PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
Dictionary of the Apostolic Church — Volume 2
James Hastings · 991,000 words · 974 reading sections
Section 301
Of what place could these facts be spoken ? The three main points are (1) his imprisonment, (2) Prsetorium, (3) Ciesar's household. (1) St. Paul tvas often in prison (2 Co 11^) : in Philippi itself (Ac 16-"), in C*sarea (Ac 23), and in Rome (Ac 28). According to Clement (ad Bom. i. PHILIPPIANS, EPISTLE TO THE PHILIP…
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But it is not clear that either of these views would in any way help us out of the difficulty, for on Lightfoot's view St. Paul changed his style within two years and his doctrine developed and deepened. Two years is too short a period for this. On Haupt's view St. Paul's profound style and doctrine in Colossians and E…
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7. Contents of the letter.— («) The fellowship of thegospel (I'-" 4"'--'2).— The teaching of the begin- ning and ending of the letter centres round the thouglitof fellowship{(coii'wi'ia), and this central idea itself is suggested to the Apostle by the liberality of his Philippian converts. The foundation of this fellow…
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(c) The faith of the gospel {it xJtrris tov eiaYy^'^lov) (l-'-2' 3i_49) — 'Y^g Philippians were anxious as to how St. Paul's state would atlect the cause of Christ, and he also is anxious for them, not so much as to their condition viewed by itself, but as to its ettect on the gospel as a whole. If his com- ing is to b…
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We have already dealt with St. Paul's references to Timothy and Epaphroditus (•2'^-*'). We must look a little more closelj' at their Great Example. (d) The imitation of Christ (2^'"). — This famous passage cannot be discussed with any fullness here. It is evident from the rhythmical structure that thought and language…
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PHILIPPIANS, EPISTLE TO THE PHILO 227 human likeness, and being found in human guise, He still humbled Himself unto death — yea the Cross-death.' Here we have the Apostle's descrip tion of our Lord's incarnate life. What is involved in His self-emptying we cannot say. The ' how' of it is beyond our understanding, bu…
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Homiletics and Theology : — R. Rainy, Expositor's Bible, ' Pbilippians," London, 1893; H. C. G. Moule, Cambridge Greek Testament, ' Fhilippians,' Cambridge, 1897, Philippian Studies, London, 1897 (full of sympathetic insight); C. J. Vaugban, Lectitres on Philippian^'^, Cambridge, 1864, Greek Text with Notes, London, 18…
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2. Works.— Philo is (I) an interpreter of Holy Scripture, (2) an apologist for Judaism. The earlier editions of his works contain a large number of individual treatises of which Eusebius (HE ii. 18) and .Jerome (de Vir. III. 11) * give a long list. But it has been shown by Schilrer, Massebieau, and Cohn that they fall …
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On the other hand, PhUo is a typical Jew of the Diaspora. He feels as a Greek. To him Greek is his mother tongue ; his Bible is the Greek transla- tion of the Pentateuch. We do not know whether he knew Hebrew, or, if so, how much. His Judaism is weakened and enlarged ; it has lost its strictness and national narrowness…
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From the Sceptics Philo borrows the criticism of sense perception ; their doubts at the same time are helpful for refuting Stoic fatalism, which is incompatible with the Jewish faith in God. In ethics Philo accepts the doctrine of the four main virtues as proposed by Plato, and the Stoic principle of life according to…
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6? Philo's significance for the Apostolic Age.- Th^ Fathers esteemed Philo as a witness in favour of early Christian monasticism ; besides, they used h s doc^trine of the Logos and h s method o inter- pretation for their Christological constructions ?Iis influence is undeniable, from the apologists of tlie 2nd cent, on…
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T. B. Allworthy. PHILOSOPHY.— This word {4>i\dao<pla = ' the love and pursuit of wisdom') is found only once in the NT (Co! 2^). But, as Christianity claims the whole realm of human thought and life as its sphere, it could not be indiH'erent to so important a subject. Neverthe- less, the gospel is supremely a proclama…
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We shall suppose that Phoebe herself was sail- ing eastward from Cenchrea; or westward from Lechaeum, the port on the Corinthian Gulf, according to tlie view we take of the probable destination of Ro 16 (or vv.'"-, detached by some scholars from the rest f the chapter). If these verses are an integral part of the Epist…
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PH(ENICIA (AV ' Phenice,' iou-kT,). —Phoenicia, the coast-laud between Mt. Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea, was about 120 miles in length and rarely more than 12 in breadth. It presented to the eye a succession of hills and valleys, well- watered and fruitful ; and it had the best harbours in the whole Syrian coastli…
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But there is a serious objection to the proposed identification. St. Luke describes the harbour of Phoenix as ^X^irovTa Kara \i(3a Kal Kara x^f^^ (-^^ 27"*). This is one of the most discussed phrases in Acts. If it is translated ' looking toward the south-west and north-west ' (AV), it is quite in- applicable to Loutr6…
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In these Hellenistic cities the Jews relaxed their strictness so much that the orthodox counted them degenerate. There is a bitter saying in the Talmud to the effect that the baths and wines of Phrygia had separated the ' Ten Tribes ' from the brethren (A. Neubauer, La Giogr. du Talmud, 1868, p. 315). This very liberal…
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ness. ,.c,~ Druggists also with various remedies claimed the curative worth of their prescriptions. There were survivals of folk-medicine. Women practised as midwives, when they were past the age of child- bearin". They treated diseases which it was not proper"for men to know or for women to divulge to men. Some of th…
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' I swear by Apollo, the physician, by Asklepios, by Hy^eia, by Panakeia, and by all gods and goddesses, that I will fulfil re- ligiously, according to the best of my power and judgment, the solemn vow which I now make. I will honour as my father the master who taught me the art of medicine ; his children I will consid…
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PHYSICIAN PHYSICIAN 237 Sickness was referred to supernatural af^encies. The cult of Askleiiios was transferred to Koine in 291 B.C., and the worship was with ' super.'ititious rites and ceremonies. ' Everj' function of life was pre- sided over by a divinity ; therajieutic agencies were magical, through sin-oil'erin…
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If Luke was a physician (Col 4"), as Harnack has adduced strong reasons for maintaining (Lvkas der ^rsC, Leipzig, 1906, p. 122 ff., Eng. tr., Luke the Physician, London and New York, 1907, Appendix, p. 175 ff.; cf. W. K. Hobart, The Medical Language of St. Paul, Dublin, 1882 ; T. Zahn, Einleitung in das NT, Erlangen, 1…
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2. 1 Ti 3". — VJTis (sc. okos) (cttIv iKKKriala. Oeou i^wvTos, (TTi'Xos Kal eopaiwfxa rrjs a.\ijOflas, * which is the church of the living God, the jiillar and ground (stay) of tlie truth.' iopalu/ia is dira^ \ey. in both cla.ssical and NT Greek. 'Hou.se of God 'in the OT denoted, in the first place, the Temple, and th…
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W. M. Grant. PIPE, FLUTE {avUs, from avetv ' to blow').— The word and its cognate forms ajjpear live times in the NT. Two of these have been noted under art. Minstrels, where it is pointed out that ai'Xjjr^s in Mt 9'-^ is translated ' minstrel ' and in Rev 18-^ ' piper,' though in each case the RV has the more correct…
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' The newly-founded towns remained indeed unimportant, but still notably restricted the field of the free inhabitants of the mountains, and general peace must at lengtfi have made its triumplial entrance also here' (T. Momnisen, The I'roi'incea (if the Roman Empire-, Eng. tr., 19U9, i. 337). 240 PIT PITY, COMPASSION…
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PLACE (HIS OWN) POISON 241 1890, p. 203). This is, however, a vnliii distinction between iXeetv and olKTeipeiv for cliissical Greek only. In biblical Greek it scarcely holds true lliat oiKTcipeiv carries no implication of the intent to help. In the LXX it is not seldom equivalent to (\eety in this respect (cf. l^s 1…
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C. L. Feltoe. PLAGUE. — The word trK-riyii, ' stroke,' occurs in the NT only in the Apocalypse (8« 9'8- ^ IP IS^- >-• " 151. 6. e 109. 21 18^. 8 219 22'S). It was used by the LXX for the ' plagues ' of Egypt and the later visita- tions of God upon His people and their enemies, which made a profound impression upon the …
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xiv. .3-8) knows that Polycarp, who was taught by the apostles and who lived with several persons who were eye-witnesses of the Lord, received his appointment in Asia from the apostles as bishop in the Church of Smyrna (inrb tuv a.ToirT6\wi> Kara- (TTadeis iisTrjv'Aaiav^vr^ iv'ZfxvpvT) iKKK7]al<f.4trl<jKoiro$), It is h…
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The deatli of Polj'carp is e.xceedingly well known through the letter written by the Church of Smyrna to the Church of Philomelium and ' to all the Churches of the holy and catholic Church in all places ' (see Harnack, Ucberlicferung der altchr. Liu., Leipzig, 1893, pp. 74-75). Parts of the Martyrium Polycarpi are quot…
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244 POLYCARP POLYCARP pagans who filled the stadium, ' sighs, and, raising his eyes towards heaven, says, "Away with tlio atheists!"' But he refused to curse the Christ (ix. 2-3). The proconsul insisted in vain. ' 1 am a Christian,' replied the bishop ; ' if thou wouldest learn the doctrine of Christianity, assign a…
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Must we believe that the mention on several occasions of the Catholic Church is an indication of later touches? We might get rid of this difficulty if the phrase -q Ka&oXiKri iKKXijaia had not already occurred in Ignatius, and moreover in his Epistle to the Smyrnjeans (viii. 2), with the mean- ing of ' universal Church…
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This epistle is attested by the mention of it and the extracts from it made by Eusebius (HE III. xxxvi. 13-14), and better still by the descrip- tion given of it by Irenseus (Haer. iii. 3, 4), cited by Eusebius (HE IV. xiv. 6): 'There is another letter of Polycarp to the Philippians, which is very important. Those who…
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Among these np^crp&repoi Polycarp mentions one called Valens who greatly horrihed his colleagues by his greed (xi. 1) ; the wife of Valens was as giilty as he (xi. 4). ' He who cannot govern him- lelf in these things,' writes Polycarp how doth he enjoin this upon another?' (xi. 2). Polycarp exhorts the presbyters to br…
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PONTUS 24; Tlie eschatolopy is conlined to the resurrection of the dead (ii. 2, v. 2, vii. 1), to tlie judj^ment of the living; and the dead hy tlie Christ wlio comes, 5s ^PXfToi (ii. 1 : cf. vi. 2, vii. 1, xi. 2), to the reward of the just in lieaven (v. 2, ix. 2). Tlie Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippian.s close…
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The first cities of Pontus to receive Christianity were doubtless those of the seaboard, from which it must have rapidly spread inland. Pliny the Younger was sent to administer Pontus and Bithynia in A.D. Ill, and his correspondence with Trajan gives a clear idea of the changes already being wrought by the new religion…
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POSSESSION. — In the earlier period of his career man did not realize, as we do, the ditt'erence between him.self and the animals, plants, and objects around him. He thought, and in the lower culture still thinks, of these as in many respects like himself. When, therefore, through dreanjs and other exjierienccs, he re…
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The Greeks called a supernatural being inter- mediate between the gods and men oal/iuv, 'demon.' This was used in the LXX and the Apocrypha, as in Tobit, to translate D-i.i' and D'i'!,y. The word thus came to get a bad meaning. The later Jews and Christians, in their hatred of the pagan cults, emphasized this view, and…
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II Exp, 7th ser., iii. 322, 631, n. 3 ; BDB i. 207. H Lv 16 ; UDB i. 207 ; Exp. 7th ser., iii. 632 ; ExpT xxiv. 9 ; ERE ii. 282, iv. 598 ; cf. Bar 4". •♦ Ex/i, 7th ser., iii. 331 ; ERE iv. 670, 695 ; Dt 32", Ps lOff" ; Edersheim, LT* ii. 760. tt Exv, 7th ser., iii. 322 ; BDB i. 681>. tl Hitzig, quoted by A. Kuenen,…
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II II Is 4711 : * Evil will fall upon thee which thou canst not dispel with sorcery and which thou canst not remove with rituals of purgation ' ; ExpT xxii. [1910-11] 323 ; Exp, 7th ser., iii. 640. 1li[ 2 K 922. The art itself, according to Robertson Smith, is an expression used of shredded herbs of which was concocte…
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nil See also Lv 1538, 2 S 132, 2 K 1« 87-29 1311 201, Sir 312, 2 Es 831. nt §§ 216-227. *** Quoted by J. B. Lightfoot. The Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon, London, 1875, p. 140. ttt Gn 602 refers to professional embalmers. POSSESSION POSSESSION 251 ally trained pliysician of to-day. Still the ri curat…
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(a) The ethical standpoint. — People whose strangeness of life or action seemed abnormal were said to have a demon ; this was said ** of our Lord even by His own relatives, and of John the Baptist. In the Apostolic Age there were many people whom the writers of the NT looked upon as wicked. Amid that evil and disloyal …
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Jesus, then, cured not merely normal diseases, but cases of demonomania of which no particulars are given. ttt But there are recorded four types of * Mt 423 817 935 1414. 35 2638. 39. 43. 44, Mk 65- 56. 56, Lk 4'"> 6" 72. 10 92 109, Jn 64 446. 63 6= 111-6, Ao 616 937 289, ph 226. 27, 2 Ti 420, Ja e". 16. t Mt 42) 108…
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* W. M. Alexander, Demonic Poteeuion in the ST, Edin- burgh, 1902, p. 81. t lb. p. 39. „ ! Mt 9I8, Mk 623 62. 6 823. 25 927, Lk 440 13I8, AC 612 917 828 ; cf. Ao 3- ; Dearmer, Bndi/ and Soul, p. 168 ; Mt W'S, Mk 1018, Ac 6» 812. 18. 19 133 196, 1 Ti i'-i 622. § Mt 86- 32 1718, Mk 68, Lk 435. 88. 1 EBr^ ixvL 49. P…
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• PEFSt xxiv. [1892] 144. t Dearmer, Body and Soul, p. 289. i Robert Burton, Ajwtomy of Melancholy, ed. London, 1866, pt. I. sect. i. mem. 1, subsect. 1 ; Tylor, PC*, p. 191. § R. Southey, Life of Wesley, new ed., London, 1864, pp. 16, 306. II lb. p. 366. Tl The Journal of the Rev. J. WesUy (Ever\'man ed.), i. 190…
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* Ay, note that Potter's wheel. That metaphor I and feel Why time spins fast, why passive lies our clay,—* But I need, now as then, Thee, God, who mouldest men ; My times be in Thy hand ! Perfect the cup as planned I * But God's ' vessels of wrath ' (Ro 9''') create a difficulty for the reason as well as the heart, …
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There are two points to be remembered : (1) the rich inheritance of the traditions of praise derived from the Temple services, and (2) the teaching of the Synagogue that, when one is cut off from partici- pation in sacrifices, praise should take their place. The few scattered hints in the Acts support the paradox that …
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It may be of interest to classify (after Westcott) the various doxologies found in the Epistles and the Apocalypse. (1) Gal 15. To whom [our God and Father] be the glory for ever and ever. Amen. (2) Ro 1136. To him [the Lord] be the glory for ever. Amen. (8) Ro 16-''. To the only wise God through Jesus Christ [to w…
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The references to praise in the Apostolic Fathers bring out the same underlying ideas. We find in Clem. Rom. Ep. ad Cor. i. 61 : ' O Thou, who alone art able to do these things, and things far more exceeding good than these for us, we praise Thee through the High Priest and Guardian of our souls, Jesus Christ, through …
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Eph 6'*. — The univensality of the duty as to mode, times, and persons is enforced by the words ' all [)rayer,' ' at all seasons,' ' in all perseverance,' ' for all the saints.' Ro 1'"'-. — As elsewhere, Paul begins with thank- fulness, offering all prayer through the one Medi- ator, to whom he commends ,all tlie serv…
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2. Prayers for the departed. — The possible refer- ences to prayers for the departed in the NT taken by themselves are ambiguous, nor is it easy to deal with this subject without reference to authors who wrote outside the limits of this Dictionary. But there is one reference, which may be fairly said to prove the exist…
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1. Preaching and teaching.— The function of preaching, as above outlined, is to be distinguished from teaching (SiSaxn), in which the truths and duties of Christianity were more deliberately un- folded and applied. The content of the preaching and of the more elaborated instruction was neces- sarily often the same (Ac …
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4. Kinds of preaching. — The preacliing of the Apostolic Age was marked by great variety. The sources available for a characterization are the historical portions of Acts, together with the actual discourses contained therein, and also what may legitimately be inferi'ed from the Epistles. The Epistles should not be reg…
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{b) Resurrection and Messiahship of Jesus. — It was no mere abstract conception of the personality of Jesus that was preached. As pointed out by B. Weiss, ' like Jesus Himself, His apostles com- mence, not with a religious doctrine or an ethical demand, but with the proclamation of a fact' (Biblical Theol. of NT, Eng. …
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M. Scott Fletcher. PRECIOUS. — The word is of frequent oocurrenee in the NT, and represents various Greek terms: ^i-Ti/ios, TijUTj, rlmos, iadrifios. The root iilea is some- thing of great worth, which also becomes precious or an honour to those who possess it. It is applied to jewels (Rev 11* 18'=- '« 21"- ">), to woo…
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It is probable that precious stones were origin- ally valued less for their beauty and rarity than for the magical and medicinal powers which tliey were supposed to possess. By a kind of sympa- thetic magic the amethyst (d, ' not,' and jj.(66(rKu, 'make drunk') with its wine-red colour was re- puted to be a preventive …
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4. St. Paul's view of predestination and sal- vation.— Predestination, however, in its bearing upon salvation finds its great exponent in the apostle Paul. That God has foreordained par- ticular persons from all eternity to salvation and eternal life, that He has provided for them the means to that salvation in the wor…
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from God's predestinating purpo.se ' according to the good pleasure of his will ' and without any foresight of merit on their |iart : the issue of destruction for the wicked proceeds from the rejection of ollcred grace and their persistence in transgressiou and sin. The distinction is that set forth by St. Paul wlien h…
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LiTERATnEE.— C. Hodgre, Syttematic Theology, 1872, i. 536 ff. ; T. J. Crawford, Myst^Hes of Christianity, 1874, p. 291 flf. ; John Forbes, Predestination and Freewill, J878 ; J. B. Mozley, Piedcstinalion-, 1878 ; B. Jowett, The Epistles o/ St. Paul to the Tfirs>^alonians, Galatians, and Romans, 1894, iU 370 ; J. Drummo…
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(a) Jewish apocali/ptic. — ' Even as a Jew, Saul believed the Messiah to be already in existence ' PEE-EXISTENCE OF CHRIST PRE-EXISTENCE OF CHRIST 265 (H. Weinel, St. Paul, Eng. tr., 1906, p. 45). 'Jewish Messianic speculatiun had aheuuy im- agined a picture for the completion of which really nothing was wanting but…
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The advance in Christological ideas which had taken place by the time of the Pauline Ejiistles must be ascribed to an innate necessity of thought. The concept of pre-existence lay implicit in the Church's most primitive consciousness of the Crucified and Exalted Christ as Saviour. The form in which this first found exp…
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The question immediately arises for theology : How is one to relate this conception of the Pre- existent Christ to the Eternal Unity of the God- head ? Beyschlag's theory of an ideal pre-existence in the Divine thought and will is wholly inadequate as a historical interpretation of Pauline thought ; and the same may be…
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PRESENCK TRESENCE 267 in reference to the Second Advent or Parousia ; cf. 1 Th 2'-'). No man, however wise or strong, may hoast in the presence of ( iod ( 1 Co 1-'') ; in t hat pres- ence Clirist appears on our hehalf ( He i)-') ; and there ' before the presence of his ^'hjry ' we ourselves may liope to stand (Jude …
1,293 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1915–1916); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.