PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
Dictionary of the Apostolic Church — Volume 2
James Hastings · 991,000 words · 974 reading sections
Section 481
This spiritual resurrection through union with the Risen Christ St. Paul describes as lieing 'quickened together with him' and 'raised up with him and made to sit with him in the heavenly places, in Christ Jesus' (Epli 2^"). This renewal in which the Christian life consists is a manifestation in us of 'the power of his…
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Not only is Christ in His resurrection a ' firstfruit (1 Co 15-°, dirapx^)of them that have fallen asleep,' the promise and earnest of the resurrection of His followers ; He is further the dpxri (Col 1"), the ' first principle ' and potency of this resurrection. As death was grounded in Adam, so life is grounded in Chr…
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The difficulty or problem of the resurrection of the body St. Paul seeks to elucidate by means of the analogy or metajdior of the sowing of seed. It was an analogy already used by Jesus Himself (Jn 12-'), though, as writers of the ' religious-historical ' school especially maintain, the use of this analogy or metaphor …
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SUe"?: r^:^nilitLr-b^~ |Hi~ bearing on the question as to when the urncess nf tr„, J tion from the one kind of body to the oth^e takes I^ac^'andZe latter interpretation is in line with what we have seen to be St bfe nof'"'i "'"' "?T"K'' '•'''^'"°" to Christ the resurKction mate3°afte"r'L'a'tr' ""' P'"^''"^^'' ''^«*'- …
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358 RESURRECTION OF CHRIST RESURRECTION OF CHRIST supplied by the Apostle. As to the nature of the process or method by which the ' natural ' body will be changed at the Kesurrection into the 'spiritual' body, St. Paul never speculates. His interestwas practical, not theoretical. He waswrit- ing as a missionary, not …
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There are indeed those who hold that in 1 Co 15'-'' there is an explicit reference to the resurrection of unbelievers, interpreting rb riXos as 'the last act (of the resurrection)' (Meyer)or ' the remainder,' the rest of men, those not ' in Christ,' as forming a third rdyiia.. According to this view, a resurrection of …
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LlTK.RATt'iiK.— On the sii;iiiflcuiice of the UestnTcclion see W. Milligan, licsurn-cliim of our Lord, Loiuioii, IS&l, lectin. Iv., v., vi. ; B. F. Westcott,V,'i/.«i»'; of the lirmrreclionl, do., 1891, clla. ii. £111(1 iii. ; S. D. F. Salm'ond, Christian Dticlrinc of Immorialitu-^, KdinlJurnh, lOlll, bku. iv., v., vi. …
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But, apart altogether from the consideration that the theory in these different forms contra- dicts the historical evidence in vital points, and that to ascribe to fraud or mistake the rise of a belief with such revolutionary eft'ects in the thought and life of the disciples is altogether im- probable as an adequate ex…
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4. The objective vision or telegram hypothesis. — Iveim, realizing the difficulties of the last theory, advanced the hypothesis that the appearances, while essentially of the nature of visions, were not purely subjective — the result of the enthusiasm and mental excitement of the disciples — but real, objectively caus…
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The position thus stated has found con- siderable support, among both theologians and scientists. It is to ' the type of phenomena col- lected by the Society of Psychical Research, and especially by the late Mr. F. W. H. Myers,' that Lake, e.g., turns for help in understanding the nature of the appearances of the Risen…
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i'i) To i)lace the appearances of the Risen Christ on the same level as spiritualistic apparitions of the dead — no more miracu- lous or significant than they — given to assure the sorrowing disciples that their Master was still living in the world of spirits, thus ' making human experience in all ages akin,' is to eli…
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It is nothing new to draw comparisons or ana- logies between the NT story of the resurrection of Jesus and the mj'ths of the death and resurrection of gods in pagan religions. Celsus had already made a beginning in this direction. He compaied the NT narratives of the Resurrection with simil.ar mytlis in Greek story (se…
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be based on an alleged occurrence which it W&.1 within the power and in the interest ot many to disprove had it been hut amvth— the emptv grave on the third day together with His subsequent appearances. This was their own explanation ot the ethical and spiritual power which dittcrentiates their belief from that of alle…
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This position is open to objection on the follow- ing groiinils. (1) It is based on a view of the rela- tion of faith and liistory — an attempt to make faith independent of historical evidence — which cannot be accepted. Mere historical evidence, indeed, is incompetent of itself to generate true Christian faith ill the…
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But, it may be said, the Easter message, though tlius needful, from the point of view of the early Christian community, to re-establish their faith and thus set the Church agoing — all the more so that for them as Jews a resurrection without an empty grave was unthinkable — • is no longer nece.ssary to the Christian fa…
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The view of ' nature - miracle ' at the root of Sanday's position will be examined in the follow- ing section, but meanwhile two considerations may be urged in criticism of this depreciation of the bodily resurrection. (1) It is no doubt true that faith to-day is to be exercised directly in the Exalted and Glorified Lo…
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4. The 'supernatural-without-miracle' theory. — The real JH^^r/ of all theories which attempt to explain the apostolic belief in the Resurrection without accepting the full apostolic representation of the fact is the repugnance to the ailiiussion of the supernatural in any specific or unique sense in the physical real…
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ep:surrection of cheist REVELLliS'G 367 cedently expect that He would tniiiiifest Himself in new and unfamiliar ways. ' As witli the appear- aTice of man tlieie were iiitruduced new jiowers and properties unimaiiinalile from tlie animal jjoint of view and therefore from tliat point of view seemiii;;ly supernatural —…
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LiTER.\TrRE. — On the Resurrection and the supernaturatsee B. F. Westcott, Gospel of the Refi-urrecti/m^, London, 18S8, pp. 15-.S4 ; J. O. F. Murray, 'The Spiritual and Historical Evidence for Miracles,' in Cambridge 'J'heoloqical Essaps, ed. H. B. Swete, do., 1006, p. 311 ff,'; M. Dods, The Super- natural in Christian…
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From a combination of ixiadd^ and airoSlbwiu we get the late and non-clas.sical compound iiktB- airoSoirla, which word (with its corresponding fiia$- airoSdrrj!, He 11*) occurs in Hebrews only (2- \(fi' 11™) and nowhere else in the Greek Bible. RV trans- lates/i«rSa7ro56T7;s by ' rewarder,' hut fiurffairodoaiain each i…
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None of the various tJreek words for 'reward' occurs in 1 Peter, but the general idea of the con- summation of all things as a 'reward' to faith holds here, as it does in the teaching of Jesus ; cf. P, 'receiving the end of your faith, even the sal- vation of your souls.' This is the object of the ' hope ' to which rei…
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In view of the destruction of Reggio by earthqualte in 190S, when .S.5,000 out of 40,000 inhabitants perished, Strabo'a words, with their curious mingling of fact and fancy, are strilting. ' It was called Rhegium, as jEschylus says, because of the con- vulsion which had taken place in this region ; for Sicily was broke…
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punished by Cassius, who robV)ed her of her whole lleet (43 B.C. ), that she never again attained her old prosperity. V'^espasian made the island a part of the province of Lycia. Rhodes was the city of the famous Colossus. Two specimens of her art are the Lnoroon and the Toro Fitrnc.ie,. Her coins, with the Sun-god on…
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What Coleridge describes in the.se words resembles the character of the righteous °'; 3"^* nian as dis- tinguished from the good man. If we take Ciceio s definition of the good man as ' he who assists those whom he can, and hurts nobody' (' vir bonus est is qui prodest quibus potest, nocet nemini [rfe Offlciis, ni. 15.…
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of the Spirit. . , , . t, ,■ ,, We have, indeed, no exact equivalent in English * Quoted in S. Schechter's Some Aspects ofltabbinic Theolony. London, U109. p. 202 f. ,<>« ii 97s t Arabia Desertn. 2 vols., London, ISSS, u. 2ra ! Cf. the splendid description of J.««to(ri.v7) n Job -!»".«» social justice and goodness.…
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Even in more general passages, ' righteousness ' is the direct opposite to ' sin ' (cf. Ac 13'", 2 Co 1 1"). Thus in Ro 6", ' you must not let sin have your members for the service of vice ; you must dedicate yourselves to God as men who have been brought from death to life, dedicating your members to God for the servi…
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The justification of Jesus came up, however, not long after- wards m a different form. Trypho told Justin (Dial. 07) that if Christians could prove from Scripture that Jesus really was the Messiah, it would be better to argue that He deserved this honour on account of His dutiful obedience to the rites and regulations …
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• WTren Mt 72' is quoted in 2 Clem. iv. 2, ' righteousness * is similarly substituted for ' the will of my Father in heaven.' t Thus Clem. Rom. xxx. 3 can even say, ' we are justified by deeds (ep-yots) not words.' I For a dilTerent view, cf. B. Bartmann's paper on 'St. Paulus und St. Jacobus uber die Rechtfertigung …
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The language of the Odes of Solomon recalls partly the OT and partly the NT, though it never quotes from the latter. The Divine righteousness succours the elect (viii. 22) and their righteous cause triumphs over spiritual evil (viii. 6f.); in this OT sense, 'righteousness can be spoken of as man's as well as God's. It …
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• Cf. En. Uii. 7, 'before his righteousnesa* {i.e. his holy presence). Christian martyrs blessed who 'enilure the tem- porary fire for the sake of righteousness.' On the other hand, we find the term used specifically in a Christological sense. The latter usage re;iches back to St. I'aul, and to it we may now turn, i.e…
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pp. 44, 41 f.). (ix.) 'The righteousness of faith is the divine righteousness • But St. Paul prefers to call them 5i(caiwflei^«? rather than 5i*fa(ot. He does not even call -\braham {txatoc. 376 KIGHTEOUSKESS RIGHTEOUSNESS which a man receives when he receives Christ, It is not a mere declaration by God that the …
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state of acceptance with God, this right relation- sliip between the righteous God and sinfnl men, is lirought about by God. It is not the goal of a lalKjrious (jiiu.st of man for God. The initiative is with Him. Tiiat is what the genitive nigniiies. He wills, He creates, He bestows, tliis bliss. * It is all the doing …
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W hat does obscure this occasionally is the undue emphasis laid on the retributive or penal element in God's 'righteousness ' as the Apostle employs that form of expression. But this is merely one ele- ment. The acquittal, for example, which is the result of Christ's death for men (Ko 5'"), is opposed to doom or the co…
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It is imperative, at the outset, to realize this vital character of the Divine righteousness in Paulinism. of producing life, righteousness would have been really due to law.' But it is written over all his letters. AtKai'ucri; means ^wojroiTjcri?, and this comes out {f.g. in Col 2i3f.) even where the 6i»caio(rur7j id…
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For several reasons, it is difficult to trace the precise lines of this difference, but the broad fact emerges from the apocalyptic literature and even from the sources of contemporary Rabbinic the- ology, that an alteration had taken place during the 1st cent. B.C. There are signs that during the period of the later …
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• Cf. Sokolowski's Die Begriffe von Geist und Leben bei Panhis, p. 173 f. t See, e.g., Jub. v. 17 : ' If they [i.e. the children of Israel] turn to Him in righteousness. He will forgive all their transgressions and i»:irdon all their sins. It is written and ordained that He will show mercy to all who turn from all the…
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380 KIGHTEOUSNKSS RIGHTEOUSNESS pointed by Ood. 'Tlio ideas of right and wrong apiong tlie Huljrews are forensic ideas ; that is, the Hebrew always thinks of the right and tlie wrong (US if they were to he settled before a judge. Righteousness is to the Hebrew not so much a moral quality as a legal status. ... In pr…
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(i.) This is exaggerated by Wernle's thesis t that St. Paul never thought about the problem of sin in the Christian, or at least, very seldom, since the hope of the immediate End was so vivid that it left no place for any ethical transformation of the believer ; the Christian who is justified is thereby guaranteed all …
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draw, when he adds, ' so as to get justified by faith in Christ and not by doing what the Law com- maiuis, for by doing what the Law commands no piTson shrill he jii.^ti/irtl.' This is St. Paul's infer- ence. It was he, not they, who made an antithesis between Christ and the Law. Instead of holding to righteousness by …
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We may wonder (i.) why he did not, like the author of Hebrews, employ the sacrificial sections of the Law to illustrate the death of Christ as the means of establishing this righteousness with God ; (ii. ) why he did not conceive the Law as a prepara- tory stage for Christianity or the new law of right- eou.sness, as a…
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* Weizsiicker, Apostolic Age^, i. 156. t These expressions are too strong ; the evidence of Rabbinic religion must be allowed to modify them, though not to disprove their essential truth. RIGHTEOUSNESS RIGHTEOUSNESS 383 eousness by faitli is the popular Rabbinic lonoeption of zeeiilh or satisfaction.* acc-oriliiif…
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There are two considerations which have to be weighed in estimating the Justice of St. Paul's verdict on contemporary Judaism. One is, that lie was diagnosing Pharisaism on the spot — and not across nineteen centuries, from a restricted survey of the earlier OT and the later Rabbinism. The other is, that he was diagnos…
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What is St. Paul's religious interest in this sharp distinction between faith and works as the rival bases for righteousness ? Why does he distinguish the one from the other as true and false ? The answer depends on an analysis of what he meant by faith in this connexion. (i. ) At the close of his argument about justi…
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RIGHTEOUSNESS RIGHTEOUSNESS 385 quality of the soul, but the vicUiins of the whole Mature to God's apiKvil and oiler in the gospel. 'J'liere must he no thout;ht uf credit in this initial surrender, St. Paul insists. Genuine trust clears every trace of .such a mood out of the soul. ' In the work of man's salvation an…
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(rf) God's righteousness ayid human sin. — As the righteousness of God means a status of man before Him, or rather a relationship between Him and nuin, which He brings into being through the sacri- ficial death of Christ, and which becomes a reality of experience for man as he believes, St. Paul can speak of it as he c…
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' Light is liffht which radiates. Blood is blood which circulates. Life is life which generates ' (Kmerson, Threnody, 242 ff.). God as righteous is the living God, not one who stands aloof from sinful men, leaving the race to itself, except to brood over its heightening impiety with the anger of outraged justice that…
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fice as the death of One wlio, as sinless, did not deserve to die, and whose (U-iith therefore availed for the f^uilty. God thus reconciles men to Him- self, and it is an act of love. This death of the One for all (v.''") means that 'all have died, and that he died for all in order to have the livinj; live no longer fo…
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From these earlier and later allusions, we may now ttirn back to the references in Romans. The conception of righteousness is commonly studied Krst of all in Ro 1-8, where it is discussed for its own sake,§ rather than in Galatians, where the leading thought is the freedom of Christians, and justification comes in to i…
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In the light of all this, we can at last read the central passage in Ro S""- : ' On the score of obedience to law, no person will be acquitted in his sight. What the Law imparts is not acquittal but only the consciousness of sin [^•iri7i'anris, St. Paul's favourite word for a full recognition, a sight of the real meani…
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KIGHTEOUSNESS RIGHTEOUSNESS 389 God to justify sinners, what justilies Him in justi- fying tliein, is the IXaar-fipLov of Christ. It is tlirough this sacrilicial death that (Jod's moral character as SUaios becomes, in rehition to liuniaii sin, the attitude and action of a BiKaiuv. Till Christ and outside of Christ t…
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We may ask. Why is not love the antithesis to anger? It really is, in St. Paul's view. The en- tire justification of men is due to God's love. 'Therefore, as we are justified by faith, let us enjoy our peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ . . . since God's love Hoods our hearts. . . . God proves his love for us…
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* As Jesus did in Mt 6^: 'you cannot serve two masters, but you must serve one, either God or mammon.' In the next chapter (Ito ?•*), St. Paul puts the same thoufjht from another point of view : * you must belong to Someone, either to the Law or to Christ.* (iSouKiliBriTe, v.'*). Sin is a slavery, so is SiKaiorivri. Y…
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In the light of this, it is not difficult to under- stand why, after urging Christians to ' serve right- eousness' (in 6'^'- ), he instinctively varies the ]ilirase : ' now that you are set free from sin, now that you have passed into the service of God ' (this is another way of stating what he means by justification o…
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* St. Paul did not quote Ps llS'Sf- as Clement of Rome did (xh'iii. 2-4), to show that ' of the numerous (;ates which are opened, this in righteousness is the gat* in Christ, wherehy hlessed are all the}' that enter and make straight their paths in holiness and righteousness." In view of fJal & it is literally, but no …
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the final scrutiny upon the records of service lakes place (cf, Ro 2'^). This shows that the equivalence of reward and service is not a mechanical equivalence or even a purely juridical verdict, but, as in the teaching of Jesus, a gracious act of God. This is confirmed by the fact that the deeds for which men are rewar…
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• But it is only fair to recall sayings like that of Rabbi Akiba (Pirlfe A both, iii. 19): * The world is judged by goodness, and [yet] all is according to the [amount of] work.' t From one point of view, he could say (2 Th I^f-) that God considered it only right (SiKaiov napa 6etZ) to reward Christian suffering with …
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The most beautiful reference to ' rivers ' in the whole Bible is yet to be discussed. It is found in Rev 22'- ^, ' And he shewed me a river of water of life, bright as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb, in the midst of the street thereof. And on this side of the river and on that was the tree…
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sliaped stones driven into interstices at the sides of the road. The building of the road involved e.\- tensive labour of various kinds. Hills had to be stripped of their trees, stones and Iwams had to be planed, pools had to be drained, the courses of streams to be diverted, bridgcis to be constructed, etc. Our own co…
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^t ^S'o/ ?'iV««rf.-From .hat has been sa^d it will he gathered that the roads ^vme on t e whole safe, and this was indeed the case The pax Romana told against '^"^'^"•I'^f . ^^^i * *^'t a ainst revolt. But there were certain districts wlfere brigandage was a real menace ; one was Ue itauran mountains in the neighbourho…
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(f/) The student of the Apostolic Age is more nearly concerned with the routes in the eastern provinces. In the province of Syria and neighbour- ing districts there were several well-marked routes. Taking Jerusalem as a centre, we may indicate several roads. There was the road ' going down from Jerusalem to Gaza ' ( Ac…
1,061 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1915–1916); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.