PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
Dictionary of the Apostolic Church — Volume 2
James Hastings · 991,000 words · 974 reading sections
Section 721
The Christian communities addressed in 1 P 1' are called ^k\£ktoI irapeiriOTj/xoi StaaTopd?. AV loosely translates ' to the strangers scattered throughout Pontus,' and wrongly transfers iK\eKToU to the verse following. Read with RV ' to the elect who are sojourners of the Dispersion,' or simply ' to the elect sojourner…
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shelter, and attention in case of illness (G. Bonet- Maury in EliE vi. 804'-; cf. San.lay-IIeadhiin. ]Ct\ 'Roniaiis'', Kdinburgh, 1902, ii. 3li3; W . K H. Lccky, History of Eiiropcun .Vuntls', Lon. on, 1S8S "ii. 80). It is not iiece.H.sary U) it<> more than allude to the countless forms of helpful ashistauce and benevo…
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Literature.— F. J. A. Hart, Judaistic Christianily, 1894, p. 73; W. R. Smith, RSi. 1S94, pp. 343, 417; J. G. Frazer, Golden BntiqKi, 1900, ii. 319, 416 ; J. B. Ligrhtfoot, Caloasians and Philemon, new ed., 1879, pp. 88-90. For another view, W. J. Conybeare and J. S. Howson, The Life and Epistles of St. Paul, new ed., 1…
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3. Whilst St. Paul was a keen controversialist, he never wrote a letter that did not contain the word ' peace.' He pleaded with his fellow-workers {e.g. Euodia and Syntyche, Ph i'; cf. Ro 12'" 15', 2 Co 13") to be of one mind ; and he urged the Christians of Rome to be at peace, if possible, with all men (Ro 12'*). His…
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M. Scott Fletcher. SUFFERING 'Suffering 'is the usual transla- tion of Tra8ifti.a (found in sing, only in He 2") in AV and KV. In AV the Gr. word is also tr. 'afllicticms' (3 times; KV ' suflerings'), 'aflec- tions' (Gal S^ ; KV 'passions'), and 'emotions' (Ho 7° ; RV 'passions'). The cognate verb irdcrp(<D is always t…
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i. The fruits of suffering. — Jesus because of the sutt'ering of death was crowned with glory and honour (He 2'). Glories followed His sutt'erings (1 P 1"). Through them He was made perfect (He 2'" ; cf. 5'). In the case of His followers sutt'ering has a similar result. Those who sutter for righteous- ness' sake are bl…
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than others respectful of what is divine' ; Kenan, ' 1<! nlusreligicux ' ; Holtzmann, ' Gottesfiirchtige' ; Zockler and Weiss agree with the latter; Nestle and Modatt, 'rather superstitious'; Chase, 'very superstitious.' LiTKRATURR. — Besides the commentaries of those mentioned, see F. Field, Notrfttm the TraiiJ^tatio…
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Literature. — Percy Gardner, The Origin of the Lord's Supper, 1893 ; F. Schultzen, Das Abendmahi im NT, 189S ; J. C. Lambert, The Sacraments in the NT, 1903; R. M. Adam- son, The Chrjfitian Doctrine of the Lord's Supper, 1905. Cf. the articles 'Supper,' 'Eucharist,' 'Lord's Supper,' * Meals* in the various Bible Dictio…
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(1) Those in tchieh only one name is given, repre- sented by Baprf/iaios, that is, 'the son of Tima^us ' — a word whose meaning and derivation are both uncertain." (2) Those in which the name inay he a sur- name. — If Nathanael, mentioned only in the Fourth Gospel,'" is the Bartholomew mentioned only by the Synoptists…
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1 Ac 123 ; HDB i. 247 ; Exp, Cth ser., v. 414, n. 3 ; Burkitt, p. 6. 2 Ac 1622-33 ; NABCDEL read KaJiovfityov. but HP (VinoAov- 3 Mt 27'«-" ; HDB i. 246. This reading, which is supported by V.22, is adopted by R. C. Trench, Studies in the GoHjiettA, London, 1878, p. 306"; E. Renan, Life 0/ Je.nts, En;:, tr.. do.. 187…
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Tiberias.* „ , ,^ ,, . r. ^ % - Mention is made in Ac S" of loiiSos o TaXiXaios, Judas the Galilajan, a surname derived from the fact that he was a native of that province, thouo-h Josephus in one passage rather indicates that°he came from Ganiala, which lies east ot In Ac 13" among the teachers and prophets of Antio…
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i HDBW. 741. 2 Quoted by David Smith in Religwn and the Modern Mind, London, 1008, p. 171. 3 H. M. Gwatkin, The Knowledge of God', Edinburgh, 1903, ii. 55. •« Mt 223, Mk 429 ; of. Jn 145. 46 ; HJ \x. S92 ; Burltitt, p. 17. 6 ExpT xxii. [1910-11] 4, xx. (1908-09) 531. This was the view of Joseph Priestley ; see H. M…
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(ii.) The theory which connects the word with a root, isj, meaning ' tlowering,' ' growing.' Mt 2-^ says that Joseph came and dwelt in a town called Nafap^S that it might be fultilled which was spoken by the prophet 'he sh.all be called Ncifiuparos.' But Nafwpaios cannot be derived from Hat^apid. Be- fore the age of Je…
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{b) Xpitr?-(5s. — Another surname of our Lord is that of Xpio-r6s. Throughout His earthly life our Lord bore the simple name 'ItjcoOs. But in His time there was a general feeling of the approach of the Messiah : a Hebrew otticial title meaping one anointed for a special office, the Greek equivalent of which was Xpicrro…
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14 Ac 1212- 25 135, 13 1537.39. «c; ExpT XXvl 372. 15 Ac 187 ; HDB ii. 829 ; Ramsay, St. Paul the Traveller, p. 2.16. IS Ac 139 ; Deissmann, Bible .Sttidies, p. 313, with the refer- ences therein to 1 and 2 .Mac. and Jos. ; Ramsay, St. Paul fiic Traveller, p. 81 ; HDB iii. 897. SYNAGOGUE.— 1. The name.— The name 'sy…
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3. History The words of Ezk W^ (see Targ. Meg. 29«), 'To Israel scattered among the nations I shall be a little sanctuary,' were actually veritied through the synagogue, as Bacher (see art. ' Syna- gogue ' in HDB) states. It is noteworthy that the synagogue at Shaf Yathib near Nahardea in Baby- lonia was in the 2nd ce…
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sy:n'agogue SYNAGOGUE 51:5 quoted by l;fimhi on Gn 1» (Schiirer, GJV ill* SSi/). On disputes liekl there t)y Pulostinian masters with Kiimans and Christians under Doniitian see H. Vogelstein and 1*. Hie^'ur, Gcschichtc dcrjudcn in Iloni, i. [Berlin, IS'.IO] 'Jtl. 4. Form and furniture of the synagogue. — Like tlie …
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It was principally on Sabbath and festival days, when the people were at leisure, that the service was well attended, and accordingly the weekly lesson from the Torah was read in full (cf. Pbilo, ed. Mangey, ii. 282, 630, 4.58) ; wherefore the synagogue was called the 'Sabbath place' par ex- cellence (Jos. Ant. XVI. vi…
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(7) for the gathering of the dispensed of Israel ; (8) for the restoration of a reign of righteousness ; (9) originally for the destruction of the kingdom of arrogancy ( = the heathen powers): after the Bar Cochba war, however, it was changed into a curse of the heretics and (Christian), informers in the service of R…
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10. The synagogue discipline. -The mainten- ance of the synagotiue community required certain disciplinary measures to keep obnoxious or hostile elements out. The following were the difteient forms of exclusion or excommunication used against unsubmissive members. 1 • „„ o T?= (1) Herem, anathema-a term used since 2 h…
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adjective 7-')'"^. 'K^l.' ' t'""'' 'J^'^?"','"'' *'"'''''=" sizisthe fact that the character of the man was well expressed by his name (cf. the use of Unesimus in Philem >')■ The meaning would thus be : 1 beseech thee, Synzygus, truly so named, a fellow- helper in very deed.' We m.ay also compare Abigail's use of her h…
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LiTERiTDRE.— W. Smith, DGRG, 1868, art. 'Syracusaj'; J. Fiihrer and V. Schultze, Die altchrintlichen Grahsttitten Sizilieiis, 1907 ; C. Baedeker, Southern Italy and Sicily^'', 190S, pp. 406^20. James Strahan. SYRIA {^vpla). — This term is employed in the LXX as the equivalent of the Heb. Aram. It is probably the same…
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The name 'Syrtis' may be derived from the sucking action of the treacherous tides — 'Syrtes ab tractu nominatre' (Sail. Bdl. Jii(f. 77). But it is sometimes connected with the Arabic sort, ' a desert,' which would refer to the desolate and sandy shore that marked the neighbourhood of the Syrtes (W. Smith, DGRG ii. [1S6…
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LiTERATDRE. — W. Nowack, Lehrbtick der hebraischen Arckfininnvs, Freiburg i. B., 1894 ; I. Benzingrer, H ebriiisehe Archduluijie, do,, lsi)4 ; R. L. Ottley, Asputsi^f the OT(BL), London, 1897, pp. 220 ft., 261 ff. ; A. R. S. Kennedy, artt. 'Tabernacle ' in HDB and EBi-n. James Strahan. TABITHA.— See Dorcas. TABLE (r/…
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TARSUS TATTLKRS 549 ject kings. Xenophon (c. 400 B.C.) found it a iriXiv fi(ya\T]i' Kal eMai/iova, where Syennesis, kinj; of Ciiitia, luid his residence (Annh. i. ii. 2:{). The victories of Alexander the Great clianged the face of tlie East, and T.arsus was one of the many cities that were Hellenized by tlie .Seleuc…
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Captured by the Arabs in the 7th, and by the Crusaders in the 11th cent.. Tarsus ultimately fell into Ottoman hands in the 16th century. It has now a population of 25,000, a congeries of many nationalities. LrrERATiTRE. — W. J. Conybeare and J. S. Howson, The Life and Epistles of St. Paul, 2 vols., London, 1S77, i. '2…
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1. The work of teaching.— The ability to impart Christian truth was looked upon by the members of the early Church as a spiritual gift of Divine grace. Teaching was therefore numbered among the charismata ixaplo-iwra) which resulted from tlie bestowal of the Holy Sjiirit, and which included such gifts as prophesying, …
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The teaching was oral, as a rule, but it might be conveyed by means of didactic epistles, such as those contained in the NT or those of Clement of Kome and Ignatius, or works like the Didacho and the Shepherd of Hennas. In addition to a recital of the facts concerning the life, death, and resurrec- tion of Jesus Christ…
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The continuity of NT with OT teacliing must not be overlooked. The teacher began with such truths as were common to Judaism and Chris- 552 TEACHING TEACHING tianity. The fundamental doctrine of the exist- ence, unity, and holiness of God he would learn from the OT. He appropriated the .Jewish heliefs as to the crea…
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(2) Ethical content. — In speaking of the 'teach- ing of Jesus' or the 'apostles' teaching,' it is usually the doctrinal or theological content that is primarily thought of, to the exclusion of the prac- tical and moral. But a careful study of the records and specimens of our Lord's instruction and that of His follower…
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In Mt 23" our Lord condemns the scribes and Pharisees for dpirayri and aKpacrla, and if with Grotius (see Commentaries) we could explain the latter of sensual indulgence we would have exact opposites of righteousness and temperance as here used by St. Paul (cf. Jos, Ant. VIII. vii. 5 for this meaning of dKpaala). The c…
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The notion of a double morality came into Cliristianity very early. It is possibly found in the Didacke, vi. 2, and in Hennas (see C. E. Luthardt, Histoj-y of Christian Elhir.s, tr. W. Hastie, Edin- burgh, 1889, p. 126), but not in the NT. The NT ethics is of a piece, having a definite origin and a single aim. What is …
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The privative adjective is used thus widely also in Pr 27"°', but here the universe of discourse is distinctly mentioned {oi dTraiSevroi aKparels yXuiaarj, ' unrestrained in speech ' ; cf. 4 Mac ."5"^ for a con- junction of the same ideas of training and self- control — ou \f/evaojj.ai ffe, Traideura p6jx€, qv8^ rpeui^…
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culties by placing enijihasis on the sway of rea.s<m in tile .soul, but wliat if the reason itself be as dis- turlied and distorted as the otlier faculties? What if prior to education there are needed regeneration and re|)entaiice — a change afl'ecting a man at the very centre of his personality? 'The Old World knew no…
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The hunter can 'despise pleasure, and bear cold, hunger, and [atigue, as if they were no evils. Cf. Hor. Car, i. i. 25. " Manet sub Jove frigido Venator, tenerte conjugis immemor, Seu visa est catulis cerva fidelibus, Seu rupit teretes Marsus aper plagas " * (Thomas Reid, Works", ed. Edinburgh, 1849, p. 679). But it i…
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autliorities, i.e. the head of the Temple police {crTparriyds ToO lepov) ami the Sadilucees (Ac 4') ; and, if their freedom of speech was somewhat curtailed, tills was not because of their attitude to the Temple and its services, which was evidently quite correct, hut simply because they were said to bo exciting the mu…
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i. St. James and the Temple. — James the Just, the Lord's brother, represented two ideas — the con- tinuance of the Church in union with the Temple, and the hope of the conversion of Israel. He was the acknowledged leader of those Christians who were zealous for the Law (tT/Xwrai toO vd/iov, Ac 21-°). If he conceded th…
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incontinency (1 Co 7'). St. Paul is afraid lest the Thessalonians have yielded to the ' temptation' to apostasy (1 Th 3=). He exhorts the Galatians to be consitlerate towards those who have been over- taken in any trespass, lest they also should be ' tempted ' (U'). St. James describes the course which temiitation when…
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Literature. — EBi,&rt. 'Trial, Tryinfj,' HDB, art. 'Tempt, Temptation,' DCG, art. 'Temptation'; SiiB. art. 'Tempta- tion' ; Handkommentarzym y'C-'ii Te^taimnt-, Freiburg, 139'2, 8.V. ' Versuchung ' in Indexes ; H. Ewald, Old and New 2'esta- vient rheolorfii, Eng. tr., Etlillburgli, 1888, p. 263 «f. ; F. W. Robertson, S…
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TERTULLUS.— Tertullus, a diminutive of Ter- tius, was the name of the ' orator ' emi)loyed by the 560 TESTAMENT TESTAMENTS OF 12 PATRIARCHS Jews to lay their case against St. Paul before Felix (Ac 24'). The term 'orator' indicates that the man belonged to the class of hired pleaders often employed in the provincial…
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The Testament of Simeon ('concerning envy,' /3). — He tells how strong and fearle.ss he was, yet he was jealous of Joseph and plotted his death, because the prince of deceit sent forth the spirit of jealousy and blinded his mind ; but God's angel delivered Joseph, as Simeon was away when Joseph came. In punishment for …
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* The passages in square brackets are Jewish interpolations, vol.. 11 —36 sons of Jacob shall reign — Levi first, Judah second, etc. He draws a picture of future Messianic bliss (XXV. 1-5). Judah dies (xxvi. 1-4). The Testament of Lisachar ('concernin" sim- plicity,' ji). — He begins with Rachel and 1-eah's dispute a…
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The Testament of Joseph ('concerning self- control,' /3). — In all troubles, God Avas with him — his brethren hated him but God loved him, he was enslaved and God freed him, sick and the Lord visited him, in prison and his God showed him favour (i. 1-7). God helped him in all his (ten) tempta- tions (ii. 1-7). He resis…
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4. Original language. — Until the last few years it was generally agreed that the Testaments, as we now have them, were not a translation but were originally written in Greek. Charles, however, preceded by two Jewish scholars, Kohler (JQR v. [1893] 400-406) and Gaster (PSBA xvi. 33-49, * Burkitt points out in his Jcwi…
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ii. The Hebrew Testament of Naphtali, whicli (ja.ster (PSBA xvi.) regarded as the source of our present Test. Naphtali. Charles rightly denies this view, and demonstrates the wide diversity between them, but perhaps wrongly assigns it to a late date. iii. Various passages in Jewish literature, in particular the Midras…
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1 Ti 1", 'I obtained mercy, because I did it ignor- antly ' || Test. Jud. xix. 3 ; 1 Ti 2', fieaWn^ deoi Kal dvepJnro)i' = Test. Dan, vi. 2 ; 2 Ti 2'«, 'they will proceed further in ungodliness ' || Test. Jud. xxi. 8 ; 2 Ti 4', 'the crown of righteousness ' = rei<. Levi, viii. 2 (for ' crown of glory,' 1 P 5*, of. Tes…
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The Priesthood of Christ, an idea so fully de- * ' Blessed is the man who does not defile the holy spirit of God which hath been put and breathed into him, and blessed is he who returns it to its Creator as pure as it was on the day when He entrusted it (to him).' TESTAAIENTS OF 12 PATRIAKCHS TESTAMEA'TS OF 12 PATRIA…
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Sin entails physical punishment (sickness, Test. Reiib. i. 7, Test. Sim. li. 12, I'est. Gad, v. 9 ; cf. 1 Co 5» IP), and spiritual (Test. Eeiib. iii. 8; cf. Ro 1^') and eternal (Te.it. Zeb. x. 3, Test. Gad, vii. 5) penalties. Sin is iinally to be destroyed and Beliar cast into the fire for ever (Test. Jud. xxv. 3). Re…
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The language is frankly Patripassian in Test. Levi, iv. 1, ^bov (XKvXevofx^i'Ou eirl t^ irddet rov ii\l/iaTov (which is a reference to Mt 27°-- '^). But cf. Ac 20^, ' the church of God, which he hath purchased with his own blood ' (N B). Two passages which ■would be Psilanthropist were they Christian are ' the compassi…
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TESTIMONY THANKSGIVING 567 regarils the followiiifr passage, Tint. Levi, xviii. 8-12, in its present form as induliilably Cliristian in point of view : * For He shall give the majesty ot the Lord to His sons in truth for evermore ; And there sliiill none succeed Iliin for ftll (fenerations for ever. And in His pri…
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THANKSGIYING.— The true ideal of human life, as inter|ircted in the NT, is to make it a great service of thanksgiving. The thanksgivings of our Lord, culminating in His in^^titution of the Eucharist, which was typilied in His thanksgiving prajers at the feeding of the crowds, )ire]iared the Church for this thought, lin…
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Origen [Horn, in Luc. i.), without rejecting the existence of a historical Theophilus, applied the name to all who are loved of God. Jerome {Anr.c- data Maredsolnna, Maredsous, 1895, iii. 3. 20) equates Theophilus with ' amicus vel amator Dei,' and Salvianus (£|p. ix. 18) says tliat Luke ad- dressed the two books ' ad …
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It is also possible that this contention had a further apologetic importance. It has often been noticed tliat Luke is an.vious to prove that there was no lawful reason for persecution by the Romans. The right of the religion of Israel to toleration was unquestioned, and it was possibly part of Luke's apologetic aim tha…
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2. Occasion and date of the Epistles.— In Athens Paul was joined by Silas and Timothy, who cau.sed him grave anxiety by their tidings of fresh perse- cutions sufl'ered bj- the Thessalonian Church (1 Th 3'°). More than once Paul planned a return to The.ssalonica, but the way was barred. What particular obstacle is meant…
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3. Contents of the Epistles. — (i.) I Thessa- lonians. — After the opening salutation (1'), whicli represents a combination of the conven- tional Greek and Hebrew greetings of the period (x<i/3i! Kal elpjirq), the Epistle falls into two sections. (a) Narrative and personal (1--8"). — (1) Tlianks- giving for the Thessa…
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4. Teaching of the Epistles.— (i.) Doctrine of God. — The dominant thought is that God is a living personal reality, as opposed to the abstractions of heathen philosophy or the mere fancies of heathen religion (1 Th 1"- '"). God gave the apostles their message (2^- "), and His inward power moved their hearers to accept…
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These examples are sufficient to show how large a use is made in 1 Tliess. of traditional Jewish ideas. But these ideas have become the setting of new Christian truths — the knowledge of Christ's resurrection as a fact, and the assurance that His resurrection is the pledge of the resurrection of His servants (4" 5"). I…
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In tlie apocalyptic literature of a later period, the general notion of a linal coniiict between the powers of the world and tlie kingdom of the saints re- appears in varying forms. In times of unusual op- pression it seemed to be near at hand, and existing heathen rulers seemed to represent the very incar- nation of t…
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(1) If.<! close rexemhlance in structure to 1 iness., with which is said to be coupled a difierence in tone and colour so great as to make -t >"C'<='1'^'1« * ^.t the two Epistles were written by the same wiiter to the same community about tlie same time (Wrede) This is the most weighty objection that Ims been advanced,…
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6 Value of the Epistles.-d) 'Ihe The.-siUonian Eiiistles are proliably the earliest extant Christian writings. They present to us a primitive stage in the growth of ^'C Church, and an early foini of Christian teaching. They may be comjiared with Paul's speeclies at Lyslra (Ac 14'"^-) and at Athens (n-'-"-) as examples …
944 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1915–1916); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.