PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,289,916 words · 1288 reading sections
Section 301
11. The Body of Christ.— (1) Christ's natural body.— Ah 'the man Christ Jesus,' our Lord was possessed of ' a true body ' as well as of ' a reason- able soul.' When the time was come in the coun- sels of God for the redemption of mankind, the Second Person of the Holy Trinity took upon Him human flesh by the operation…
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There is no ground to sujjpose that our Lord's entrance upon tlie state of exaltation implies any further change in His bodily nature. Certainly no new quality could be developed ^vllif■h would be inconsistent with the essential cliaiaitrii-tics of a body. One of these characteri^iiis is the im- jMJSsib'ility of being …
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BORDER BOSOM 219 The Scriptures used in tlie svn fall of Jerusalem were iirobably ynagogues up to the ly leather rolls, or at least rolls of skins tanned in some way ; but papyrus rolls were in very general use. Parch- ment was in use also, as we see from 2 Ti 4", but probably also in the roll and not the codex for…
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Some think that behind this law v/as an ancient Semitic custom with superstitious and magical associations, which, however, was impressed with a new signilicance by the Hebrew legislation. At any rate, we see here, as elsewhere, that in NT times a special virtue was still thought to be attached to the ' tassels on the …
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3. The expression 'Abraham's bosom ' (Lk 16" ^) has already been dealt with in its general eschato- logical signification (see art AbraH-\M). A ques- tion remains, however, as to the precise form of the figure which the words are meant to suggest (note that the plur. in v.''' has no separate conno- tation from the sing…
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BOY BOYHOOD 221 to ' bottles ' occurs in connexion with a question that had been addressed to f'lui'-l with ii'i;:ird to an ob- served difference betwi-rn 1 1 1~ .li-riplis and those of John the Baptist and l\v I'linii r,^ (Mt9"-", Mk 2'8-2=, Lk o^-'^). A <cii:iiii ..nlw.inl conformity was expected in religious teac…
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i. The Home.— Boys, until their fifth year, were under the charge of the women, afterwards they passed under the father's control. We therefore treat the period of boyhood as commencing at the age of, live. Although no doubt many mothers retained their influence after the boy's childhood, it is surely a mistake to quot…
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There were, of course, in the 1st cent. A.D. athletic sports and physical exercises in some of the large towns of the Holy Land. But these were so con- nected with Hellenic immorality that they were offensive to every pious Jew. "They were chiefly confined to the cities which liad a large heathen Ijopulation, and we ca…
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A training in a foreign or in a dead language is always a mental advantage. Even if Greek were not taught to most Jewish boys, Hebrew was ; and the Hebrew of the UT which we know they studied was not the Hebrew (Aramaic) which they spoke in their homes (£.17. Mk 5*'). If only the' mother-tongue was used, then the Scrip…
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Moreover, the Biblical history occupied the place of national history, of ballad poetry, of folk-lore tales, and of all that, in ages before the invention of printing, took the place of our ' chil- dren's literature.' In many cases, no doubt, perhaps in most, Haggadistic em- bellishments were made to the oT narratives…
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According to modern rule, the boy must be 13 ye.irs old and a day. He is then presented in the synagogue "on a Sabbath, called ' the Sabbath of Phylacteries ' (tfphitlin) because the boy is then invested with them, and wears them in prayer, and is bound to observe the feasts and fasts. In olden days the obligation to a…
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many centurii'^ If II--. il ;nili- -tin- i>:it of caution) ; I' I ' 1 I . ■- / GJV'i (Eng. tr, // ■ ' I ■ ' I- Vidiication. .i , ,■'■- - ■■ '.-- .'"-' by Edersheini, liidmi, Farrar, Ktini, Goi Brough's work applies t^o some of tht articles in the Bible Dictionaries and Biblical Archmology, ii. 17Sfl. §111; Nowack an…
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'And the grace of God was upon him.' God's favour was clearly upon Him, as had been foretold in Is IP- \ Men noticed (Jn 1") that He was full ot grace and truth. But we must remember that • Jhe reading is doubtful. Treg. and WH prefer irofm, and gave it in his margin, supported by N=BL pi; and the more unusual constru…
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' The same thing is true of the Chagiga, the meat of a slain thank-ottering, which was wont to be previously brouglit with the Passover Supper.' And we must remember tliat the ritual was prob- aV)ly not written down while it was a ' living rite.' * The earliest wTitten sources are based on an oral tradition of what had…
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All the pilgrims used to go to the Temnle on the day of their departure, by a rule possibly based on'l S 1". There would be a preat crowd, and the temporary separation of a family in the colonnades and on the steps would be (as in great public gatherings now) a natural occurrence, causing little alarm. Possibly Joseph …
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(6) Another writer says beautifully : ' Seeing Mary sigh for three days for her Divine Son, I see again humanity during the 3000 years of paganism, wandering in search of God.' t So RV with KB, etc. , but cf. AV and AVm. The Vulgate has the more easy redeinptimem Israel ; Amiatinus : Eierusalem, and so Peshitta. was …
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much?; cf. 1 S 2^ etc., i.e. by Semitic idiom 'house' (as in English) may mean family, con- nexions]. In favour of («) is the circumstance that ri rivoi, which strictly means ' that which is a person's property,' came to be used specially of his house, the word ' house ' bein^ omitted, afield and Hum- phrey compare th…
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The syncretic combination of (a) and (b), as, e.g., by Alford and others, does not commend itself to the present writer. Finally, we shouUl not forget that this conversation is one of the most likely ones in the Gospels to have been held in Aramaic and not in Greek. It will therefore be wise not to lay too much stress …
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'And his mother kept all these sayings in her heart' (Sierripu occurs in NT only here and Ac IS^''; cf. Gn 37" of Jacob concerning Joseph, o Si Trarrjp oiiroO SicT-fipriaev t6 pyjixa, where E has the same tense as here Sierijpei, perhaps by assimilation). But Jacob lost hope (Gn 37'^), while Mary kept these sayings in …
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LiTBRATraB. — ^The works named in the preceding article and those quoted above. On the dogmatic problem see Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. hi. 10, liv. 6 ; Thomas Aquinas, Summa, Pars Tertia, QuEBStiones 7-12; Dorner, History of the Development «/ the Doctrine of the. Person of Christ, on the true growth of the Humanity, D…
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1 Im"1, made possible by more civilized conditions oi liif. o/) Large smooth pebbles were laid over till! lioiiow in the ground, and when the Ure had been kept up for a sufficient time, the ashes were removed and the loaves were laid upon the liot stones.— (6) Thinner cakes of both leavened and un- leavened bread were…
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In tlie social customs of the East, the giving and receiving of bread has always been the principal factor in establishing a bond of peace between the host and the guest at his table. It was a gravely unnatural oft'ence to violate that law of hospitality. Of this offence Judas Iscariot was guilty at the Last Supper. I…
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J. B. Beistow. BRETHREN OP THE LORD.-Tlie only three theories about ' the brethren of the Lord '' which are worthy of serious consideration are those which are called by Lightfoot (1) the Hieronymian (from its advocacy by Jerome [Hieronymus]), (2) the EpiphanUin (from its advocacy by Epiphanius), and (3) the Helvidian…
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BEETHREN OF THE LORD 233 (1 ThS", cf. V). That James the Lord's brother ■was one of the Twelve is implied already in the Gospel according to the Hebrews (c. A.D. 100),* but the evidence of this dubious source cannot outweigh the strong negative presumption aftbrded by the canonical writings.! ii. The Hieronymian View…
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Equally evident is it that these three Apostles were not brethren of Jesus. The coincidence of three such common names as James, Simon, and Jude in the list of brethren and in the list of Apostles proves nothing. So common are the names that they are duplicated in the Apostolic list itself. If it could be shown that Ja…
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liitt) used to be quoted on Jerome's 1 lli:i( the Papias in question lived I n (AD. 160) and Clement of Mnngly claimed on the same l-^l'iphanian view. lu .liiis (liL- is addressing Hel- 2321.22 first cousins are called brethren (CrT-K = iSiX?»; , LXX): in Lv lO-i, first cousins once removed (03'nK: i5rtc»« i"<:»…
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(5) The fact that the brethren not only lived in the same house with the Virgin, but continually accompanied her wherever she went, is an indi- cation that they were her children as well as Joseph's. Reply. — The tie which unites a stepmother and her step-sons is often extremely close, and con- sidering that Joseph wa…
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of God ever ceased I her perpetual virgin; (.Horn, xn Sanct. Chr, believe that after the birth of Jesus she bore children to her husband.* (3) Reverence for Mary as ' Mother of God ' would have prevented Joseph from cohabiting with her as her husband. Reply. — If we could be sure that Joseph and Mary regarded the in…
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iv. Probable Conclu.sions. — The scantiness and ambiguity of the only really trustworthy evidence, the Scriptural, obliges us to be content with merely probable conclusions. The only con- clusion that seems to be certain is that Jerome's theory is false. The claims of the two other theories are nearly evenly balanced ;…
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The modern name of the brook ^idron is Wady Sitti Mar yam, 'Valley of the Lady Mary.' As early as Eusebius and Jerome it was known as the Valley of Jehoshaphat, Jl 3- [Heb. 4^]. According to a tradition, common to Jews, Moslems, and Christians, this is to be the scene of tlie final Judg- ment. As against the Temple, wh…
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Equally appropriate is the Cana incident which immediately follows (Jn 2'""). There Jesus breaks with the old order in the words, ' Woman, what have I to do with thee?' Addressed as they were to her who represented it in its fondest tie, they show the break to be of the most absolute sort. That is the negative side, th…
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finally solved. For that the new brotherhood has been created. Only the fresh vision of the Father's love, the surrender to the Saviour's Cross, and the appropriation of the Spirit's power will in- spire, fit, and equip it for the holy task to which God summons. ' " ' ■' ..■,•! 'Li. lings '"'■■ "' ^1 ' ■'■■■ ■"' - . …
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On the other hand, it is not to be inferred, from the somewhat disparaging terms in which Jesus appears to have alluded to the building operations of His time, that He was insensible to the beauties of arcliitecture, or that there was an iconoclastic strain in His nature. It would be easy to marshal passages from the G…
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Literature. — Hausrath, Hist, of NT Times, §5 5, 10, 11; articles ' Baukunst' in PRE'^ and ' Architecture' in Hastings' DB ; Josephua, Ant. xv. viii. 1, ix. 4-6, x. 3, xvi. v. 2, BJ i. xiii. 8, xxi. 1-11, VII. viii. 3; Schiirer, GJV^ ii. 170, 430, 44G, etc.; O. Holtzmann, Life of Jesus, p. 100 1. etc. J. Ross Murray. …
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As a rule, sepulchres were whitened once a year, after the rains and before the Passover, that passers- by might be warned of their presence, and thus escape defilement (Mt 23='; cf. Nu 19i'=). And though it was not customary to erect anything in the nature of our gravestones, in NT times it was regarded as a religious…
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iiiiburger's BE; •Begriibnis bei den Hebraern' I'RE^; Edersheiin, Sketches of Jewish Social Life^ p. 161 ff. ; Thomson, Land and Book; Bender, 'Beliefs, Rites, and Customs of the Jews connected with Death, Burial, and Mourning,' in JQR, 189i and 1S95. GEORGE MiLLIGAN. BURNT-OFFERING is a word of rare occurrence in XT …
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The derivation of .110 is not known, and afl attempts to identify it have failed.' There is no justification for the sug- gestion of Gesenius (Lexicon, s.v.) that it is connected with the «(»i)io plant, nor for Stanlej-'s assumption (Hist, of the Jewish Church (ed. 18S31, i. 97) that it was the wil " " The fact bramb…
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Godet (in his Commentary on St. Luke, adloe.) points out that the phrase ' I must be ' (Stl ehal ^e) conveys the idea of an absolute and morally irre- sistible consecration to the service of God on earth. To the awakening consciousness of the child Jesus the Temple at Jerusalem was the symbol of the Father's dominion o…
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prove how fully Jesus understood and entered into the business spirit, and show that, when conse- crated by devotion to God, it is necessary to those who seek the kingdom of heaven. The merchant- man who sold all that he had in order to buy one pearl of great price, gave proof of that confidence in his own judgment, jo…
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It is worthy of note that St. Luke places the parable of the Pounds in close connexion with the Zacch;eus incident, as if to teach us that lessons of eternal value can be learned in business. The slaves are rewarded with ten or five cities, accord- ing to the capacity which each had shown in trading with his pound. T…
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246 CESAR C^SAREA PHILIPPI Samaria. He was deposed and banished by Aug- ustus to Vienne in Gaul in a.d. 6. His ten-itory was put under direct Roman rule, becoming a part of the province of Syria, with a Roman of eques- trian rank for its governor. An end was thus put to the uniform consideration for Jewish tradition…
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Into this region Jesus came with His disciples during one of His tours of retirement from the common scenes of His Galilean activity ; but He does not seem to have entered Ca>sarea itself. St. Matthew (16'^, cf. 15-') tells us that Jesus came into the region (eh rd nipr]) ; St. Mark (8") mentions more specifically and …
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suggested the answer to His question in asking it. r of fact, however, the answer is not given in terms . In the Synoptic Gospels the title ' Son of Man ' is Sadducees for a sign from heaven, with its evident Messianic implication, warns His disciples against the leaven of tlie Pharisees and Sadducees (so Mt 16"; Mk 8…
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In the Synoptic narratives the question of Jesus about the opinion of the people leads up to a similar question addressed to the disciples about their own, and the answer in the one case stands in sharp contrast to the report given in the other,— a contrast which is vivid and real because true to the historical situati…
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The figure of a rock-foundation, used to describe Peter's future function in the Church, suggests naturally a single rock underlying a whole struc- ♦ Bar-Jona, or 'son of Jonas," probably means 'son of John" (cf. Jn l-i- 211SI0. In Hebrew the words njv and JJIJV differ, but the Greek rendering of |;nv ia sometimes I o…
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In the command of Jesus to His disciples that they should tell no one that He is the Christ, Mt. not only joins again the narrative of Mk.-Lk., but rightly interprets the briefer form, in which they gave the command, by the words Sn avrds ianv 6 XpicTTis. The authenticity of this and similar commands, especially in the…
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true and highest life-principle in self-sacrifice for Jesus' sake (cf. Gal 2-"). Self-suiTender to Jesus is made the principle of spiritual life, and as such it must be absolute, superseding even the desire for life itself. In stating such conditions of dis- cipleship, Jesus reveals a consciousness of His own si^milica…
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The resolution thus prompted took effect in the arrest of Jesus ; but, as son-in-law to Annas, Caiaphas permitted the prisoner to be taken first before Iiim (Jn 18'^) for a private examination. Whether this took place in the ' palace' of Caiaphas, where Annas was living, or elsewhere, is not clear. It is also uncertain…
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The NT evidence does not compel the belief that the Lord's Day was of universal observance in the earliest ages of the Church, but it at least makes it probable (especially when we find it so generally established in the next age) that it was of Apos- tolic precept. And there is nothing to forbid the supposition that i…
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For the 3rd and 4th cents., the Church Orders, some of which liave only lately come to light, and the early liidnscalia (i.e. the work as it was before it was incorporated in the Apostolic Constitutions, and as we have it, for example, in the Verrnia Latin Fragments, edited by Dr. Hauler) throw some light on the questi…
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Other early authorities for week-day fasts are Hernias, Tertulli.-ui, Hippolytns, the Hljipolytean C'ano».s-, and Origen. Hernias (,s7(/(. v. 1) does not mention the (biys ,,n iiliiih i( w.is usual to fa.st; but he says lli.ii \v w:,-. 1,1 iir .mhI seated on a ceilain niouiii , m : ■ 1 he Lord, when he met the M 1 ! .…
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These days were called 'half-fasts,' sc»)(-7C/«ni<i (Tertull. de Jejun. 13), because on them Christians broke their fast at 3 p.m. or even at noon; or more frequently 'station days' as in Hernias (I.e., though he does not specify the days) and in Ter- tullian (t/c Jejun. 14). This is a military metaphor. TertuUian (de …
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For Phrygia and Cappadocia we have no satis- factory evidence with regard to the observance of Saturday in the 4th century. The 49th canon of Laodicea in Phrygia (e. 380?) says that during Lent the bread shall not be ottered except on Saturday and Sunday, from which it may perhaps be inferred that these two days were '…
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One may conjecture that there was some diver- gence in the first three centuries both as to the name and as to the actual observance of this com- memoration. It seems likely that in many cases the Resurrection and the Passion were observed on the same day. This must usually have been the case with the Quartodccimans, w…
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CALENDAR, THE CHRISTIAN CALENDAR, THE CHRISTIAN 257 are not here concerned witli the seeming contra- diction between the Gospels except in so far as the Tiibingen school deduced from the known facts that the Quartodecimans could not have accepted the Fourth Gospel, because their prac- tice rather agreed with the Syno…
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Eusebius here does not mention the intervening dispute in which Melito, bishop of Sardis, figures. But in iv. 26 he speaks of him, and from the account we gather that he was a prolific writer ; a list of his books is given. In the quotation from Polycrates in v. 24 we find the name of Melito appearing as a Quartodecima…
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lunar year is longer by nearly nine hours than Hippolytus reckoned it, and this error made the cycle very soon to be obviously wrong. Calcu- lating backwards on this cycle, he fixed on Friday 25th March A.D. 29 as the day of the Crucifixion, and this computation, though quite erroneous, has ever since been the basis of…
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guage is found in the chapter of Apost. Const, just quoted, which thus combines the two ideas. It may not improbably be gathered from the evidence that the former point of view is the original one, and that the Lenten fast originated in tlie preparation for baptism, and that the second point of view was an afterthought…
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described ; benedictions, and exorcisms, Church Orders. (/) Palm Sunday appears for the first time in the Pilgrimage of ' Silfia.' Formerly we had only known of it as "being kept at the end of the 5th cent., a hundred years later; it is mentioned in the life of Euthyraius (t 472). The appearance of the festival at Je…
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(|8) On the other hand, the use of the name for the whole season is also common. TertuUian ((/<• Bapt. 19) says that 'after Pascha, Pentecost is a very extensive (latissimum ; v.l. Icetissimum) space for conferring baptisms, wherein, too, the Resurrection of the Lord was repeatedly proved among the disciples, and the h…
979 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1906–1908); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.