PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
Dictionary of the Apostolic Church — Volume 2
James Hastings · 991,000 words · 974 reading sections
Section 121
Rev 21-'''-'' : ' And the nations shall walk .amidst the light thereof ; and the kings of the earth do bring their glory into it. And the gates thereof shall in no wise be shut by day (for there shall be no night there) : and they shall bring the glory and the honour of the nations into it : and there shall in no wise …
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The NT stands in great contrast to the OT in its paucity of reference to the ' ne^v moon.' ' New moon ' figures in the OT as a familiar and important season in the time-scheme of Hebrew life (see 1 S 20, 2 K 4^') with some holiday relaxations and customs associated with it. So was it with other peoples from earliest ti…
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The Apostle is thinking of nothing but the observance of a system of times and seasons (the religious observance even) such as the Jews had, and its introduction into the life of the new com- munity. He is apprehensive ('I am afraid ' [Gal 4"]) lest harmful results should follow, imperilling their Christian liberty and…
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The party mentioned in the Apocalypse left be- hind them no historical trace, for there is no good reason for identifying with them the sect men- tioned by Irenaus, Hippolytus, Kuseliins, psendo- Tertullian, and Jerome. The last fonr of these writers merely repeat Iren.ens, who in his turn seems to have been elaboratin…
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NIGER.— See Symeon (Simeon) called Niqee. NIGHT.— See Day and Night, Time. NOAH (Nue). — A number of didactic references to Noah are found in the Epistles. (1) He appears in the roll of ' the elders,' or men of O'f times, who had witness borne to them on account of their faith 92 NOBLE NUMBERS (He 11-). ' By fait…
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John Reid. NUMBER OF THE BEAST.— See Apocalypse. NUMBERS. — Introduction. — Even a casual reader of the Bible is struck with the fact that in many cases — not altogether exclusive of those in which the desire to state facts accurately may be presumed — a preference is given to certain numbers. He will observe particu…
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* E. Kautzsch denies the atfinity ui the case of the Babylonian and Greelt trinities on the ground that these trinities arise from a division of territory among 3 originally independent divinities (PRE^ xxi. (1908J 698 ff.). its comparative infrenuency in the Apocalypse the more remarkable. Even where there is a clear…
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Further examples : 144,000 (or 12,000 for each tribe) are sealed as the ' servants of our God ' (V*"- 14'). The number 12, with multiples and frac- tions, is used exclusively in the delineation of the Celestial City : 12 gates, angels ; a cube of 12,000 furlongs ; 12 foundations, precious stones, pearls (211-f-). 5. T…
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9. Eight. — The significance of this number in the Apocalypse does not arise from its being a multi|)le of 4. It occurs twice in the ordinal form (17" 21-"). The former passage—' the 8th ' that is ' of the 7 '^ is interesting. Adopting the view that the person intended is Domitian, we see that the author or the final e…
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* Instances in which, apart from mention of the numeral, a preference for it may lie fairly considered implicit are the 7 petitions in the Lord's Prayer (Mt (fxi-), the 7 parables of Mt 13, the 7+ 1 woes of Mt 23i3ir.. " number comes to lip and pen involuntarily through a usage that may have its lia.sis or confirmatio…
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NUMBEES XVMPHA, XYMPHAS Gospels in wliich some kind of symbolical meaning may lurk in the fact or mention of the number 3 are: '3 measures of meal'lMt 13^), 'these 3' (T-k lU^), 'these 3 years' (13'), '3 temptations' (Mt 4'"-), 3 agonized prayers ('26""- ^'^ " || ; cf. 2 Co 12*), 3 denials and charges of Simon Peter…
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V. The Epistle of James.— In 3" there are 7 attributes of the wisdom that is from above ; in 5" we have, as in Lk 4^, 3J for the 3 of 1 K 17'. vi. The Second Epistle of Peter.— In 1'"-, 7 virtues are evolved from faith ; in 2', we have ' Noah the 8th person ' ( AV). According to Gn 5, however, Noah is the 9th or, acco…
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The chief NT passages concerned are Mt 5''"", where Jesus gives the command, ' Swear not at all,' and the parallels in 23'*"^- and Ja 5'^ It is main- tained by Zahn and otiiers, with much probability, that St. James has here preserved the original words of Jesus in a purer form than St. Matthew (T. Zahn, ' Matt.,' in K…
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The ideal of Jesus is clear. A man is to be so truthful that his possible untruthfulness need not be reckoned with, and therefore he will take no oath, nor be asked to take one. But if men will not always trust him, owing to the general lack of trustworthiness, is he or is he not to submit to this indignity (cf. Clem. …
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The expression el SoO^aerai o-TjMf'o" (literally 'if a sign shall be given') in Mk 8'-, if an abbreviated oath-formula, goes far to decide the practice of Jesus. In opposition, however, to Piscator's ^^rd/- mich-Gott-Bibel (Herborn, UilHi), and to various commentaries, it nnist be questioned whether the invocation of G…
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C. H. Watkins. OBEDIENCE The principal word which calls for notice under this head in the apostolic writings is the noun inraKoi), with the corresponding verb, uTraitouM, and .adjective, Otttikoos. uiraxo^ is unknown in classical Greek. It occurs once in the LXX — 2 S 2'2'^ ; in the NT it is common. Its general meani…
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1. Manuscripts and principal editions of the Odes. — The MS * from which Rendel Harris pub- lished his first and second editions is not very ancient. It cannot be older than the 15th cent. ; but apart from occasional passages which point to a corruption of some words by careless copyists, it exhibits generally a text w…
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((■) The third theory, upheld by Harris, who put it forward at the very beginning, considers the Odes (or most of them) to be the work of a Jewish- Christian, but rejects entirely the idea of an Ebionite source. Before we try to form a judgment as to which of these three principal theories is likely to receive most su…
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(5) Best. — iii. 6 ; ' And where His rest is, there also am I.' xi. 10 : 'And the Lord renewed me in His raiment, and possessed me by His light, and from above He gave me rest in incorruption.' See, further, xx. 8 ; xxvi. 13 ; xxviii. 4 ; xxx. 2 ; xxxvi. 1 ; xxxvii. 4 ; xxxviii. 4. (6) Grace.— V. 2-3 : ' O most High, …
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re ummoned to rise and look at f'^'r Saviour^ See, further, the following passages of Svuan • Sheol saw me and was made miserable : Death cast me up Sucherther' L'^t u's^'so be redeemed with thee : for thou art our Redeemer.* Before we compare this passage with other verses of the Odes which exhibit the same idea, …
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'There is no trace of this "reserve'* or discipUna arcani in the writers of the New Testament, who never shun to declare unto us the whole counsel of God. AVe do not tind it either in the subapostolic Fathers ; and Justin has no hesitation in fully describing the observance of the Lord's Supper in writing to the heathe…
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We may open our discussion with an examina- tion of Grimiue's theory of a Hebrew original. In * 'Quelques mota Bur les odes de Salomon,' in ZSTW xiv. [1914) 231 fl(. 104 ODES OF SOLOMOX ODES OF SOLOMON spite of the excellence of his Uebrew translation of the Syriac text, we are unable to discern any strong philolo…
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The supporters of a Greek original point to certain incidences of speech of which the following are the most striking. (1) There are some Syriac words which, in their present context, do not explain or amplify the idea that the Odist had in mind. Three principal instances are given in proof of this assertion. In Ode v…
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Ode xxix. 1 : 'The Lord is my hope : in Him I shall not be confounded ' (cf. Ps 711). Ode xiv. 1 : ' As the eyes of a son to his father, so are my eyes, O Lord, at all times towards thee ' (cf. Ps 1232). Ode xvii. 8 : ' 1 opened the doors that were closed, and brake in pieces the bars of iron ' (cf. Is 45-, Ps 10716)…
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We have already quoted the sentence of Ode iv. which declares that the sanctuarj^ of God can- not be changed. If this sentence is to be taken literallj-, it may perhaps suggest by its vividness tiiat the author wrote at a time not far removed from the destruction of the Temple. We have elsewhere (in our study referred…
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The Holy Spirit frequently underlies the thoughts of the writer (xi. 2) : ' for the Most High circumcised me by His Holy Spirit and revealed my reins towards Him ' (see also xiv. 8, xxviii. 2, xxxvi. 1). The believer has immortality in his soul (iii. 10) : ' for he that is joined to Him that is immortal, will also him…
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Clement of Rome uses the word jrapaTrrwo-is in combination with danger, in the sense of a fault incurred through disobedience to the counsels of the Fathers (Cor. 59). Ignatius, whilst not em- ploying the word ' offence,' warns the believers against the snares of the devil and against giving occasion to the heathen to …
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Literature. — On the medicinal nse see the Commentaries on James o( A. Plummer (Eiposilor's Bible, Isill), R. J. Knowling (,)yestmin.ster Comm., 1904), and J. B. Mayor (»1910). .James Patrick. OINTMENT {fiipov). — Perfumes for the toilet were extensively used in ancient as well as in modern times. The modern methods …
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2. the Old Testament and the conflict for spirit- ual freedom.— So long as the preaching of the gos- pel was confined to Jews, the new wine was easily kept within the old bottles. But a conflict was inevitable when the wine began to ferment, and the freedom of the faith to assert itself against Jewish limitations. This…
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it into a Christian book, in which Christ was openly identified with the God of the .Jews (cf. Ro 10'"- ll-"'-, Eph 4' 5", etc.), and the history of Israel was read typically (t-i/ttuuis, ' by way of pattern' or 'figure'), as a series of illustrative moral examples, 'written for our admonition, upon whom the ends of th…
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The opening paragraph lays down the famous contrast between the multiform and fragmentary character of the older revelation and the fullness of the light that came through Christ. 'God, having of old time spoken unto the fathers through the prophets in many parts and in many modes, hatli at the end of these days spoken…
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OLIVE OLYMPAS 111 tioal (of. I'" S"- ""'• 5"). The few suspestions of the OT tiju'eahle in 2 Peter (ci/. •J:'"- ""• --) ami 1 Jolin (3'-) are uf the same character ; while the numer- ous reminiscences in Kevelalion, if not distinc- tively ethical, are yet concrete anil imaj;inative, the clotliinj; of the writer's ow…
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P. S. p. Handcock. OLIVET (6 Aaiiii', Ac 1'^ ; found only here and in Jos. .4??^. VII. ix. 2, 5ia rod eXaiwfos dpovs ; rd (\aiwy in Mk 11' is conlincd to B ; I..at. oliivtii in).— Olivet, called in the Gospels ' the Mount of Olives,' is the r.ange of hills facing Jerusalem on the E., beyond the ravine of the Kidron val…
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We have no reliable account of Onesimus' sub- sequent history ; but we may accept as in itself highly credible the tradition [Apost. Canons, 82) that Philemon not only forgave but emancipated his slave. More doubtful and also discordant are the records which represent Onesimus as attaining to the position of ' bishop '…
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Another Greek rendering of th; is dyairriro!, and this is found in the LXX of Gn 2'2-, whence the same word has found its way into 2 P 1" and into Mt 17=, IMk 9' (' my beloved Son') ; in ||Lk G^* the best MSS have iK\(\ey/M^voi, 'chosen.' Bat the LXX has fiovoyfvrjs in Jg IP' (Jephthah's daughter) and To 3" (Sarah, dau…
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Other interpretations of ' Only-begotten ' make it equivalent to ' begotten by one alone,' as Eunomius asserted (Basil, c. Eunom. ii. 20: fidpos irapd f^Svov . . . yevvTiSets), or to d7air7;T6s, ' beloved,' as is affirmed by the Racovian Catechism (Socinian). The word /lovoyevris is found in the Nicene and ' Constanti…
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2. Choice of ordinands. — The normal method of choosing men for the Christian ministry in the Apos- tolic Age, as certainly in those which succeeded it, was election by those to whom the ordained was to minister. This was undoubtedly the case with the Seven in Ac 6. Whatever their exact office was — and it is not likel…
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The use of an outward sign for the admission of men to the ministry follows many analogies. Our Lord had made use of outward signs in instituting the two great sacraments of the gospel, baptism and the Eucharist. In the OT an outward sign was used in setting .apart for office, and it was to be expected that a similar c…
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The laying on of hands is no magical sign, effecting a change independently of all spiritual considerations. But the s.ame thing is true of the water in baptism and the bread and wine in the Eucharist. The utility of an outward and visible sign is undoubtedly very great, but it is only a minor part of an ordinance, and…
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7. The charisma in ordination. — St. Paul says to Timothy, ' Neglect not the charisma that is in thee, which was given thee through prophecy with the laying on of the hands of the presbytery ' (1 Ti 4'-') ; and 'kindle (stir into flame, RVm) the charisma of God which is in thee through the laying on of my hands ' (2 Ti…
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• It was essential to St. Paul's apostolate that he should not have received his spiritual gifts through other apostles. Again the prophets and teachers at Antioch lay bands on I{arniib.as and Saul. But here also we have a ifpeciat dii'ine aiilh'iriza- timi; and it is to set apart two already of their own "order "to a …
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For the manner in which ordinations to the ministry have been conducted in subsequent ages, reference may be made to the present writer's article ' Ordination ' in EKE. LiTBKATURE.— H. B. Swete, The Holy Spirit in the XT, London, 190!l. nrt. 'I>;i.\in(,' on of ILimls' in UUB; F. J. A. Hort, The Chrindan Eccletfia, Lo…
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On the supposition that the prsetorium to which St. Paul alluded is a place, two interpretations have been ottered. (1) The AV had tlie authority of the Greek commentators — e.g. Chrysostom, Theodore of Mopsuestia, and Theodoret— for as- suming that he had in view the Imperial residence on the Palatine. It is certain, …
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The trunk of the palm does not increase in thickness from year to year like other trees but only rises higher, putting forth new leaves each year. The lower circle of leaves, .sometimes as much as seven years old, gradually withers away, and as the stumps of the old leaves wear off the trunk becomes more slender as it …
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Literature. — W. M. Ramsay, St. Paul the Traveller, London, 1895, p. 89 f. ; K. Lanckoronski, Stddte Pamphyliens und Pisidiens, vol. i. ; ' Pampbylien,' Vienna, 1890. James Strahan. PAPER.— See Writing. PAPHOS (Ilti^os, the modern Baffo).— Paphos was a seaport near the western extremity of Cyprus, the last place visi…
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3. The Holy Spirit as the Paraclete (of the apostles in their work). — In the last discourse of Jesus, as found in the Fourth Gospel, the name ' Paraclete ' is given to the power that secures for the disciples the presence of the Holy Spirit (Jn 1416.50 is'.'S jg7)_ Abstractly, it is not impossible that the Spirit Hims…
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S. The truth as the medium of the Spirit's mani- festation.— A thesis that at this point acquired immense importance was that which defines the conditions and phenomena in which the Spirit manifests Himself, and the means by which His self-revelation is secured. The thesis is simply that He becomes manifest by the trut…
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PARADISE PAROUSIA 122 2. History of the conception.— A full discussion of the growth of the conception does not fall witliin the scope of this article. For this tlie reader is referred to the artt. mentioned above, and to the list of literature there appended. It is necessary liere to notice the main lines of develo…
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(3) In Rev 2' as in 4 Ezra Paradise is presented as a reward in the future age for the righteous. The probable reason for the scanty reference to Paradise in the NT has been pointed out in the art. Heaven. The movement of thought was clearly away from the sensuous and material side of Jewish eschatological expectation…
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manifest themselves in St. Paul's correspondence, and in the later developments of the Johannine literature. ii. St. Paul. — The general tendency of modem scholarship is to find adeveloi)ment in the eschato- logy of St. Paul from the ' cruder ' eschatology of the earlier Epistles, e.g. 1 and 2 Thessalonians, through t…
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In this passage St. Paul represents the believers who are sutt'ering persecution as about to be de- livered from it by the revelation of Christ with flaming fire from heaven. Christ's appearance brings cessation of persecution {dyecnv) for the persecuted saints, and tribulation for the perse- cutors— the traditional vi…
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126 PAROUSTA PAROUSIA tration of interest upon the working of the prin- ciple of ' life,' wliicli embraces both moral cliaraeter anJ physical change, the two forming one correlated process of transformation, consummated at the Parousia. (2) In Cor. we have a number of important and explicit passages requiring caref…
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2 Cor. arrives at the conclusion that the resurrec- tion of the believer, his assumption of the glorified spiritual state, takes place immediately after death, and not at the Parousia. There are diffi- culties in this view which will be noticed as we examine the passages in 2 Corinthians. The crucial passage is in the …
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Thus, in spite of the obvious development of thought in this group, the Parousia still remains to the Apostle what it had become in 1 Th 4 and 1 Co 15, the central point of hope. The principal difficulty, however, as to whether the dead receive their ' body of glory ' after death or at the Parousia must be left undecid…
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(e) Tne Pastoral Epistles may be touched on here, as they cannot well be included in a discus- sion of the Pauline correspondence without assum- ing an authenticity which criticism does not con- cede. In 1 Tim. there is very little eschatological reference. The Mast times' are come (4'), and there is a vague general m…
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(7) The writer's view of the Church, and the Church's part in the Parousia, are also not clear. Apparently he identities the Church with the Bride and the Holy City. The marriage of the Lamb seems to coincide with the victory over the Beast, i.e. the Parousia. But whether the dead and living believers are raised and ch…
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VOL. I!. — 9 future Parousia, and that he has identihod the Parousia entircily with our Lord's assumption ot a spiritual slate at'ler His resurrection. The coming of the Spirit is always distinguished from the Par- ousia, and spoken ot as the consequence of Christ 8 departure and absence. Hence Scott has to argue that…
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S Clement has a verj' explicit doctrine of bodily resurrection and judgment at the Parousia (ix. 1-5). The day of the appearing of God is not known (xii. 1); the day of judgment is at hand; it is conceived of, as in 2 Peter, as the destruction of heaven (possibly ' some ' of the heavens, if Tives be accepted) and earth…
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PAKTHIANS PASSOVER 131 LlTRBATi'RE. — Artt. * Piirousia,' ' Resurrection,' ' Eschfttologry,' in VCir, HDIi, a.ml otlu-r l>irti<maries and lincyclopietiias ; R. H. Charles, Eiichatvhity : Hebrew, Jewish, and CfiriAtiau-, London, VJVi ; W. O. 6. Oesterley, The Doctrine c/ the Last Things, do., 1008, Emlution i>t' the …
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PASSOYER. — In the NT we meet with two alternative names for the great Jewish festal season of the Passover — rd iraax"- and to. {it;vfia. These are the LXX equivalents for the corresponding Heb. terms in the OT, Tairxa being a rough translitera- tion of Heb. pesah (probably through the Aramaic form pasha ), and to. d^…
1,053 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1915–1916); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.