PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
Dictionary of the Apostolic Church — Volume 2
James Hastings · 991,000 words · 974 reading sections
Section 421
Entirely in keeping with Ro 6-8 are all St. Paul's references to the new spiritual life. He assumes that it has had a miraculous beginning (note his use of the past tense : StKataOepres, eXevBepudivrf!, KXrjB^fTe!, r)ytaiTfj.^mi), but be lays the emphasis upon the ethical endeavour, which alone can make the potential a…
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1 Peter is full of the exultant expression of a rich religious experience. The metaphor of re- generation aiipe.irs several times. It is used to ex- press the utterly new life which belongs to the person who has attained a hope of resurre<-tion and heavenly glory (di'a7ei'^^<ro5, V). Again, Christians are said to be be…
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the evidence of this is love of the brethren (4"^ 3"). The ethical quality of regeneration is still more emphatically stated — 'whatsoever is begotten of God doelh no sin' (3" 5'*). Thus mankind is divided into children of God and children of the devil, each living according to the paternal nature that is in them (3"- …
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RELIGION. — The uses of the word ' religion ' in the apostolic writings may be classified umler three heads. 1. In Gal !"'• 'louSaiVr^os is twice translated ' the Jews' religion.' St. Paul reminds the Galatians tliat they had heard of his manner of life aforetime when he followed Judaism, and that they knew his profic…
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2. Ro 11', Xelixixa (WH, Xf/i/i") : ' Even 80 then at this present time also there is a remnant according to the election of grace.' The comparison here is with the ' seven thousand men ' who during the religious persecution of Ahab's reign bad not 'bowed the knee to Baal' (1 K 19'*). The refer- ence, as in 9'-'', is t…
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How is this wish caused? Hitherto, we have met no reference in the NT to the 'godly sorrow' for sin emphasized by Ezekiel. In converts from heathenism there might be fear at a threatened catastrophe (of. the Philippian jailer) but not sorrow. In one passage, however, St. Paul is led to develop very clearly the influenc…
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The same absence of interest in abstract analysis explains the silence of the NT on the question of the relative parts played by man and God in re- pentance. The attitude of tlie NT writers is rather that of the normal believer, who knows that his attitude of mind changed (see above), and that he once willed a very dif…
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The passage so used is an interesting example of the way in which St. Paul takes OT phraseology out of its original context and employs it for his own purjpose. In the hands of one who viewed Ps 68 as Messianic in its reference, this procedure was both legitimate and appropriate. In 1 Ti 3' the Apostle, enumerating th…
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The passage in He 6' where ad6Ki/io! is used not of persons but of the land is, taken in connexion with its preceding context, very suggestive. The land which drinks in the rain and brings forth the looked-for crop receives blessing of God, but that REPROOF RESPECT OF PERSONS 319 which rereives tlie same benign inf…
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H. CARLSS J. SlUNKLL. REPUTATION.— This word occurs in four pas- sages of the AV. In each case it is employed as a rendering of a diflerent Greek adjective or verb, and in each case the RV uses .some other expres- sion wliicli translates the Greek somewhat more literally and exactly. 1. Ac 5'* speaks of Gamaliel as a…
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In the sub-apostolic writings irpoa-aroXti/iil'ta oc- curs only in Polycarp, ad Phil. vi. 1. Elders are warned that they should be compassionate and merciful, dTrex6p.€voL 7rd(7r;s ipyv^, TpoautiroXtjpi^Las, Kpicreui! ddUov. The negative adverb occurs in 1 Clem. i. 3 (dTrpoiraiTroX^MTrrajs yap Trdvra iiroietTe) and in…
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The ' restoration of all things ' of which St. Peter spoke was thus not a restoration in the large sense of a Universalist doctrine, but a moral and spiritual recovery of Israel such as Malachi had foretold and St. John proclaimed in preaching the baptism of re- pentance. That St. Peter at this stage of his career coul…
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LiTF.RATi-HE.—S. Cot, Sn/rafor jWi/ii(ii, 1877; F. W. Farrar, Kfrynul IlofH', ]S7S : O. Riemann. />i> Lehre von dfr Apokata- stasi.'i, Issit ; S. D. F. Salmond, Chriiitian Doi-.l.riuf. of hnvior- talily, 1SU5, pp. 44!) IT., 64211.; ortt. ' Restoration ' in UDB, ' Apokatastasis' in P/iKS. J. C. LaMBKRT. 322 KESTORATION…
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The roots of eschatology have been found to be far more widely spread in early civilizations than was formerly believed, and of all the conceptions of eschatology none has a more varied and compli- cated history than the conception of the resurrec- tion. It is not our task to trace out its roots in the ancient past. Bu…
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The author of the Book of Wisdom also held the eternity and evil of matter, and, in spite of some objections, it is most probable that he held the pre-existence of the soul (8"'- -"). The body, even if ' undeliled,' is nevertheless 'corruptible' (9"), and clogs and imprisons the s(j\i1. Hence ' immor- tality ' (8"), ' …
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, The most important point, however, in these two apocalyptic works is the suggestion of the doc- trine of a first resurrection which appears explicitly in the NT. This germ of the idea of a first resur- rection appears especially in 4 Ezr. vii. 28, xiii. 52 (see Charles, Eschatology, p. 133 ff.). For the Rabbinical v…
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KESUERECTION RESURRECTION 325 ness as Son of God, possessing that clianuter. There was soinetliing in His life wliich made this special act of power possible in His case. In addi- tion to this, another element in the experience is introduced, viz. faith. Not St. Paul only, as in 2 Co 4"", but the early Church in gen…
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The tendency of this double working of the inter- pretation of the death and resurrection of Christ was to disturb the outline of the old eschatology. We can see in 1 Thess. the stress laid on the first resurrection, that of believers to the likeness of Christ ; then in 1 Cor. the outline of the eschato- logical scheme…
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The general tendency of the Epistle seems to point to what Charles calls a spiritual resurrection, the belief which, as we have already seen, was characteristic of Alexandrian Judaism. But it is impossible to draw any conclusions from this Epistle as to the place of the resurrection in the general scheme of eschatology…
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(■2) There is also the possibility that the author, who seems to distinguish the Church from the remnant of Israel and the slain martyrs of the tribulation, may have regarded the ra])lure and resurrection which St. Paul contemplates in 1 'I'll 4 as having already taken place. The difficulty of interpreting the symbolic…
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6. The Apostolic Fathers. — (a) 1 Clement. — The author of 1 Clement in a curious passage (chs. 24-26) proves the doctrine of the future resurrec- tion along the lines of St. Paul's proof in 1 Co 15. He uses the analogy of day and night, of the seed sown, and finally the myth of the phoenix, to illus- trate his view. B…
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saints and gave them the seal of baptism. It is remarkable that Hermas, speaking of the apostles, says, ' they went down alive and came up alive,' in contrast witli the OT saints who ' went down dead and came up alive.' It is difticult to extract much coherency from the rambling visions and paraliles of Hermas, but ap…
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LrrERATURE.— See Literature of art. Parousia, and, in addition, F. C. Burkitt, Jewish and Christian Apocalypses (Sctiweich Lectures for 1914), London, 1914 ; R. H. Charles, Studies in the Apocalypse, Edinburgh, 1913 ; W. O. E. Oesterley, The Books of the Apocrypha, London, 1914. S. H. HOOKE. RESURRECTION OF CHRIST. L…
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Thus through the Resurrection Jesus is pro- claimed not only as 'Messiah' (3'"-^ 4=°-^), hut a^ ' Lord ' (1=' 2='- 33. 30 3'"- '^ 5" 10'«), ' Saviour ' (5^' 4'^ ' In none other is there salvation '), ' Prince of life ' (3" 5"), and ' Judge of quick and dead ' (lO", repre- 330 KESURRECTION OF CHRIST RESURRECTION OF CH…
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The long struggle between nature and spirit was concentrated climactically in the body of Jesus, and by His bodily resurrection from death and the grave — and what other kind of resurrection from the grave could there be? — victory is shown to remain with .spirit. Death itself, the crowning manifestation of the seeming…
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II. The apostolic evidence for the fact. — i. The pri.mary evidence.— In proceeding to examine the evidence for the fact it should be remarked, to begin with, that this is much wider than is often represented. The historical evidence presented in the NT narratives — upon the examin- ation of which the truth of the Resu…
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ii. The documentary evidence.— With this fundamental and primary evidence for the Resur- rection before us, we pass to consider what is commonly called ' the historical evidence,' that presented in the NT documents or narratives. 1. The witness of St. Paul. — The earliest docu- mentary evidence to the fact of the resu…
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(2) The significance of the term used in reference to tlie resurrection of Clirist has to be noted as setting forth St. Paul's conception of the nature of the event. He does not say simply, ' He rose on the third day,' but, ' He hath been raised (iy-qyeprai.) on the third day.' The use of the perfect tense signifies th…
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Jewish writings (see, e.g., T. K. Cheyne, liihle Problems, London, 1904, p. 113). In answer to this it is sufficient here to note that St. Paul claims to stand in this matter precisely on the .same ground as the earlier apostles. The gospel he had i>rcaclied to the Corinthians in its two great affirmations^ the atoning…
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But there is nothing to show that he considers his enumeration exhaustive. Indeed, there is every- thing against it. The statement here given is almost as condensed as it could possibly be, and it is diffi- cult to see how it could ever be mistaken for an ex- haustive evidential account of the proofs of Christ's resurr…
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KESUKRECTION OF CHRIST KESUKRECTIUX OF CHRIST 335 those 'more than five hundred' were still livintr and could he interrogated by his readers for tliemselves as he hud douhtless interroi,'atoii them. Of this appearance the Apostle makes nuich, im:ludin}j; it even in a summary list ; as well indeed he nnght, for, even …
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'all the apostles.* To realize the weiglit of tliis testimony it must be taken as a whole and not in its isolated parts. The number and variety of the persons to whom the manifestations were made, as well as the character and status of the witnesses and tlie simultaneous jicrception by many, make this a stat(-*ment of …
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Two passages in particular have been adduced : 2 Co 12'-9, Gal l"'-. To take the latter first: ' When it was the good pleasure of God, who separated me even from my mother's womb, and called me through his grace, to reveal his Son in me (iv ifxoL), that I miglit preach him among the Gentiles.' That this revelation refe…
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The chief variations concern (i.) the effect of the appearance upon St. Paul's companions : in the first account they are described as 'hearing the voice but beholding no man' (9^, aKoi/ovm fjikv rfji (ftwi'ij?, fxT}&eva. Si deojpovvTe?) ; in the second it is said, ' They beheld indeed the light, but heard not the voic…
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Various attempts have been made to explain the appearance on purely natural grrounds. Any explanation, to be satisfac- tory, must be able to give a sufficient reason for the greatness of "the revolutionary change referred to in the persecutor's experience, with its lasting moral and spiritual efTects, (i.) Taken to thi…
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St. Paul's own uniform representation of his mental condition on his way to Damascus is not th.aiof doubtful misgiving, but of conscious rectitude unrhsturbed by the least shadow of doubt that in persecuting the Christians even to death, be was doing RESURRECTION OF CHRIST KKSUUUKCTiO.N OF CHRIST duty to do nmny ^h.…
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narrative is lost, and the P/esen „^arly all exunt MhS appendix; but the fact that it ap,|ar ^^^^^^ ^^ ^ ^, and versions points to an earlj u^^ . ^^^^^ ^^me two ?el.ation with Mark. h.mse\tO Tten a^^^^^^^^ The fuller narratives, going behind ^ne for different classes of writers, Matthew and Luke wnling ^ ^^^^^^^ ^,…
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The witness to the Resurrection in the Gospels may be thus exhihited : {a) Emiity grave on the third day (Mk 15^--108, Mt 27■''-28^ Lk 2-S''"-24^' *"•-■*', Jn 19^20'^) ; and (b) post-Kesurrection upi)ear. ances {Mk [App.] IG^--^, Mt 28-'--^ Lk 24i'-^, jj^ .2(jN-29 21 [App.], Gospel ace. to Hebrews^ xii. 50-57, Gospel o…
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It need not be denied that some details of the narratives may possibly be unhistorical or legendary. In Matthew's story, (^.g., about the resurrection of many bodies of the saints, and their appearance to many after the Resurrection (27&i'^-), we seem to have something akin to what we find in the Apocrypha! Gospels (cf…
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Cheyne, Bihle Prohlem.i, p. 110 If.). The OT hints and pre-Christian Messianic belief alone or com- bined with the predictions of Jesus, it is repre- sented, naturally took shape in the belief in the Resurrection on the third day, or were the pre- disposing cause for tliis belief. The belief createil the Resurrection r…
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The list of the appearances given in the various narratives is as follows : (1) Mark's account (in the genuine portion) records none. But the abrupt way in which the narrative breaks oil' in the middle of a sentence at 16" ('for they were afraid of . . .' [Moli'att]) points to the fact that the writer meant to add som…
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3i2 KKSURRECTIUN OF CHRIST RESURRECTION OF CHRIST two or three distinct occasions as if tliey were con- tinuous, knowing that facts well known in the Church would lender impossible the supposition that all the events recorded took place in a single day. (ii.) The scene or locality of the appearances. — More serious …
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This interpretation, however, is refuted by the facts recorded. It is, as J. Weiss calls it, ' a scientilic legend.' The oldest tradition expressly mentions that on the very night of the flight Peter was found in the high priest's palace (Mk 14'* ; cf. Mt 26^5-8) and there thrice denied his Lord. The message .sent to t…
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The difi'erent interests or points of view of the Evangelists will determine the perspective in which the facts are viewed, and the diBerent aspects of the facts emphasized. Matthew, e.g., is occupied throughout his Gospel with the Galilajan ministry of Jesus as that in which he beheld the fullilment of Jewish prophecy…
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There are two other considerations which may be brought forward in support of the restriction of the appearances of the Ki.sen Christ to His disciples, (i.) This limitation or restriction is in keeping with Christ's manifestations during His earthly life. To appear to outsiders, to His op- ponents or enemies or men gen…
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III. The apostolic witness to the NATURE OF Christ's Resurrection-Body.— That the grave was found empty on the third day, that on the same day He appeared to His disciples, and that these appearances, succeeding upon the empty grave, had already given rise on the third day to a belief in the Resurrection, are facts his…
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(2) Further, the body in which He appeared was a body identical (or continuous) with the body which He had on earth, and which had suffered on the Cross and been laid in the tomb. Apart from the fact that the grave in which the body of Jesus had been laid on the Friday evening was found empty on the morning of the thir…
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' He appeared to them in another form ' (iv iripg. Mop0»), says the Mk. App. of the manifestation to tlie two on the way to Emmaus. That the words mean only that to the two on the way to Emmaus He presented a different appearance from that to Mary Magdalene (possibly, as Alford suggests, through His dress being changed…
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I. 2) it is stated that the bodies of the dead shall be raised exactly as they were when committed to the ground. After this has been done for purposes of recognition by friends, a glorious change will take place : ' they shall be made like unto the angels, and be made equal to the stars, and they shall be changed into…
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ii. Thk witness of St. Paul. — St. Paul's teaching on the nature of the Resurrection-Body as 'spiritual' is but the further carrying out of the teaching of the forty days, and is intelligible only against the background of the appearances of Christ's risen body, reports of which he would receive from first-hand witness…
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LrrERATlTRB. — On the Resurrection-Body see E. M. Goulburn, The Resurrection of the Bod ii(BL), London, 1850; J. H. Skrine, CR Ixxxvi. [1904] 860-871; 'The Resurrection-Body: a Study in the History ot Doctrine,' CQR Ixviii. [1909] 138 ft. ; R. H. Charles, Eschalology, Helrrew, Jevnsh and Chrintian, London, 1899 ; R. C.…
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(4) Through the Resurrection the Divinity of Jesus was establislied. He was shown to be not only Messiah but the Son of God. A unique rela- tion to Goil He had Himself claimeil. Tlie title ' Son of God,' indeed, is very rarelj' found applied by Jesus to Himself. More often it is used to describe the impression made by …
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(2) In this brief letter Jesus is more than twenty times referred to as 'Lord' (Ki'rpws). The dis- ciples had been in the habit of addressing their Master as ' Lord ' during His lifetime, using the term as a title of authority in a sense not very different from that in which any Rabbi might be addressed by his pupils (…
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In his First Epistle St. Peter represents the same point of view in slightly fuller and more developed form. The Spirit of God is definitely spoken of as ' the Si>irit of Christ' (1") ; and although the title 'Son of God' is not um|iloyed, we find the ex- pression ' the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ' (!■'), …
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Already in the primitive Christian community, following hints of the Lord Himself in His earthly and then in His post- Resurrection teaching, we have the atoning significance of the Death represented. That Jesus ' died for our sins according to the scriptures ' — not only the fact of the Death but its atoning si^ifican…
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Since therefore Jesus — the man Jesus — was raised from the grave, the faith in the Resurrection grounded in the life of fellowship with God has received its final seal and assurance. The res\ir- rection of those who are His is guaranteed — ' For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so them also that are …
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This is most strikingly expressed by St. Paul, for whom the greatness of the Resurrection, as the supreme manifestation of Divine power ('the sur- passing greatness of his power,' Eph 1" [Moflatt]), consisted in the fact that it was not merely the raising of Jesus from the dead, but His exaltation and enthronement ' in…
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2 Co 3'^ Gal 2=», etc.) ; (3) as the Spirit oi power, to enable men to be effective witnesses in word and life to the Risen Christ (Ac 1« 3'- 4', etc.). The function of the Spirit was thus to realize a new kind of fellowship between Christ and His followers VOL. II. — 23 — a spiritual fellowship with a living, every…
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Apparently we siiould interpret the apostolic language {e.ff. He 4'^ ' that we may find grace to help in time of need,' grace for timely suc- cour) as implying that the intercession of Christ is not a continuous unvarj'ing representation to God on behalf of men on the part of the Exalted Clirist, but an intercession wh…
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But this is not adequate to the Pauline thought. The Resurrection is necessary to our justification, not merely because of the ditt'erence it makes to us as certifying the atoning efficacy of the Death and thus evoking faith in us, but also because of the difference it makes to Christ Himself. It marks the point at whi…
921 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1915–1916); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.