostasy Apostle Apostles, Gospel of the Twelve Apostolical Chur ch Or dinances Apostolical tions . : Apothecary . . Constitut Appaim Apparel Apparently . Apparition . Appeal. Appease Appertain Apphia Apphus (Apoc.) Appius, Market of Apple . : 5 c Ext. 436°. Ext. 435+. Ext. 433% Ext. Ex…
908 wordsSECTION 1013Section 1013
INDEX OF SUBJECTS i. 148” (Macpherson). i. 148> (Macpherson) ; ii. 16° (Woods). 140* (Sayce) ; (Schiirer). fae Ext. 94* i. 1499(A. R. S. Kennedy); iv. 665%; Ext. 628% (Kautzsch), i512 xt o2s? (Kautzsch). Joe OO le ame hx te O2s 2 (Kautzsch). je . 151* (Macpherson), 184” (Hommel). . 151* (Mackie). i. 661 (Cru…
925 wordsSECTION 1014Section 1014
and Religion Ships Writing Numerical signs Astad, Astath att ) Astarte : Asterius Astonied Astonished . Astrologian iii. 449", Ext. 299» (Fairweather). li. 8024 (Chase). iii, 448», 1, io ee fod ee . Oa OC SO oO ee a old be te pte pete 177° (Hommel) ; Ext. 535%, 546 (Jastrow). 1762 (Price), 189* ff. (Hommel…
905 wordsSECTION 1015Section 1015
Gi, 123% ter, 123>dis, O40, Ob ee 2622 202 (Curtis); iv. 843> [Uz- ziab]. 1. 207%. iv. 755% (Marshall). i, . 207%; ii, 122%, re pe 207°. 207 (Driver), 5912 (Whitehouse); Ext. 288° (Fairweather), 618%, 721» (Kautzsch). Azaziah S Z 1, 208%; ii, 125> ds, Azbuk . 1. 2087. Azekah . 1. 208? (Conder). Azel : 5 atk PARI…
934 wordsSECTION 1016Section 1016
mel). Ext. 581°. i, 230° (Pinches). i, 230° (Aglen). i. 230° (Moss). Tole i. 608* (Jevons). i. 231%, Ext. 190* (Wiedemann). 1, 231%. Keats . 2314 (Post). Q3 1b) 231» (Mackie). avn, 232°, 232, 232, iii. 461» (Millar). ee 2e ion 1 239 (Stenning) ; 617° (Warren). 2 PRP. . 232); ii. 136. 5 RAD, ae f…
902 wordsSECTION 1017Section 1017
alister). 2602 (Post). i. 260> (Ewing). . 260° (Post). iii. 226 (James), 518" (Cowan); iv. 256 ff. (F. C. Porter). iii. 518* (Cowan), (Kénig); iv. (F. C. Porter). i. 5237 (Poucher). i. 261" (Plummer); Ext. 14°22 (Votaw). ry Pee ee ee ee ee ee te pe aoe iv. me ne ee 567" 258* SUBJECTS Beatitude— Compar…
906 wordsSECTION 1018Section 1018
[Malobathron]. . 279* (Conder). 279°. hi, Wea QT9Ps ii. 177%. . 279» (Conder). . 280" (Henderson). . 280 [Beth-haram]. . 280%. . 280° (Aglen). 280°. . 280° (Chapman). . 281* (Selbie). _ 281%, 277% [Beth-biri]. . 281 (Conder) ; ii. 127, 1287 (Curtis). [See Inn}. pete pede pete pede bee pete pete i, 281°, …
904 wordsSECTION 1019Section 1019
ete ee ee ete te pte pe ees “ee eee He ete te pe pee ee a i. 8492 (Bennett) ; ii. 341*. i. 301%; ii. 131. th GAUL ED i. 301 (Gwatkin), 434? ff. (Gayford). i. 302%, 434> (Gayford). i. 301 f., 440°. iii. 843% (Gibb). iv. 771° (Lock). i. 302°. iv. 858> (Milligan); Ext. 250 (J. H. Lupton). i. 302 (Mackie). i. 3…
906 wordsSECTION 1020Section 1020
Lem 202 (Azehe Se iKen= nedy), 625° (Mackie). . 320% (Mayor). 521> (Poucher); ii. 173+: > (Selbie). . 326* (Flinders Petrie), 448% (Hull). . 326> (Plummer). . 327% (Plummer). . 327 (Plummer). 3287 (Mackie) ; 369°, 373-> (Buhl). 302° (Mackie). iv. 751» ff. (Post). 1. 328° (Barnes). 1. 328% (Hull). i. 328” (…
909 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.