PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
Dictionary of the Apostolic Church — Volume 2
James Hastings · 991,000 words · 974 reading sections
Section 841
It was a common eschatological idea that before the Judgment could come evils of all kinds would greatly increase. This idea is found, e.g., in the Apocalyptic Discourse, and the coining of great tribulation is predicted (Mk 13'"; cf. Zeph V\ Dn 12'). ' The inhabitants of the earth . . . shall fall into many tribulatio…
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620 TKOAS TEOPHIMUS ' to lead about in a conspiciioiis manner,' for which Lietzniann quotes conobonitive instances from Suiilas. The KV ' leadelh vis in triumph ' is felici- tously ambiguous. Kouert Law. TROAS (Tp<()ds). — Troas was a seaport on the N.W. cojist of Asia Minor, opposite the island of Tenedos, midway …
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TROPHIMUS(T/)60iMos).—Trophimuawasa Chris- tian convert belonging to Ephesus (Ac 21-") and a companion of the apostle Paul on his third mis- sionary journey (20''). He is called along with Tychicus an Asian (Amavoi), and the two appear together as deputies of the Ephesian church, by which they were appointed to carry t…
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^. TRUTH. — In the apostolic documents thesimplest meaning given to ' truth ' is that of sincerity. St. P.iul, writing of the dificrent motives that had im- pelled people to make known the gospel of Christ, declared that he rejoiced that Clirist w .-is iiroclaimecl 'whether in imiteiu'C or in truth' (I'll 1"*). The sa…
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One source of progressive knowledge was found by the apostles in the facts of their experience, an experience that covered not only their fellowship with Christ in the days of His flesh, but also the mighty working that followed His ascension to the right hand of God. This may be illustrated by the advance in truth tha…
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Literature. — W. M. Ramsay, Historical Ctymiiuntary on St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, London, 1S99, pp. 3Sl ff., saat. Thomas Nicol. TWELVE.— See Numbers. TWIN BROTHERS.— See Dioscuri. TYCHICOS (Tt/x'^As, ' fortunate ').— Tychicus was an Ejihesian Christian who joumeyed with St. Paul from Macedonia to Asia and…
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2. Origin of the idea. — The typological idea, as it meets us in the NT, is not a peculiar or isolated phenomenon, but a natural outgrowth from the more general conception of the OT revelation as pro]ihetic, and of Jesus and the gospel as fulfilling the hope and promise made to the fathers. The forward look of their ow…
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(3) 'The Epistle to the Hebrews. — In this Epistle we find the typological interpretation of the OT carried to its fullest results. Conceiving of religion as a covenant between God and man, the author's purpose is to prove to his Jewish readers that Christianity, the religion of the New Covenant, is better than Judaism…
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VOL. 11. — 40 St. Paul and the author of Hebrews have done for their types of the Christian present. In the mess- ages to the Seven Churches, it is true, lie deals with existing situations, and the use which he niuke.s in this connexion of OT types does not diller in character from what we find in other books of the N…
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LiTERATDRE.— P. Fairbaim, The Typolnijy of Scripture*, 2vol3., Edinburgh, 1864; CE, s.v. ; B. Weiss, Biblical Theo- loqy 0/ ST, Eng. tr., 2 vols., Edinburjih, 1882-83; W. Beyschlag, NT Theology, Eng. tr.2, do., 1908. J. C. Lambert. TYRANNUS ('Yvpavvoi).—ln the narrative of St. Paul's sojourn at Ephesus we are told th…
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Literature.— R. J. Knowling, EGT, ' Acts," 1900, p. 404 ; W. M. Ramsay, The Church in the Roman Empire, 1893, p. I.'i2, .S(. Pavl the Traveller and the Komnn Citizen, 1895, p. 270 f., art. 'Tvrannus' in UDB; A. C. McGiffert, History oj Christianity in the Apostolic Ane, 1897, p. 285 ; F. J. A. Hort, Judaistie Christian…
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Three chief questions were raised by this unbelief of the Jews. (1) Did this unbelief not cancel the early ]iromises made by God ? (2) Did this unbelief not defeat God's jil.an ? (3) Could God's salvation be complete apart from the Jewish people? These questions are dealt with by St. Paul in the Epistle to the Romans i…
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Christ and Lord. To the apostles this faith had so wondrously purified their hearts and enlightened their minds that they could hardly conceive of a faith that omitted some of tlie great essential truths. An example of this pliase may be found in the Corinthian church, where many failed to believe in the resurrection o…
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It may be noted that when the two terms ' in- corruptibility' (atpBapala) and 'immortality' (dfla- vaiTla) are set side by side in 1 Co 1.5*^- ", we are not to understand the former as applying to the body and the latter to the soul. In classical Gr. such a distinction might be valid, but not in the NT. If ■\ve read of…
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By St. Paul this prc-exislcut Divine principle or power of Deity, termed in llu^ Fourth (Jospet 'the Word,' is represented as already personal, and as becoming man by an act of voluntary condescension or 'self-emptying' motived by love (2 Co 8", 'Ye know the gr.ace of our Lord Je.sus Christ, that. 630 UNION WITH GOD …
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Equally removed is their conception from a philo- sophic dualism like that of Plato, which would erect matter into a principle of being co-eternal with God the supreme Spirit, and serving, as the source of evil, to oppose an insurmountable limit to His omnipotence and infinitude. Yet in the apostolic doctrine of the e…
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Sin is represented, in apostolic thought, as causing alienation and separation of man from God, with all the bitter consequences flowing therefrom (Ko 5'-, 1 Jn 3», Ja 1"). Though man's being, as man, is rooted and grounded in the Divine Logos (Ac 17"'), yet sinful men are not in spiritual vinion with the holy God as s…
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Biirnnbas i\\\v\\s on the idea of believers being the spiritual temi)leof (Jod through the imlwelling presence of His Spirit in them {.Ep. of Barn. xvi.). In the 'reaching of the Twelve Apostles the union 632 UNITY U-NITY of the world with God through His creative activity and sovereign controlling power is recogn…
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2. Unity of mediation. — The explanation of the dualism we are conscious of in experience is not found, as in Gnosticism, in the transition from the transcendent God to the created universe. The unity of tiie Divine self-existence is not lost when related to other being ; its fullness is not portioned out in successive…
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victory is seen to be nothing less than the moral unifical inn of all existence. The ruin wrought by Adam and the redeiii)ition wrought by Christ seem to be co-extensive in human history (Ro T)'", 1 Co 15°-) ; and in the dispensation of the fullness of the times it is (lod's jiurpo.se to bring all things again into uni…
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Literature. — See the Commentaries on Acta ; also E. H. Plumptre, Movements in Religious Thoitttht, London, 1S79, p. 78 ff. F.'W. WOESLEY. UNLEAVENED BREAD.— See Passover. UNRIGHTEOUSNESS (iSida, subs, correspond- ing to d5i/(ei>' = to be dSiKos, i.e. out of harmony with dlK-q, 'established usage,' 'what is right and…
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UTTKKAXCE VKMiKAXCK t;;i."> well known to the reaJers of these siihitations. We shall suppose him to have been resident at the time of writing in Rome or in Ephesus, accordinf; to our view of the destination of Ho 16. 'In the adjective " our" the Apostle may inrliide with him- self either the pair he has just named …
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VENGEANCE The word 'vengeance' (^itSk-Tjiris), with its corresponding substantive 'avenger' {(kSl- Kos, 1 Th 4*, Ro 1,3'), is an essentiallj' NT word and never carries with it the suggestion of arbitrary or vindictive reprisals : it is always a just retribution, and a retribution inflicted by God Himself or His instru…
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The Jewish War provided Vespasian with an opportunity which he was not slow to seize. Judfea had always been a hot-bed of dissension, more particularly since the commencement of Roman rule. There were disputes between the Jews and the Syrians, risings, Messianic expecta- tions, and dissatisfaction with the procuratoria…
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The year 69 was notable chiefly for the continued prosecution of the Jewish War. IJefore loth .luly all the troojis in .ludica and Syria as well as Egypt, and certain client-princes, had taken the oath to Vespasian. The necessary military and linancial iprcparations were made to assert liisclaiiu against \ it^'llius. …
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converted into a statue of Apollo as the Sun-god, the protector of the Flavian house. It was after- wards removed by Hadrian, but the base is pre- served. Many pieces of public land in Rome, Italy, and the provinces which had been illegally taken possession of by private persons were taken back by the State. The bounda…
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VESSEL. — Though the drift of the passage ' That each one of you know how to possess him- self of his own vessel in sanctification and honour' ( 1 Th 4'') is clear, the e.\act meaning to be attached to 'vessel' (o-kcCos) has long been a matter of dis- pute. Some take it to refer to the body ; others interpret it as mea…
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VIPER VIRGIN, VIRGINITY on the one hand, and from the trespasses of sheep an<l cattle, whose partiality for vine-leaves is well known, on the other (cf. Ps 80'=- ", Ca 2'^, Is 5-). Apparently every vineyard had its own wine-press. In many cases it is ditticult to say whether the fruit-press under consideration was an…
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2. Quasi-metaphorical usage. — In Rev U'' Trap- Bivot is masculine (W. H. Simcox, Cambridge Greek Test., 'Revelation,' Cambridge, 1893, inloc., says this is the first example of this usage). In later ecclesiastical literature this usage becomes common, and 'virgins' is so used at times in our own lan- guage. Thus Jerem…
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{!>') The Idcit.i classirus for our subject is 1 Co 7™-^. St. Paul here discusses the question of t he marriage of virgins {i.e. maidens of marriageable age) as a specific instance of the question of marriage in general, and he does so not abstractly or exhaust- ively but in view of a definite situation. He makes it cl…
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(c) From 1 Ti 4' we learn that even in St; Paul's time there were those who forbade marriage, and in the 2nd cent, the luactice of abstaining from marriage became common. .Justin {Apul. i. 15) refers to many men and women of sixty and seventy who bad been from infancy disciples of Christ ami bad keiit themselves unpoll…
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(b) The guiding principle of Christian virtue is the ' royal law ' (.Ja 2*) — the loving one's neighbour as oneself. ' He that loveth his neigh- bour hath fulfilled the law' (Ro IS"- 14'= 15"-, 1 Co 8. 10=*, Gal 5'3, 1 Jn, etc.). The law of brotherly love limits the freedom of action which otlierwi.se might belong to t…
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The usual words in the NT are Spafia and dTrraata, the latter probably having a less objective signifi- cance th.an the former. In the report given to our Lord by the two disciples on their way to Emmaus of the vision of angels seen by the women, the word iwTaaia is used (Lk 24^). When St. Paul referred before Agrippa …
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In the A])OcaIypse 4iuvq is found very frequently. The formula 'I heard a voice 'or 'a creat voice ' or ' the voice that I heard ' (l'" 4' 5" 6«- ' 9'3 lO''- ^ 1210 142.13 Kji 184 191 2P) applies to the voice of God, or of the Lamb, or of the angel of Christ, or of one of the angels of the Presence or of the whole conc…
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In Ac 21^ reference is made to four members of the Church at Jerusalem who had a vow upon them. St. Paul had just returned from his third journey, and disquieting rumours had preceded him to Jerusalem. It was reported that he was teaching all the Jews of the Dispersion ' to forsake Moses, telling them not to circumcise…
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YOYAGE.— See Eoads AND Teavel, Paul. w WAITING. — 'Waiting involves expectancy or hope (q.v.), being related to an event or contingency regarded as still in the future. It finds varied expression in the ajiocalyptic atmosphere of early Christianity with its expectation of an immediate Parousia (q.v.). Of its more gen…
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The ' middle wall of partition,' necrdToixo" (fiTof \ey. in the NT) to5 (ppay/xoii of Eph 2", is a metaphor having its origin in the practice of building divid- ing walls, which were found between the rooms of ordinary houses, or between adjoining properties. While the figure of speech may well stand apart from the che…
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the same time, tlie working compromise at the opening of tlio 1st cent. A.l). covered hot ashes, Avhich might llanie up ; two elements still survived in Jewish religion — the intractable passion for national freeilnm and supremacy which was repre- sented in an extreme form by the Zealots, and the strain of militant uie…
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When the siege of Jerusalem by the Romans was imminent, the local Christians did withdiaw to Pella. Whether this was in consequence of the apocalyptic oracle preserved in the Synoptic tr.adi- tion, or whether this oracle reflects to some extent the cour.se of affairs, it is not easy to say. The main point of interest f…
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* Cf. F. Naumann, Briefe iiber Religimfi, Berlin, 1910, p. .'iSf., and C. Hargrove, 'The Warlike Context of the Gospels,' in HJ xiv. (1916) 366-379. t The true meaning of a passage like Mt 1034 was explained in the Clementine Recognitions, ii. 26-31, as Mic 7*^ was in well expressed in this beautiful description from…
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§ Except that of the strong man armed, in Mk 327 (cf. la 4924f., Ps. Sol. 54), etc., an allusion to His own defeat of Satan in the temptations. r WAR WAR 649 »!,„.•. nUo "iM where the npocAlvptic allusion o( Jlk. "'^\?r ,o 1m \-.nr» replaced lll.e conerele nn.l historical and iMt. to Un 11" i» "V'"'-, ', ':^,,V Th…
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So far as the goapeU go, it is ag:ain St. Luke's which 8U!:jp,estg that the ApostoHc Age had slightly affected the primitive outlook. Twice we meet suggestions of this kind. The first group (a) is less important, viz. the references in the birth narrative ; the second (6) in 18"f- carries more significance, (a) The fo…
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War, in the present, had been regarded by Israel as occasionally a pnnishment of the nation for wrong-doing ; the prophets had tanght that faith- lessness to Jahweh might be requited by invasion and defeat at the hands of a foreign power raised * There is a parallel (see, further, F. H. Chase, TS i. 3 [Cambridge, 1891…
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Living in an atmosphere which was charged with such militant elements, an atmosphere breathed by some of the most ardent and earnest * .Tosephus (liJ vi. 40) makes Titus ask hia troops connrJently, at tlie siege of Jerusalem. ' What do their dissensions arui famine and sie^'c mean, except that God's wrath is against t…
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' Let any one who has an ear listen : — Whoever is destined fur captivity, to captivity he goes : t whoever kills by the sword, by the sword must he he killed. This is what shows the patience and faith of the saints,' viz. abstaining from the use of force, when they were sent to prison or put to death for declining to …
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* Most of these ghastly touches {e.g., 14™ ; cf. En 1003) have precedents, if not sources, in i\\e militant apocalyptic messianism ; e.g. the formation of angelic hosts to destroy the wicked is a commonplace of the apocalyptic strategy against evil (which was supernaturalized). t It is only fair to contrast this with …
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• Sirach's naive retnark (ST^i^ '8 rather HifTcrent: ' A Dfood friend fights with one's enemy, And holds the shield up airainst adversaries : Forget not a comrade in conltict, And forsake him not when thou art taking spoil-* Still, this could be partially turned into metaphor, as by Julian (Orat. viii. 242a : toO in<…
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Hardly any passage is so vivid with military allusions, ex- cept the description • of the Christian armour in 1 Th 5^ and Ejih 6i**''-. The former reference to faith and love as the coat of mail, and the hope of salvation as the helmet of the Christian, implies (I) that faith in God and nmtual love are a unity, and tha…
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% ' He was covered by his helmet and breastplate at all parts of the body where he coiild be mortally wounded '(Jos. BJ\■^.8S). ** One of Tertullian's daring metaphors, in this line, is of the church, as it were, besieging God by prayer ('ad deuni, quasi manu facta, precationibus ambiaraus orantes ' [Apol. 39]). WAR …
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The rest of the paragraph is partly an echo of NT allusions, with the character.st.c addition ot the word on baptism. The ,efere.ice to desertion a reference as old as IMato (.1/.-;/. 28 D. the .unous refusal of Socrates to desert his post, wh.eh Kp.c- tetus [i. 9. 22 f.] quotes aga.nst .-ash and ^•'"•."■•".V suicide),…
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Later, in the early part of the 3rd cent., ]Minu- cius Feli.v, the Roman lawyer, betrays a genuinely humanitarian view in his dialogue ; he drops several remarks about war — e.g. about the rapa- cious policy of invasion and oppression which h.ad built up the Roman state (25), about the frequency of it (' When "was ther…
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* Subsequently, from Origen onwards, upon the ascetics as the real soldiers of God, and later still upon the monks. Pacho- mius, one of the founders of Egyptian monasticism. had been a soldier under Constantine, just as Loyola had been a Spanish officer before he founded the Jesuit order in the 16th century. WAR WAR …
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Tlieyaro ranked next to the a|>OKtlefl and the prophets: (hey are also promoted at doatli mon* rapidly than the rank and flic of the C^iurch militant. Titus, or at any rate JoM|>liuit (IIJ vi. 47). is sure that ' the »ouIh of hravc men, which are purled from their bodien hy the swortl in battle, are taken up by the eth…
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eoldiers do to Caesar. These hired soldiers swear to regrard tlie safety of C.Tsar (ihove all else ; will not you swear, and swear- inif keep your oath, when you have received such a numher of great boons? And your oath? Let it he this : never to disobey, never to blame, never to find fault with anythin-; he gives to y…
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The prevalence of these military symbols and images was so widespread in the period under survey that it is gratuitous to refer tlieir poi)uIarity and spread to any single origin. Tlie allusions in the Stoic philosophers were probably derived in tlie main from the contemporary vocabulary of the cults. But the use of su…
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For military service, as a symbol of devotion and an emblem of unflinching loyalty, did influence the mystery-religions and cults of the period J as well as Christianity. It is natural to expect this in the case of a cult like Mithraism, which was so popular in the army itsidf ; probably one of its attractions for sold…
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f Cf. Orenfell and Hunt, Oxyrhynehu* Papyri, xL tlBlt"! 190-220. 660 WAR WAR enrol himself in this iioly warfare ('da nomen sanctae iiuic niilitiae' [xi. 15]), and he adores the goddess as his saviour from fate and sin, as the deity who can shut and open the lower and the upper worlds. The moral aspirations and ho…
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t J. Toutain, Lea Cultes paiens dans I'empire romain, ii. ri911] 131. where He led and do their best, unhampered by any suspicion or doulit " of their lives being thrown away. When Christianity was to be put as a religion of loyalty, in which the oath of duty ruled out any personal choice or preference, the army furni…
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When we read of conflicts and wrangles in Ja 4"-, the writer t is referring to the private ani- mosities of Christians ; he is not laying down any philosophy of war and its causes in the outside world, but simply denouncing (cf. Ps 120', Mic S') the passions of greed, envy, and selfishness which stir up feuds in small …
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• Contrast a passage like Sir 361I"- (3930), where Ood ia expected to inten-ene with a militant stroke. A quailer of a century later IrunaMis echoed Justin's faith and hope from far-olf Gaul. The bishop agreed with the apolof;ist. He quotes the Isaianic prediction (iv. 34. 4) to the same eli'ect, as a direct pro])heey…
1,209 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1915–1916); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.