PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
Dictionary of the Apostolic Church — Volume 2
James Hastings · 991,000 words · 974 reading sections
Section 361
' Thou Life within my life, than self more near, Tliou veiled Presence infinitely clear, From all illusive siiows of sense I flee, To find my centre and my rest in Thee ' (Worship Stmff, line l.'iOff.). i. Rich and glowing as such experiences are, they are bj' no nutans exclusively mediated through isolation. The NT,…
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' To heaven's high city I direct my journey. Whose spangled suhurbs entertain mine eye; Mine eye, by contemplation's great attorney, Transcends the crystal pavement of the sky. But what is heaven, great God, compared to Tliee? Without Thy presence, heaven's no heaven to me. Without Thy presence, earth p-ives no refl…
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1. Use in regard to Jews. — The actual high priest of the day figures in Acts alone (4'' 7' 22= 2,j\ etc.), whilst in Heb. the original and tj'pical high priest, Aaron, is introduced for the purpose of comparison with the priest of the New Covenant. The term is used with some laxity even in Acts, as in 4^, where it is …
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;70 PKIEST PRIEST and the former would have been open to all the objections, and liable to all the defects, that attach to every assumption of the right to speak or act for others. The appointment was made by the Father (He 5'), and the action of the Son was not that of initiation but of loving and resolute consent …
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Of the actual priesthj work of Christ two views are combined, according as it is regarded as reach- ing its supi'eme point on the Cross or as still con- tinuing ; and in either relation it may be considered under various aspects. (1) Prominence is given in the NT to the fact that the otiering of Christ w.as expiatory.…
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the community of believers, whose priestly rights are common and equal, whatever admini.strative grades are introduced with a view to eliiciency and order. To all alike the priestly jirivilege of access to God belongs (I!,) .i-, Kpli 2'"," He 4"' 10"', 1 P 31'-). All alike are called upon to oiler spiritual .sacrilices…
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[d) Nor is there any trace in the Apostolic Age of the emergence of a ministerial theory to which the sacerdotal factor was integral. (1) The apostles proper never claimed either to be or to appoint priestly officers. Their specific work was to bear the witness of their senses to the historical Christ (Ac P', 1 Jn 1'"*…
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PKINCE OF THE POWER OF THE AIR PRINCIPALITY, PRINCIPALITIES 273 Judaism to assign part at least of tlie government of tlie world. These spirits are represented as having brought about the death of Christ in their blind ignorance of tlie Uivino wisdom. Had thej' known the Lord of glory, they would never have committed …
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Turning to Christian writings, we find that various systems of angelology were put forward, but it is difficult to say how far they are inde- pendent of St. Paul. From Hermas ( Vis. iii. 4) we learn that instruction as to the positions of angels (ToiroBealas ras ayyeKiKai) was regarded as teaching for the more perfect.…
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taken from tlie good angels their authority. He sul)jected them to Christ, and proposed them J>ublicly as an example of cheerful obedience to lim {i.e. to Christ), causing them to t,riuinph in Christ.' What was this authority ? In Gal 3'", He '2-, Ac 7°' angels are described as the medium through which (iod revealed H…
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James Strahan. PRISCA, PRISCILLA.— See Aquila. PRISON. — 1. Greek words translated ' prison.' — The term 0i'XaK>) is almost invariably rendered ' prison ' in AV and K V. It is also used in a more restricted sense to designate a portion of a prison, in one instance ' the first and the second ward ' (Ac 12'° AV and KV)…
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3. Metaphorical use of 'prison.' — The word ' prison ' is applied in a figurative sense (1) to the place of confinement of the spirits ' which were disobedient ... in the days of Noah' (1 P S''-"- ; of. Gn ()■-"■').* These are probablj- to be identified with ' tlie angels which kept not their first estate,' declared in…
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It is also used by Clem. Rom. Ep. ad Cor. i. 5, vwoaorTjs fifM^eior ; cf. Marl. Piilt/r. 17, and Tatian, ad Orac. 33. The word occurs in its Latin dress, hravitim or brabium, in Tertullian, in the tr.ins- lation of Iren:eus, and in the Latin versions of the Scriptures. In 1 Co 9=», 2 Ti 4', Ja l'^ I P 5*, Rev 2'" 3" th…
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J. W. Slater. PROCHORUS.— Proohorus was one of the Seven appointoil and ordained in Ac 6". He is said to have been a bishop of Nicomedia. and martyred at Antioch. W. A. SrooXKU. PROCONSUL.— Down to the time of Aupistus this word had not become one, but was still two words — pro con.m/c, * in place of a c^ui^ul.' It si…
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The functions of the luocurators were judicial, financial, and military. The last tended to become less important in the later Empire. They had supervision of the taxes. They liad to pay the soldiers, not only in procuratorial but also in the other Imperial provinces. Each had charge of the 278 PROFANE PROFESS lOX …
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The etymological meaning of o/ioXoyeiv is 'to say the same thing ' as others. It fitly expresses the condition necessary for joining the company or society of those who believed in Jesus Christ. Those who confessed their faith ' said the same things' about Him as those who were already in the society. At first the cont…
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ings of the promise are those which Christ brings (' fellow-partakers of the promise in Christ Jesus through the gosjiel ' [Eph 3"]). They who receive the blessings are those who belong to Christ : ' if ye are Christ's, then are ye Abraham's seed, heirs according to promise' (Gal 3-'"). Eaith is the general condition o…
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2. The nature of prophecy. — The characteristic quality of the prophet was not his power of ex- pounding the facts of the Christian faith in their relation to each other or to life and conduct ; it was ' revelation.' This did not necessarily mean rapture or ecstasy accompanied by unintelligible utterances. On the contr…
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PROPHECY, PROPHET PROPITIATION 281 himself is to participate, not practising what lie teai'lies) suggest a lower tj'pe of spirituality both in prophet and people. There is further the obscure proviso tliat he is not to ' make assemblies for a wurMly mystery '(or to 'act for a worldly mystery of the cluucli '), but t…
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In classical Greek the verb ' propitiate ' (l\a.(rKop.ai) is common, but it is construed regularly with the accusative of the deity (or person) propitiated. This construction is never used by apostolic writers ; it is very rarely found in the LXX, even when used of a human subject (cf. Gn 32-», Zee 7", Pr W*). In the L…
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writers held in common the fundamental idea that it was by an ottering in His blood which Christ made in His death that He fulfilled a function ana- logous to, but infinitely tran.scending, that to which the terra ' propitiation ' was applied in the OT. liy this means the grace of God was expressed towards man, and bec…
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2 Co 5'5f-). (2) The Johnnnincuse. — Although the Johannine writer uses for 'propitiation' a ditt'erent Greek word (iXacr/io!, not VKacT-qpiov) there is no satisfactory ground for maintaining a meaning essentially ditt'erent from that presented in the Pauline thought ; characteristic words of a common re- ligion canno…
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284 PKOPORTION PROSELYTE lies beliiiul the use in this Epistle of a term com- mon to apostolic thought generally — as seems prob- able—the meaning would be thai the i)ropitiatiou Christ ottered so dealt with sin that there no longer remained in tlie Divine mind an obstacle to sin's forgiveness (cf. Holtzmann, Neates…
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The distinction drawn between ' the proselyte of the gate' (nys'n 13, 3^iri la), who accepted the ' Seven Noachian Laws ' (ERE iv. 245"), and ' the proselyte of righteousness ' (p'jv -la, n"!?ri la), who by complete adoption of Israel's laws became incorpor- ated with the covenant people (HDB ii. 157"), belongs to Rabb…
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3. Outline of the history of proselytism. — Con- versions to Judaism went on unimpeded in NT times, botli before and after the Jewish war (Part- ing of the Bonds, pp. 286, 305). The chief .source of our information on this point is Josephus, whose historical accuracy is now generally admitted (Hhli V. 4()0). Some of t…
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The Roman Empire grew by that inevitable pro- cess of expansion which is tlie lot of all great Empires. Kor the first two and a half centuries of the Republic expansion had been confined to Italy (see Roman Empire). With the conclusion of the First Punic War ('241 B.C.) a new situation had arisen. Having worsted a fore…
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During the Empire all the provinces were sub- ject to taxation, even those ciuitates M'liich had formerly been and were still liberce being now com- pelled to contribute. This change is traced to Pompey. Immunity of cities was an exceptional privilege in the Empire, belonging exclusively, or almost exclusively, to colo…
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PSALMS OF SOLOMON.— These Psalms are eighteen in number, ami were ])r<)bahly written in the 1st cent. it. (J. It is doubted whether they are even indirectly cited in the NT ; but both the language and the thought in them are of import- ance for a ccimiilete study of the Apostolic Age. 1. MSS and YSS.— It is generally …
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Ps 3. — The character, conduct, and faith of the righteous and unrighteous are contrasted. Ps 4. — The ' men-pleasers ' are described as hypocrites — outwardly, even extravagantly re- spectable and severe in their condemnation of sinners ; but actually consumed with lust, in their gratification of which they destroy t…
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PSALMS OF SOLOMON FTOLEMAIS 289 were written in Palestine (and probalily indeed in Jerusalem) within a single generation, and not improliably by a single writer ; absolute proof, however, of single authorship is not forthcoming, and some of tlie more colourless of the I'salms miif/it then belong to anotlier age. The…
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Literature. —(1) Greek Text. — O. von Gebhardt, Die Psalmen Salomo's(,TU xiii. 2 [ISil,-;]); H. B. Swete, The Old Testament in Greek, 1894-96, iii. 766-787 (text of MS E with the variants of H and tiiree MSS dependent on H). (2) Syriac Text. — J. Rendel Harris, The Odes and P.-^abns of .^oloriifm, 1909 (21911, where t…
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W. F. Boyd. PUDENS (IIoi'/Stjs).— Pudens was a Christian of Rome who along with Eubulus, Claudia, and Linus sends greetings to Timothy (2 Ti 4-'). He was thus on intimate terms with the apostle Paul at the time of his last Roman imprisonment. Nothing certain is know^n regarding him. He is supposed by many to have been…
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LiTERATURB. — For theories of punishment, in addition to works referred to in art. see F. H. Bradley, Ethical Studies, London, ISTO, ch. i. ; J. Seth, ^-I .Stwip of Ethical Principles^o, do., 190S, pp. 320-323 ; Borden P. Bowne, Principles of Ethics, New York, 1892, ch. x. ; G. F. Barbour, A Philosophical Studi/ of CA™…
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292 PYLON PYTHON ship, liowever, sailed for the old port, so that he and his companions had to make the usual overland journey. In Puteoli they ' found brethren ' of whom thej' had no previous knowledge (as the absence of the article proves), and ' were cheered among tliem {TrapfK\-/i0riiiei> wap^ ai^roit), remainin…
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Such diviners belonged to the lowest grade of the profession and were evidently for the most part ventriloquists.tt One such is brought before us in Ac 16'^"'", in the Greek city of Philippi, during a visit paid to it by Paul and Silas. She was not a priestess of the Pythian Apollo, or in other words an accredited agen…
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to one's gift. We cannot Qonbt that Quartus was an active worker. T. B. Allworthy. QUATERNION {rerpiiSiov, from rerpis, ' the num- ber four'; Vulg. quatei-nio, whence the English word). — St. Peter, arrested by King Herod Agrippa, was handed over to four quaternions of soldiers (Ac 12''), probably at the fortress Anto…
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Outside of the OT, no texts are ever cited as Scripture. Other sources are, however, clearly before the mind of the writer. Thus 7-' suggests Wis 11" 18= ; U^, Wis 13'" ; and 17^", Wis 11^ 12^. The phraseology of 3'< (cf. 7== 22'<) 4'^ 10^ 17^' re- calls Enoch, xxxviii. 2, xlviii. 7, xcix. 3, and xli. 9 re- spectively.…
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QUOTATIONS QUOTATIONS 295 Is 4U"'- (in the fuller reading of NA, etc.). 12" (from Dt 32") shows the same ajiproafh to the original Hebrew as the Targuni of Onkelos. 14" is a .somewhat free rendering of Is 45-^, with intro- ductory phrase from Is 49"*, or a similar context ; 15'-' is an abbreviated reference to Is 11…
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Gal 1* (cf. Is 53'2) ; 1'"- (cf. Jer 1") ; 3" (cf. Ex 12*»-) ; S^Mcf. Mai 2'») ; 6'« (cf. Ps 125', etc.). Eph l*" (cf. Ps 110'); 1" (cf. Ps 8») ; S'""- (cf. Is 57'") ; 2'" (cf. Lv 25") ; 2-» (cf. Is 28") ; 4« (cf. Dt 6') ; 4"'- (cf. Dt 30'=<f-) ; 5= (cf. Gn 8=', Ex 29'«, etc.); 5=»- (cf. Gn 3'«) ; 6" (cf. Is 11' 59", …
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3. The Epistle to the Hebrews.— This Epistle equals Komans in its dependence on the OT. It is, indeed, ' in great part a catena of quotations ' (Swete, p. 402). A considerable number are either wholly or virtually exact: l'^ (5'') = Ps 2'; 1°'' = 2 S 7"; l«'>=Dt 32*» (in Lucian's recension) ; 18" = LXX addition to Ps 4…
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(b) Of the other Catholic Epistles, 1 Peter offers a number of quotations from the OT, some of them exact equivalents of the LXX, as l"=Lv 11"'-; 2' = Ps 118'^2. 3io-i2 = pg 34i2-M»(with simple change from imperative to jussive); 3'*'- = Is 8'^'* (with Xpia-rdv instead of KOptov) ; 4'8=Pr IP' (a passage where the LXX d…
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LiTERiTFKE.— D. McC. Turpie, I'he Old Testament in the | ^ew, 186S; C. H. Toy, Quotations in the ^ew Testament, 1SS4 ; F. Johnson, The Quotations of the New Testament from, the Old, 1S97 ; W. Dittmar, Vet. Test, in A'ouo, pt. ii., 1003 (a verj' useful compendium, tlie texts being quoted in full, both in Gr. and Heb.); …
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In each placs it is the figure chosen to indicate the redemptive significance of the death of Christ which had become familiar in the Apostolic Church, and had apparently become specialized by the time the Pastoral Epistles were written. Access to its meaning in the apostolic times may be sought in (a) the fairly frequ…
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Literature. — For a discussion of \vTpov and its cognates see B. F. Westcott. Hebrews, London, ISSU, pp. 296 f., 22i)lf. ; W. Beyschlag. -V^ Theot.. Halle, 1891-92, i. 149, Eng. tr., Edin- burgh, limits, i. 152 ; J. Denney, Death of Chrint, London, 1902, p. 3S f. ; A. Ritschl, Rechtjertigung ttnd Versdhnung-*, Bonn, 1S…
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The procedure of St. Paul in his missionary work enables us to see the transition from the Jewish usage to the Christian. In Thessalonica he went into the synagogue, as was his custom, and ' reasoned with them from the scriptures, opening and alleging that it behoved the Christ to suffer, and to rise again from the dea…
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It is more difficult to determine whether during the 1st cent, narratives from the life of Jesus and collections of His sayings were so read. That there were such writings is evident from the early existence of Mark and Q, the common source of much of the First and Third Gospels, and from the use of such records in Chr…
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attitude would be of little value. He can exalt the love only by pointing to what God has done, not to what we have done ; our laying aside our hostility, though ultimately required to make the reconciliation complete, is wisely and intentionally ignored here ; it has no place in the demonstration of the transcendent a…
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believed that this reconciliation was the issue of that which God had done in the setting forth of Christ Jesus to be a 'propitiation' (Ro 3^). Such a propitiation is the Divinely appointed sanction and constraint of the apostles' doctrine {\6yos) of reconciliation — ' To wit, that God was in Christ reconciling the wor…
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Of course, even words like these, in the very form of which the modal implication is entrenched, and which owe, in fact, their existence to the need of words emphasizing the mode unambiguously, may come to be used so loosely that this implica- tion retires into the background or even entirely out of sight. In our commo…
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304 REDEMPTION REDEMPTION release of prisoners, the manumission of slaves (see A. Deissmann, Light from the Ancient East, p. 32211'., with some of the necessary correctives in T. Zahn, Der Brief an die liiimer, 1910, p. 180, note 51 from the middle), or the purcliase of immunity for faults committed against Deity (s…
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How little such a reference to the revolution wrought in the life of Christians empties the term ' to ransom ' of its implication of purchase may be learned from 1 P 1'"-. Peter is here as completely engrossed with conduct as Paul is in Tit 2'^. He too is exhorting his readers to a life, during their sojourn here expec…
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VOL. 11. — 20 ing the tr.ansgressions.' This death was, in point of fact, Christ's death ; and it was because it was Christ's death that it was adequate to its end (v.'*). But the fundamental point in our present ]iassage is that Christ could ransom men from their sins, that is to say, from the conseqviences of their …
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The fundamental idea underlying the representa- tion of salvation as a ransoming is its costliness. In some of the jiassages which have been adduced this idea is thrown very prominently forward. This is the case with Ro P*, and, indeed, with all the passages in which Christ is said to have given ' Himself,' or ' His bl…
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REDEMPTION REDEMPTION 307 heads; because your ransoming draweth nigh.' He does not point tliem to the time when tlie ransom wliich He came into the world to ]iay (Mk 10", Mt :20-') is at length to he paid for tliem ; neither does He promise them some other deliverance, ditlerent from that and disconnected with it, w…
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308 KEDEMPTIOX REDEMPTION because this language had lost to the writers of the OT its precise import, but in order to intimate that these deliverances were not, and were not to be, without cost. Even the later Jews were not without some sense of this, and looked about for the purchase-price. ' With two blooils,' say…
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REDEMPTION REFORMATION 309 bought out from it, that we may heeomo rather sons of Goii and receive the Spirit. We were under the curse of the broken law and had incurred its penalty — the wrath of God and all that the wrath of God means : Christ has bought us out from under this curse. He has done tliis by beconiinj;…
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Benjamin B. Warfield. RED SEA.— The passage of the Red Sea with the destruction of Pharaoh's army was one of the great miracles of Jewish history which the people loved to recall. There are three distinct references to this event in the NT. In Ac 7"" St. Stephen mentions it as manifesting the glory of Mose.s. In He 11…
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So far as Judaism is concerned, it has always been recognized that early Christianity formed • Reitzenstein's comparison of the NT with these ia, however, uitrnifioant : ' the treniendous seriousness with which guilt and atonement are preached is, so far as I can discover, lacking in Uellemsni ' (PoimandreB, p. 180, n…
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The basis for a doctrine of regeneration is there- fore to be found in the sacraraentalism of both Judaism and the mystery-cults. And the NT writers believe in a miraculous change of status brought about at the moment of faith. But they always insist that this has no meaning unless a new moral life, governed by new mot…
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3. The Pauline writings. — The central passage for St. Paul's thought on the experience of re- generation is Ko 6-8. It is evidently autobio- graphical in fact as well as in rhetorical form, and is a wonderful piece of self-revelation. It is a classic of religious experience, and yields in a most interesting way to cle…
1,125 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1915–1916); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.