PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
The Expositor's Greek Testament — Volume 1
Nicoll, W. Robertson (editor), 1851-1923 · 602,994 words · 902 reading sections
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314 wordsSECTION 2General Editor’S Preface
HODDER AND STOUGHTON LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO σε, 4 νι a 7 - tule Bel ο. ον ο ο eaverNAS s0 cae er HOMO Le ο δρ. | | Potion. Peo TAM ENT I THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS Il Tie, Corn. Or Sly JOHN BY THE REV, MARCUS DODS, D.D. HODDER AND STOUGHTON LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO το... 7 r a = 4 οἱ 3 ; $ Tue Expo…
378 wordsSECTION 3Preface
In this Commentary on the Synoptical Gospels I give to the public the fruit of studies carried on for many years. These Gospels have taken a more powerful and abiding hold of me than any other part of the Scriptures. I have learnt much from them concerning Christ in the course of these years ; not a little since I…
443 wordsSECTION 4Θεοτιον I, The Connection.
CHAPTER i. CONCERNING THE THREE GOSPELS 1, The three first Gospels, bearing the names of Matthew, Mark and Luke, have, during the present century, been distinguished by critics from the fourth by the epithet synoptical. The term implies that these Gospels are so like one another in contents that they can be, and …
314 wordsSECTION 54 Introduction
paratively few: Matthew and Luke very many, and these for the most part very weighty and remarkable, insomuch that one wonders how any one undertaking to write a history of Christ’s life could overlook them. Matthew and Luke again, while both giving much prominence to the words of Jesus, differ very widely in their…
453 wordsSECTION 6Concerning The Three Gospels 5
fluidity inseparable from oral tradition due to defective memory, and of course in part also by the peculiar tastes, aims and indi- vidualities of the respective evangelists. This hypothesis has been chiefly in favour among English scholars, though it can likewise boast of influential supporters among continental c…
467 wordsSECTION 76 {Introduction
one of them has had its advocates. One of the most interesting, in virtue of the course it ran, is: Matthew, Luke, Mark. This arrange- ment was contended for by Griesbach, and utilised by Dr. Perdinand Christian Baur in connection with his famous Tendency-criticism. Griesbach founded on the frequent duality in Mark…
438 wordsSECTION 8Concerning The Three Gospels 7
was self-condemned to oblivion. With it are associated the honour- able names of Lessing and Eichhorn. 7. The fourth and last hypothesis was propounded by Schleier- macher. He took for his starting-point the word διήγησις in the intro- duction of Luke’s Gospel, and found in it the hint that not in one primitive Go…
472 wordsSECTION 98 Introduction
only so, the remainder practically consists of the contents of the second Gospel. It seems as if Matthew and Luke had made Mark the framework of their story, and added to it new material. This accordingly is now believed by many to have been the actual fact. The prevailing idea is that our Mark, or a book very like…
490 wordsSECTION 10Concerning The Three Gospels 9
miracles contained in chapters viii. and ix., including the cure of Peter’s mother-in-law, the wholesale cures on the Sabbath evening, and the healing of the leper, all reported in the first chapter of Mark. Of course, in regard neither to the sermon nor to the group of miracles can the first Gospel lay claim to ch…
472 wordsSECTION 111Ο Introduction
much more than this, the additional matter in both consisting mainly of words and discourses of Jesus. Each Gospel has not a little peculiar to itself, but there is a large amount of teaching material common to the two, and though this common element is very differently reproduced as to historic connection and grou…
433 wordsSECTION 12Concerning The Three Gospels Ii
that Papias represents Mark’s work as including things spoken as well as done by Christ. For this is true of canonical Mark. Though, by comparison with Matthew and Luke, Mark is extremely meagre in the didactic element, yet he does report many very remarkable sayings of Jesus. But what of the other book? Is it to b…
485 wordsSECTION 1312 Introduction
12. We cannot but wonder that a work so precious as the Logia of Matthew was allowed to perish, and earnestly wish that, if possible, it might even yet be restored. Attempts at gratifying this natural feeling have recently been made, and conjectural reconstruc- tions of the lost treasure lie before us in such works…
475 wordsSECTION 14Concerning The Three Gospels 13
on an older written source, whose accounts of evangelic incidents are reproduced in a more faithful manner in the companion Gospels, and especially in Matthew. This source he takes to be the Logia of the apostle Matthew. It follows from this, of course, that the Logia was not a mere collection of sayings, but a boo…
302 wordsSECTION 1514 Introduction
1. The Gospels prima facie wear the aspect of books aiming at giving a true if not a full account of the life, and more especially of the public career, of Jesus Christ, the Author of the Christian faith. For Christians, writings having such an aim must possess unique interest. There is nothing an earnest believer …
613 wordsSECTION 16Concerning The Three Gospels 15
not manufacturing history. There is good reason to believe that in the main this is the true state of the case. Not only so, there are - grounds for the opinion that the historic spirit—interest in facts as facts—was not wanting even amid the fervour of the apostolic age. It may be worth while to mention some of th…
677 wordsSECTION 17Concerning The Three Gospels 17
5. The peculiar character of the apostle who stood at the head of the primitive Jewish Church has an important bearing on the question of historicity. For our knowledge of Peter we are not wholly dependent on the documets whose historicity is in question. We have a rapid pencil-sketch of him in the epistles of St. …
697 wordsSECTION 1818 Introduction
nection with the evangelic tradition is the preservation of the Logia. 2 That is just the part he was fitted to perform. As little are we surprised that Mark’s Gospel, based on Peter's recollections, contains so little of the teaching. Peter was not the kind of man to take notes, nor were discourses full of deep t…
453 wordsSECTION 19Concerning The Three Gospels 19
of modern critical views, the Logia of the Apostle Matthew has dis- appeared; how did it come about that the second Gospel did not disappear also, especially in view of its defects, as they would be re- garded, comparing it with the longer narratives of the same type? Whether the authors of the first and third Gosp…
450 wordsSECTION 2020 Introduction
able impression as to the historicity of the evangelic tradition in general. More special considerations are needful when the tradition is broken up into distinct divisions. The tradition consists of three layers. Faith would make three demands for information concern- ing its object: what did He teach? what did He…
441 wordsSECTION 21Concerning The Three Gospels 21
over to the tender mercies of sceptical critics. The reasons assigned for treating them as unhistoric are not convincing. They come mostly under three heads: The influence of Old Testament prophecy, the absence of witnesses, and the bias manifest in the accounts of the trial against the Jews and in favour of the Ge…
472 wordsSECTION 2222 Introduction
(a) Sayings supported by full synoptical attestation may be regarded as in substance authentic. (6) Sayings unsupported by full synoptical attestation may be regarded as authentic when their absence from a particular Gospel can be explained by its plan, or by the idiosyncrasy of its author. This covers not a few o…
426 wordsSECTION 23Concerning The Three Gospels 23
modified. Finally, words were inserted into the text of Jesus’ sayings, especially in the form of instances of narrative, which were only meant to make His utterances more distinct.”? This may seem to open a door to licence, but second thoughts tend to allay our fears. The aim itself supplied a check to undue freed…
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Mark’s graphic report of the impression produced by Christ's first appearance in the synagogue of Capernaum may be cited as an instance. ‘What is this? A new teaching!—with authority He commandeth even the unclean spirits, and they obey Him.”! This is a veritable reminiscence, and it points to a double surprise cre…
416 wordsSECTION 25Concerning Τηε Three Gospels 25
on Inspiration. The thesis to be proved is “that the great mass of the narrative in the first three Gospels took its shape before the destruction of Jerusalem, {.ε., within less than forty years of the events”.! ‘Was there ever,” asks Dr. Sanday, “an easier problem for a critic to decide whether the sayings and nar…
480 wordsSECTION 26Section I. ΟΟΝΤΕΝΤΕ,
both—to disciples, to Pharisees, or perhaps to neither, but to publi- cans, yet conveying in some form and to some audience the great thought that there was a passion in His heart and in the heart of God for saving lost men? It is greatly to be desired that devout readers of the Gospels should be emancipated from l…
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ment of a preaching tour in the synagogues of Galilee. Jesus made no stay in Capernaum. He left the town the day after He preached in its synagogue, very early in the morning.’ He left so early in the day because He feared detention by the people. He left in such haste because He knew that He could preach in the sy…
462 wordsSECTION 28The Gospel According To Mark 29
second division of the story, chap. i. 14-45 being the first. The two together set before us the two forces whose action and interaction can be traced throughout the drama, and whose resultant will be the cross: the favour of the people, the ill-will of their religious leaders. 5. Within the second group of anecdo…
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the same kind. But it is in the section of the Gospel beginning at chap. iii. 7, and extending to chap. vi. 13, that the disciples pro- perly come to the front. An intention on the part of the evangelist to give them prominence is betrayed in the pointed way in which he refers to them in iii. 7: “And Jesus with the…
473 wordsSECTION 30The Gospel According To Mark 31
and from the scribes. These escapes, as reported by Mark, take place in all directions possible for one whose work lay on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee: towards the hill behind, towards the eastern shore, towards the northern borderland. Five in all are mentioned: one to the hill;1 two to the eastern shor…
472 wordsSECTION 31Section I]. CHARACTERISTICS.
tains towards Damascus, and so through Decapolis back to Galilee Then followed, after an interval, the excursion to Caesarea Philippi, for ever memorable as the occasion on which Peter confessed his belief that his Master was the Christ, and the Master began to tell His disciples that He was destined ere long to s…
423 wordsSECTION 32Τηε Gospel According To Mark 33
into the wilderness.’ His first appearance in the synagogue of Capernaum is so remarkable that people say to each other: “ What is this? A newteaching! With authority commandeth He even unclean spirits, and they obey Him.”* Early the following morning He makes what has the aspect of an unaccountable and undignified…
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mainly just to tell what he knows about Jesus. Some have tried to show that this Gospel is an endeavour to read into the evangelic history the ideas of Paulinism.t Others have maintained that the purpose of the writer is to observe a studied, calculated neutrality between Paulinism and Judaism. These opposite views…
329 wordsSECTION 34Τηε Gospel According Το Mark 35
1. The Gospel itself contains no indication as to who wrote it. That the writer was one bearing the name of Mark rests solely on an ecclesiastical tradition whose reliableness there has been no disposition to question. The Mark referred to has been from the 1 So Pfleiderer in his Urchristenthum. 2 So Baur and othe…
365 wordsSECTION 35Section I. CONTENTS.
1. As has been stated in chap. i., the bulk of Mark’s narrative is substantially taken up into Matthew's longer story. But to that narrative of the archaic Gospel is added much new material, con- sisting mainly of the teaching of our Lord. This teaching as reproduced in the first Gospel consists not of short pregna…
333 wordsSECTION 36Τηε Gospel According To Matthew 37
would have much to say to His offending disciples. Then nothing could be more fitting than that Jesus should at the close of His life deliver a final and full testimony against the spurious sanctity which He had often criticiged in a fragmentary way, and which was now at last to cause His death. 2. The main intere…
444 wordsSECTION 3718 Introduction
had preached in many synagogues and to many street crowds, and that a long enough time had elapsed for the Preacher to feel that His ministry had been to a large extent fruitless, and that to establish and perpetuate His influence He must now devote Himself to the careful instruction of a disciple-circle. The misce…
424 wordsSECTION 38Τηε Gospel According To Matthew 39
parables, numerous passages bearing on the Person of Christ, the Church, the Resurrection, the Second Advent, etc. From this questionable honour of becoming “a place of deposit” for new material, as Dr. Estlin Carpenter calls it,) Mark, according to D’Eichthal, was protected by its greater obscurity and inferior a…
443 wordsSECTION 39SecTION II]. CHARACTERISTICS.
lovingly sought her good, had spoken with reverence of her God- given law (while treating with disrespect Rabbinical traditions), and honoured it by personal observance. This hypothesis fairly meets the requirements of the case. It covers the phenomena of the Gospel, and it is compatible with unity of plan and auth…
412 wordsSECTION 40Τηε Gospel According To Matthew 41
oracle concerning the suffering servant of Jehovah.’ Once more, to Mark’s simple statement that Jesus withdrew Himself to the sea after the collision with the Pharisees occasioned by the healing on a Sabbath of the man with a withered hand, the first evangelist attaches a fine prophetic picture, as if to show reade…
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ness, the Man who had it in Him by gifts and graces to perform a Christ’s part for all the world. Truly a noble conception, which lends perennial interest to the texts in which it is embodied. 3. In the foregoing remarks I have anticipated to a certain extent what relates to the question of didactic aim. That the f…
457 wordsSECTION 42Section III. AurTuor, DESTINATION, DaTE.
1, If the views of modern critics as to the relation of the first Canonical Gospel to the Logia, compiled by the apostle Matthew, be well founded, then that apostle was not its author. Who the evangelist was is unknown. That he was a Jew is highly probable, that he was a Palestinian Jew has been generally assumed; …
255 wordsSECTION 43Section I. ConrTeENTs.
1. Luke’s Gospel includes much of the narrative of Mark and large portions of the didactic matter contained in Matthew. There are numerous omissions in both departments, but on the other hand also considerable additions, especially in the didactic element. The third evangelist has greatly enriched the treasure of t…
317 wordsSECTION 44The Gospel According Το Luke 45
that the whole group of incidents contained in Mark vi. 45 to viii. 26 is omitted in Luke. Then at ix. 51 begins another longer digression, extending from that point to xviii. 14, consisting mainly of didactic matter, and containing the larger number of Luke’s peculiar con- tributions to the evangelic tradition. Th…
456 wordsSECTION 45Section II. CHARACTERISTICS,
necessity (δεῖ) of that tragic issue is not apparent in the sense that it is the inevitable result of causes which have been shown to be in operation. For Luke the δεῖ refers exclusively to the prophetic oracles which predicted Messiah’s sufferings. Jesus must die if these oracles are to be fulfilled. And for him i…
422 wordsSECTION 46Τηε Gospel According To Luke 47
touched with sparing hand. Some narratives in which these faults appear very obtrusively, ¢.g., the conversation about the leaven of the Pharisees, the ambitious request of James and John, and the anointing in Bethany, are omitted, as is also the flight of all the disciples at the apprehension of their Master. The …
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pieces bearing on definite religious questions and interests of the primitive Church.! This may be carried too far, but the idea is not altogether baseless. In this Gospel the so-called “Sermon on the Mount” is really a Sermon (Kerygma not Didache) delivered to a Christian congregation with all the local and tempor…
438 wordsSECTION 48The Gospel According To Luke 49
few anecdotes and sayings gleaned from other sources, oral or written | 4. Notwithstanding this pervading regard to what may be com- prehensively called edification, the author of the third Gospel cannot justly be charged with indifference to historic truth. He professes in his preface to have in view acribeia, an…
755 wordsSECTION 49The Gospel According To Luke 51
1. The author of the third Gospel was also the author of the Acts of the Apostles, as appears in chap. i. 1 of the latter work, where the name of Theophilus recurs. Neither book bears the name of the writer, but uniform ancient tradition ascribes it to Luke, the companion of Paul, and by occupation a physician (Col…
263 wordsSECTION 50Section I. Tue Text.
THE TEXT, CRITICAL LANDMARKS, CRITICAL TESTS OF READINGS. The Greek text given in this work is that known as the Textus Receptus, on which the Authorised Version of the New Testament is based. Representing the Greek text as known to Erasmus in the sixteenth century, and associated with the names of two famous pri…
300 wordsSECTION 51Section II. ΟΕΙΤΙΟΑΙ, LANDMARKS.
Ναζαρέτ Ναζαρέθ Γεθσημανὴ Γεθσημανεί Ματθαῖος Μαθθαῖος Ἰωάννης Ιωάνης Δαβίὸ Δαυείὸ ᾿Ιεριχώ ᾿Ιερειχώ Ηλίας Ηλείας Μωσῆς Μωυσῆς Καπερναού, Καφαρναούμ Πιλάτος Πειλᾶτος Among other insignificant variations may be mentioned the presence or absence of ν final in verbs (ἔλεγε, ἔλεγεν); the omission or in- sertion of µ …
366 wordsSECTION 5254 Introduction
The defect common to it with the edition of Tregelles is failure to deal on any clear principle with the numerous instances in which the ancient texts on which they placed their reliance do not agree. All goes smoothly when Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus (B) and Codex Bezae (D) and the most ancient versions b…
448 wordsSECTION 53The Text, Critical Landmarks, Etc. 55
reaching even the East. Hence traces of its influence are to be found not merely in the old Latin versions, but also in the Syriac versions, ¢.g., in what is called the Curetonian Syriac, and in the recently discovered Syriac version of the Four Gospels, which may be distinguished as the Sinaitic Syriac. Of the neu…
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1. The fixation of the true text is not a simple matter like that of following a single document, however trustworthy, like Codex B. Every editor may have his bias in favour of this or that MS., but all editors recognise the obligation to take into account all avail- able sources of evidence—not merely the great un…
532 wordsSECTION 55The Text, Critical Landmarks, Etc. 57
= = fragments of St. Luke (cent. viii., comparatively pure, though showing mixture), A is the well-known Codex Alexandrinus of the fifth century, a chief representative of the ‘‘Syrian” text, that is, the revised text formed by judicious eclectic use of all existing texts, and meant to be the authoritative New Tes…
450 wordsSECTION 56Literature.
The following list of works includes only those chiefly consulted. Many others are occasionally referred to in the notes. 1. To the pre-Reformation period belong— OricEn’s Commentary on Matthew. Books x.-xvii. in Greek (Matt. xiii, 36— xxii. 33), the remainder in a Latin translation (allegorical method of inter- p…
257 wordsSECTION 57Literature 59
ΚΥΡΚΕ. Observationes sacrae in N. T. libros. 1755. ELsner. Observationes sacrae in Ν. T. libros (the three last named, like Pricaeus, abound in classic examples). 1767. LogEsneR. Observationes ad N. T. ε Philone Alexandrino (of the same class as Raphel). 1777. KuInoEL. Commentarius in libros N. T. historicos. 1807…
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The well-known lexical and grammatical helps, including Grimm, Cremer, Winer, and Buttman, have been consulted. Frequent reference has been made to Burton’s Syntax of the Moods and Tenses in New Testament (T. & T. Clark, 1894), both because of its excellence and its accessibility to students. A new edition of Winer…
263 wordsSECTION 59Ation Eyatteaion.}
I. 1. "ΒΙΒΛΟΣ *yevécews ΙΗΣΟΥ Χριστοῦ, "υἱοῦ Δαβίδ, υἱοῦ * Gen. ii. 4. » ΄ > \ + beet] yo > J ‘ Waa eat x Lk. iii. 9 Ἀβραάμ. 2. ABpadp ἐγέννησε τὸν Ἰσαάκ: ᾿Ισαὰκ δὲ ἐγέννησε τὸν ο ted 4 A _ b ver. 18. C Xil. 23; XXxi.g; xxii. 42. Gen. xxxi. 13; xxxii.9. Lk. i. 14. Jas. i. 23; iii, 6. 1 The title in T.R. (as above…
614 wordsSECTION 60Kata Matoaion 1.
Ἰακὼβ δὲ ἐγέννησε τὸν ᾿Ιούδαν καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ. Ιούδας δὲ ἐγέννησε τὸν Φαρὲς καὶ τὸν Ζαρὰ “ἐκ τῆς Θάμαρ: Gol, Wr apes δὲ ἐγέννησε τὸν ᾿Ἐσρώμ' ᾿Εσρὼμ δὲ ἐγέννησε τὸν ᾿Αράμ. So might Jesus be a Christ, though not descended from David. St. Paul writes (Gal. iii, 29): “If ye be Christ’s, then are ye Abraham's …
662 wordsSource & rights
Public domain historical edition (1897); scan/OCR from Internet Archive.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.