PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
Dictionary of the Apostolic Church — Volume 2
James Hastings · 991,000 words · 974 reading sections
Section 601
K. Erbes, in a suggestive article, thinks that, as St. Paul's journey to Rome was well known in the city, many disciples met him at Forum Appii or Tres Tabern^e, and gave him full particulars concerning the Roman congregation. Even before, brethren in Rome in deep sympathy had written to him, so that he was familiar wi…
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* See A. Harnack, The Mission and Expa-nsion of Christi- anity in the First Three Centuries^ Eng. tr.^, 2 vols., London, 1908, Index, s.v. 'Rome.' t J. A. Robinson, St. Paul's EpiitU to the Ephesians, London, 1903, p. 280. S H. Gressmann, in RGG lii. [Tubingen, 1911) 1908. not yet perhaps a formal part of the .servi…
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J. Alfred Faulkner. SALYATION.SAYE, SAVIOUR.— 1. Words refer- ring to salvation i n the NT outside tlie Gospels (for Gospels see DCG ii. 5.j'2-5.57, 571-573). — awidf ('to save') is trenorall}' used for spiritual deliver- ance. The e.\eeptii)ns in the Acts are4'' 14", where it is used for healing from bodily intiruii…
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3. Idea of salvation. — A characteristic thought of the NT is that salvation is past, present, and future. This may be seen with regard both to the actual words relating to salvation and to different expressions of the idea. Christians are spoken of as those who have been saved, and who are in possession of a salvation…
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(2 p 11. 11 2-'° 3" "), and as ' the Saviour of the world' (1 Jn4"). , ,, (i) The means of tlie deliverance was notably Christ's passion and death. According t(> St. I'eters speech in Ac 2---' it was * by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God that Christ was ' delivered up,' a fact implying the purpose acc…
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{h) So far as the pos.iihilittf of receiving is con- cerned the life of salvatidn, is open to all men, since ' the living God ... is the Saviour of all men, speci- ally of them that believe' (1 Ti 4'"), though this must not be pushed to a denial of the correlative NT truth that there are possibilities of rejection and …
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S. Relation of Christian teaching to the pagan mysteries.— The theories underlj-ing the pagan mysteries bear some resemblance to Christian teaching, since they contain the idea of deliverance through a process of regeneration, and through participation in a Divine life which is operative for the future as well as for t…
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The Pentecostal Church, thrilled by the Spirit of the Risen Christ, is said to have awakened early to her duty to Samaria. The dispersion which followed the death of Stephen brought many preachers ' to the regions of . . . Samaria ' (Ac 8'- ■■). While Philip, and afterwards Peter and John, prob- ably laboured in the ci…
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Eusebius, in the 4th cent., describes it as Se^oa-T^f, tjiv vvv noKixvriv TTJs noAaiffTtfTj? {Onotn. 292). A bishop of Samaria attended the Council of Nicaea (a.d. 325), and another that of Jerusalem (A.D. 536). A baseless tradition made It the scene of the death of John the Baptist, and a church of the 12th cent, sta…
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IjTTERAxrRE. — Fof solar nivtli theorv see Commentaries on Judges hv G. F. Moore (ICC. ISO.'ijand K. Budde(/-)ns Ruck del- liichier. ISO") : J. G. Frazer, The Golden liumilfi, lilUH, iii. won. ; A. Jeremias, The (IT in the Lir/ht of the Ancient Kast, Eiig. tr., 2 vols., 1911, ii. 16911. J AMES STKAHAN. SAMUEL (Zanoir/…
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F'or the sake of convenience, the NT doctrine of sjinctilication may be treated under two asjiects : (1) sanctification as a correlate of justification; (2) sanctification and the Christian ethic. It is 450 SANCTIFICATION SANCTIFICATION to be noted that these are but two aspects of the doctrine. Kssentially, and …
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(2) The Pauline writings. — The doctrine of sanctification in St. Paul represents a somewhat earlier stage in apostolic thought. Both in St. Paul and in Hebrews the death of Jesus is that which establishes the new relationship Ijetween God and man (Eph 2'^- "). The unsanctified man is in a state of enmity towards God, …
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Is there, then, such a thing as progressive sanctilication ? Strictly speaking, the word 07100-- nos, as we have seen, contains no such idea. It exjiresses a state of holiness, not a process of be- coming holy. Any other interpretation would negative the NT idea of holiness itself. The primitive idea of holiness, indee…
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This is dangerous doctrine, but all great doc- trines are dangerous. Freewill, by the teaching of Scripture itself, was a very dangerous ex- periment. It is not surprising that St. Paul's principle of freedom should not only have occa- sioned abuse, but al.so excited grave doubts in the minds of those who were morally …
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Human cooperation, then, in the work of sancti- lication is strongly emphasized, if ' the fruits of the Spirit ' are to be brought forth in human character. It is no doubt to St. Paul that we lirst owe the idea that the Holy Spirit is the factor not only in the Christian as a member of the com- munity (a saint among sa…
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Literature. — Besides the works luentioned in the art. see Literature under Saint ; J. Denney, EtiT, ' Koinans," London, I'.lOO (esp. chs. tt-s); Sanday-Headlam, ICC, 'Honians'», Edinburqrh, 1902 ; J. A. Beet, llulincxs, London, 1880 ; see also J. Vernon Bartlet, art. 'Sanctification,' in HDD, and the Literature there …
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The first positive record of the Sanhedrin, under the name of Gerousia, appears in the decree of Antioehus the Great about 200 (Jos. Ant. xil. iii. 33). This was an aristocratic body of elders of the nation with the high priest at its head, which had charge of the government of the Jewish people under I'ersian and then…
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4. The title Ab Beth Din and the duumvirate. — It is nevertheless unwarranteii to dismiss as fictitious, as Schiirer, Wellliausen, and Kuenen do, the whole tradition concerning the leadership of the so-called N'slim and the duumvirate. As a matter of fact, the important innovations (tekkd- noth) ascribed to such master…
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As to the elements constituting the Sanhedrin, the ruling priests representing the Sadducean party were, according to Josephus (BJ II. xiv. 8, xv. 2f., xvii. 2 ft'., V. i. 5) and the NT (Mt l^^ 27" and elsewhere), dominant in influence, and the patri- cians, called ' the men of power ' (SwaTol) in Josephus (locc. citt.…
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As regards the death penalty on saciilegious intruders on the Temple ground, this was, as the inscription indicates (see T. Moramsen, Romische Geschichte, v.- [1885] 513), a law against the Zealots sanctioned by the people and the Roman govern- ment (see art. 'Zealots' in JE xii. 641''), and has nothing to do with the …
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In Sardis the kings of Lydia, whom the Greeks counted 'barbarians' (Herod, i. 6), reigned in Oriental splendour and luxury. But centuries of material prosperity made the Lydian character soft and voluptuous, and the fall of Croesus, whom Solon warned in vain of the fickleness of fortune, became to the Greeks the suprem…
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Literature. — C. W. King, The Natural History of Precious Stones a7id Gems, 1866, pp. 278-286. James Strahan. SARDONYX ((rop56i'u?).— The sardonyx is the fifth foundation of the New Jerusalem (Rev 21'-"). This stone is a beautiful variety of onyx, consist- ing, as the name implies, of a layer of sard (or of carnelian)…
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The Fathers liked to think of Christ Himself, the Incarnate Word, as the iraiSayfryus. One of the works of Clement of Alexandria is so designated. The iraiSayuryds is ' God ill the form of niiin un- deliled, minister to the Father's will, the unsullied image of God' (i. 2). He is 6 iravra <f>t\dv0puTroi, tlie True Frie…
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2. Roman scourging. — (a) Roman scourging is distinguished from Jewish in 2 Co II-'"- by the fact that the former was inllicted with rods (ipafsSladi]!'). St. Paul suffered this mode of punishment on three occasions. Only one of these inflictions, that shared by Silas, is recorded in the Acts (16--). In carrying out th…
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2. Connotation of terms. — Both ypa<f>^ and ypapL/xa are derived from the verl) ypdipu, 'draw,' ' inscribe,' or ' write,' and thus suggest; writivcj in the most general sense. Classical Greek shows the transition in eadi case from the ruilimentary concejition of vrittrn rlmrnctcrs, or the art uf alphabetic tcriting, to…
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4. Extent of Scripture.— The canon of the NT writers was that inherited from the Jewish Church, and thus corresponded to our OT. There is fre- quent reference to the canonical grou]>s of the Law 'and the 'Prophets.' Of the Hagiographa, the Books of Psalms, Proverbs, and Job (in 1 Co 3'") are explicitly cited as Scriptu…
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The cruelty of the whole race and the despotism of their kings were notorious in the ancient world. When the king i)ut a man to death all the male relations of the unfortunate victim were slain as well, for feiir of blood revenge. When engaged in battle, the Scythian warrior drank the blood of the lirst of the foe he …
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1. A large body of water or collection of waters (Ac 21">- '■">■ •"' l^'i 2S^ Ko ()-', -2 Co 11-'', Hell '-, Ja P, Jude", Rev 7'"^ 8'- '■' 10--=» 12'= i:?' 16-' 18"- '■'• ■-' 208. 13 211 . cf_ Ac 27^ 7rfXa70s ; Ja 3', ecdXios).— In the first of these passages, the sailors with Paul on his memorable voyage to Rome, pret…
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2. The Red Sea (Ac 7"", 1 Co lO'-^, He 11=»).— In some respects this is the most remarkable body of water on the globe. It is subject to extreme evaporation ; and, though no rivers empty into it, it is never exhausted. It is 1350 miles long, and 205 miles broad at its widest jiart. There are three references to it in a…
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ing yet motionless. In the other and only remain- ing passage (15^) he beholds 'a glassy sea mingled with fire.' On its shores the redeemed stand, as the children of Israel did on the shores of the Red Sea, victorious, singing the song of Moses and of the Lamb. See, further, next article. Georoe L. Robinson. SEA OF G…
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(c) It is possible to find links with the Jewish ritual system. Before the approach to the holy place stood the brazen sea, whose form and decora- tion suggest remoter links with Babylonian cosmo- logy. In the priestly system, whatever the past significance of the laver, it certainly stood for the necessity of purifica…
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t66 SECOiND ADAM SELEUCIA which has been made for them, but that he figura- tively sets liis seal (cf. Jn 3'^) to the ofTering of material things whicliis the 'fruit' of their spiritual gifts to the Gentile world. He uses language of great dignity and solemnity, for he knows that money, which is sometimes mere lilth…
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SELEDCIA (SeXciJKcio). — Seleucia was the sea- port of Antioch and the maritime stronghold of the Macedonian monarchy in Syria. It lay 5 miles to the north of the mouth of the Orontes, on the southern skirts of Mt. Pieria, whence it was called SeXeuKcia r/ if Iliepi?, in distinction from the many other foundations of t…
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^'jiil^U-r!^ describes also the initial sta^e of tlie Christian life ^yhen by .f'-^h the i.idnidu. wholly yields himself to Christ. \\ hen i't 1 -uU said • ' Lord, what wilt thou have me to do? Ac an that is self-denial. Man apart trom God is seltisl, controlled from below. ' Homo ex ra Deum'quanit pabulum in "'eatura …
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Literature.— W. F. Adeney, art. 'Self-Surrender' in BDB Iv. ; W. L. Walker, The Spirit and the Incarnation, Edin- burgh, 1899, Index, s.v. ' Self- Renunciation ' ; J. Kostlin, Christliche Ethik, Berlin, 1888-89, p. 119; A. Harnack, The Mission and Expanximi of Christianity in thp First Three Onturies, Kng. tr., London…
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The NT gives no encouragement to a morbid or excessive self-scrutiny, as an end in itself. Intro- spection is implied in 1 Jn 3°", but only to issue in the encouraging declaration that ' God is greater than our heart' : and in Gal 6' (aiiOTTu>v aeavrdv) we are reminded that the inspection of our own hearts tends to sti…
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(2) Chambers with rectangular recesses called kokim, or loculi, for receiving the body. These were usually secured by means of slabs which were plastered and ceih^l. Some were cut in the face of the rock lengthwise. They are known as shelf- tombs ; others were cut at right angles to the sur- face of the wall, to a dept…
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(3) Ac 13^, 'And when they had fulfilled all things that were written of him, they took him down from the tree and laid him in a tomb' (fi's ixv-qiidov). St. Paul here treats of Christ's burial with a freedom analogous to that of St. Peter when speaking of David's (Ac 2-'). The motive of both was the same, namely, to p…
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their message with such evident pleasure and ap- proval that the jealousy of Elymas was roused, and lie tried to dissuade his patron from hearing them. But St. Pauls challenge reduced Elyma.s to im- potent blindness. Sergius Paulus had been im- |iressed alnaily by the missionaries' exposition of Christianily. Il(! was …
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SERPENT {80is).— Apart from the Gospels, the only occurrences of the word ' serpent ' in the NT are in the Epistles to the Corinthians (1 Co 10", 2 Co IP) and in the Apocalypse (Rev 9'' igs- ". i6 20-). In 1 Co 10' the writer exhorts his readers not to tempt Christ sorely as the Israelites did, with the result that the…
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SESSION (OF CHRIST).— See A.scension. SEVEN.— See Numbers. SEVEN, THE See Church Government. SEVENTY.— See Numbers. SHADOW ((T/cid). —1. Healing property of shadow. — The shadow of St. Peter had the property of healing the sick (Ac 5'^). Similarly, articles of clothing touched by St. Paul caused disease and evil sp…
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(2) ivTpi-xeiv Tii-a is lit. ' to turn a man upon him- self,'and so to shame him. In 1 Cor., which' re- flects the writer's quickly changing feelings and attitudes, St. Paul tells his readers that he does not write to shame them (oOk {vTpiTruv v/zas, 4"), and again that he does write to move them to shame (7rp6s (vTpor…
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them in a sound state of perfect faith, strengthen those weakened by doubt, bind up those bruised by the remorse of sin, and bring back those that have gone astray, wliile expelling those that may attect the moral or spiritual well-being of the tlock by evil conduct or evil doctrine (see art. 'Didascalia' in JE). The n…
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In the voyage to Italy St. Paul and his fellow- prisoners were carried in three different vessels : (1) In a ship of Adramyttium (a town near Troas in Mysia), probably a coasting vessel which was returning home for the winter (27^). The cen- turion's plan probably was, originally, to take the prisoners all the way to ^…
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7. The rudder {ir-qSaXiov, 27*" ; cf. Ja 3*).— The Greek word comes from a root meaning ' the blade of an oar' ; hence a rudder was primarily a broad float oar or paddle. It was probably hung by straps or ropes from the after part of the ship, and was managed by the steersman or master of the vessel (KviiipvrfTi)^). Wh…
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LiTERATi'RE. — J. Smith, The Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul^, 188U; A. Breusing, Die Nautik der Atten, 188(j ; J. Vars, L'Art nautique dans VantiquiU el spiicialement en Gr^ce, d'api-^s A . Breusing, 1887 ; H. Balmer, Die Romfahrt des Apnt'tels Paulusund die Seefahrtskundc im rbm. Kaiserzeitaiter t 1005 ; Cecil Torr,…
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But what is the Sibyl, a pagan figure, doing in this Christian connexion? How did she come to till so strange a role ? The answer to these ques- tions is the subject of the present article. The etymology of the word ' Sibyl ' is a disputed point, (a) The oldest derivation is the attractive one given by Varro (iiuoted …
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• The variant tradition of nine reached Shakespeare. The Bastard in Kin{j Uenry VI. (pt. i. act i. scene ii. hnc8 65-67), describing Joan of Arc, flays : ' The spirit of deep prophecy she hath. Exceeding the nine sibyls of old Rome : What's past and what's to come she can descry.' t Cf. Enunanuel Hofmann's paper on '…
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But the vogue did not last very long. The same fate befell the Sibylline oracles of Judaism that befell the apocalyp.ses ; their popularity with the early Christian Church appears to have thrown them out of favour with the oHicials of Rabbinic Judaism. II The Church appropriated them, ap- pealed to them, edited them in…
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• TOf inia-KOTTov vy.iav, almost in the sense of Wis l^ (=gcru- tatoT) or 1 P 2'^ (' overseer '). t As below (p. 4S5) in bk. vi. Blass prefers to render, ' who set the sweet breath of life in everything, and made man director of all things.' { This ancient argument is applied in the Epistle of Barnabas (v. 9 f.) to t…
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t 'The pseudo-oracular,' as K. \V. H. Myers puts it, 'is a style which has in all ages been cultivated with success' {Uelknica'i, London. 18;»8, p. 411). § A good stxitement of the problem is to be found in Har- nack's Gcschicfite der aftchrintiicheii Litterafur, i. i. (Leipzig, 1893]8tilfl., II. i. [do., 1897] 581 f.…
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The only exception to this may be found in the pages of that second-rate Bunyan of the 2nd cent., Hennas. He makes his hero receive a book of revelations from an old woman, whom he takes to be the Sibyl. But he is told in a vision that it is the Church ; the Church is old, because she was created first of all things (V…
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* Vergil, of course, had already begun to set the Cumsan Sibyl in motion. She is more to him than a seer who is con- sulted. She conducts ^neaa to the world of the dead, just as she does in Ovid. t Ad Sationen, ii. 12: ' Ante enim Sibylla quam omnis littera- tura exstitit. Ilia scilicet Sibylla, ueri uera uates, et cu…
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' If toil spent on reading Greek books .yields rich profit to those who labour at it, inasmuch as it has the power of making scholars of those who toil thus, it is far more titling for tlie rightminded to devote themselves at all times to the divine scriptures, inasnuich as they treat of God and of what issues in spiri…
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One God, who rules alone, almighty, uncreated . . , One God there is alone, high over all, who made the heaven, the sun and stars and moon, the fruitful earth, the swellings of the sea ; he only is Creator God, all-strong, he fixed our mould of being, and 'twas he blended the nature of each human life." Which mea…
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' He shall fulfil, he sh.ill not destroy, God's law, bringing the original pattern, and shall teach all things. To hiui shall the priests t bring offerings of gold, myrrh and incense. . . . But when a voice sounds through the desert, bidding all mortals loudly to make straight paths and cast evils from their heart an…
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pillars, t then Christ the immortal shall come in a cloud to the Immortal, with mighty angelic retinue, seating himself at the right hand of the Great, and judging from the tlirone the life of the pious and the ways of the impioufl. • Note, e.g., the denunciation (111-118) of the love of money, as elsewhere in iii. 2…
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wrought unlawful deeds aforetime I Saviour, do thou save me from my torment-ors, a shameless woman, who has done immodestly. Lo, 1 beseech thee, let me cease a little from my sonjif, O holy giver of manna, king of a great kingdom.* The long third book, on the otlier hand, is almost entirely a .Jewish compilation, wit…
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• M. Friedlander exaggerates the significance of the Sibyllina for apocalyptic prophecy.but there was a distinct affinity between both forma of Jewish propaganda (Die relifjiosen flf.urfiinigen innerhalb des Judentums iiii Zeitalter jesu, Berlin, 1906, p. 289 f.). t K.fj. in V. 276 f., and especially in iv. 152 f., wh…
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t Adam and Eve. i Cf. Bev lia 486 SIBYLLINE ORACLES SIBYLLINE ORACLES O cross,* most blessed wood, on which God wjis stretched out, earth shall no longer hold thee, thou Shalt see heaven thy home, when God's bright Light flashes forth afresh.' The text of bk. vii. is broken at several places, and the uonlents are…
949 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1915–1916); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.