PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,289,916 words · 1288 reading sections
Section 541
In such utterances as these, which might be easily multiplied, although they fall very far short of the language of the Church and the Creeds, we mark how tlie interest of thoughtful minds in Germany, America, France, England is centred in the Person of Christ, and how also many of these writers whom we have mentioned …
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1. I'lie use of the word by Jesus in the sense of rriiss-hriiring.—On three separate occasions Jesus sjioke of cross-bearing as essential to discipleship. I'lie first is in Mt 10^, when He sent out the Twelve on a special preaching tour at the close of the Galitean ministry, just a little over a year before His death. …
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This conception of the cross reappears in Col 1-°, where Jesus is said to have made peace and recon- ciliation with God possible according to the good pleasure of God ' through the blood of his cross.' The word ' blood ' is probably used here to empha- size, against the early Docetic Gnostics, the reality of the human …
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Mention should be made of the ingenious theory of Prof. C. C. Everett in his GosjkI of Paul, which denies tlie [lenal character of the death of Christ on the cross, and sees in this supreme event only the ceremonial defilement which Christians share who take Christ as Lord and who thus likewise Ijecome accursed (Gal 3^…
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CROWN OF THORNS CRUCIFIXION 397 reckoned to have been about 2A millions (Sanday, Sacred Sites of the Gospels, p.' 16). See, further, art. Multitude. R. Bkuce Taylor. CROWN OF THORNS ((rr^^a-os i^ aKapBCv or d/cd^9(TOS o-W^a^os, Mt 272», Mk 15", Jn lO^- 1^).— This was plaited by the soldiers and placed on Christ's h…
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oiiflCVOi. It was generally assumed in early times that the cross on which Jesus suffered was a erux immissa. Thus Augustine (in Psalm, ciii. § 14) finds in Epli S's a mystic allusion to the cross : ' breadth ' being the transom on which His hands were outstretched ; ' length,' the upright on which His body was fasten…
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•Cf. WetstcinonMt2"3''. tCf. Lips, de Cruc. ii. viii. t Cf. ii. xii.-xiii. § Cf. Bv. Pfir. 5 6 : toti kTtffmtffetn TOiii JiXouf aTO r^v ^ttfiaiv Toy II Cf. Lips, de Cruc. ii. xiii. t Cf. Lightfoot on Mt 273*; Wetetein on Mk 1523. See art. Gall. ** Cf. Calv. : ' Nam et h»o pare sacriacii et obedientiso ejus erat, la…
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Throughout His ministry Jesus recognized the inevitable necessity of His Passion. He had come to die. Cf. Mt 015= Mlt 2211 = Lk6S5; Mtl621 = Mk 831 = Lit 932; Mtl722.23 = Mk 931 = Lk 9« : Mt 201S- i9=Mk 1033. 34 = Lk 1832. 33. As early as the close of the 2nd cent. Celsus stumbled at the idea that Jesus foreknew and fo…
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For He 57 see below under B. (3) 'To cry' or 'cry out' (=/io^v, amjiofv, iin- Poiv) : (a) of articulate utterances : of solemn and im- pressive emphasis (=to speak with a high, strong voice), Mt 33 II Mk P, Lk Z*, Jn l-^ (all in tlie quotation from Is 40^ 'the voice of one crying,' etc.); of distressful appeal, Lk Q^…
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common people (am hd'drez) were on that account to be cleansed. (Maimonides, Vad. Mishkab and Moshab, 11. 11, 12, 18). The words of Jesus in Mt 23^- ^ are simply an instance of the use of a homely figure to express hypocrisy. 2. Figurative.— OviX Lord uses the familiar Heb. figure of a ' cuj) ' to denote the experien…
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i. In the Eucharist. — (1) From the first the com- mon usage in administiation no doubt gave the cup after the bread, in accordance with the order observed in Mark, Mattliew, and I'aul. St. Luke in his shorter (and better supported) account (22""'*) exhibits a noticeable divergence in placing the cup first in order. Th…
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(5) The withholding of the cuj) from the laity in .the Communion, which came into vogue in ' the Western Church, and is still a Koman Catholic usage, may be briefly referred to. It is admitted by Komish authorities that communion in both kinds was the primitive custom for all communicants. Cardinal Bona, e.g., says: 'I…
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jiliysicians fell into line with the leading classical .■^iliools, which freely employed bleeding as a remedy. The Talmud (c.gr. Bckhoroth, 45« ; Hazii; S'2b) licars witness to some anatomical knowledge possessed by post-Biblical practitioners, and from this and other Rabbinical sources the common maxims of the physic…
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3. His conviction that disease and suffering were not part of the right and natural order of things. This feature is seen in all His actions, but found its clearest expression in the case of the woman who could in no wise lift up herself (Lk 13"-"j (see Impotence). ' Ought not this woman, being a daughter of Abraham, w…
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404 CURES CURSE tures and hypotheses. He ascribed His healing to the Divine iiower with which He was able to bring men into living communication. That Divine all- l)ervading Life which informed His humanity was not at a distance from any human life. Space and Time are to the Inlinite Power non-existent, and only our…
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Literati-re. -For nnriciit Jewish cures, see art. 'Medicine' (l.y Ma.ali-t.r) in lla^tiiiL's' DB ; Wunderbar, SiUisc/i-Tal- iinhb.'-rh'' l/.'/M,/i, I ,,.u i,u ; art. ' Krankheiten und Heilkunde .Icr I^^^.IltrIl' Hi Ilr,,,,_.s J'KES. For detailed accounts of mh^v\^^.dr,u-,<^,^■'■.,■_:]a l,y .lesus.^see the Lives of Chri…
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quoted from Ex 2117. iMipr 2 111. 4 in size about 24" x 15" x 5". They are usually made of straw — less frequently of cotton or hair — sewn into strong canvas, and covered with coloured print or silk. The larger cushions for the seat of the diicdii; and employed in the boats, are of the .same material. See Pillow. W…
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That Magadan, not Magdala, is the true reading in Mt. is probable (independently of the witnt-ss of MSS) on internal grounds; for it is diflicult to explain how a name like .Va^t/a^a, wliich was well known through Mary .Magdalene, should have become Magadan, The introduction of both forms into MSS of Mk. points to the …
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DANCING DAEKNESS being the i>x^ol, not the Pliarisees, ami irdXii' he regards as a harmonistic insertion. He believes that 8" orighially followed immediately upon 8- Kal ^pxovTaL €ts Bi^dtratddv. Thus not even the geographical problem is solved. If the suggestion on the origin of Dalmanutlia, as put forward by Donal…
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A. Mitchell Hunter. DARKNESS The word ' dark ' is used in the sense of the absence of natural light in Jn 6" 20'. The darkness that lasted for the space of three hours at the crucihxion is referred to in Mt 27^*, Mk \S^, Lk 23«- «. For a brief summary of the views held as to the nature of this darkness, see Hastings'…
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by some with tlie grant of the tribiinieia potcstas for life in A.D. 13, but assigned by Mommsen (after Velleius Paterculus, ii. 121) to A.D. 11. So that we have to choose between A.D. 29, 28, and 26. Furthermore, the Roman calendar began on Jan. 1, so that the imperial year might be adjusted to the civil year (1) by c…
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There are two more data to help us to fix the year of Herod's death : the eclipse of the moon which preceded his last illness (Ant. XVII. vi. 4), and the Passover which followed soon after (XVII. ix. 3). The lunar eclipses visible in Palestine dur- ing B.C. 5-3 were those of March 23 B.C. 5, Sept. 15 B.C. 5, March 12 B…
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410 DATES DATES made in Ej;ypt {Class. Rev., Mar. 1893). Prof. Ramsay {Was Christ born at Bethlehem/} builds on these. It is quite possible that a series of periodical enrolments in a cycle of 14 yeai-s were initiated by Augustus, an indefatigable statistician, in other parts of the empire, and that the first of the…
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(2) Thr I ihe Baptist is the <C)'»iiHH J a quo 01 • I Jesus, and is assigned to thel5tll^■ 1 i li iiu~. Dating that reign from the death <.t Au-u-iu-, Aug. 19 A.D. 14, the 15th year corresponds with A.D. 28-29. B. Weiss and Beyschlag, however, count from A.D. 12, when Tiberius was made co-regent with Augustus. W. M. Ra…
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Jericho to Nazareth (about 60 that there is no necessity to select a site for His bapt J day's journey of Cana. A|^; ' '" ' " " ■ithir - . of Cana. Again, the favourite time for March (Wetzstein in Ztschr. f. Ethnol. v. [1873)). So that we have another indication of the early season of the year, which supports the …
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(/-) St. Luke s Gospel is divisible into two parts. The second (9™-19^' containing matter peculiar to him), being devoted to the doings and teachings of the M.astcr as the days of His assumption were being fulliUed (9'''), seems to restrict the Lord's ministry to a single ye.ar, 'the acceptable year of the Lord ' (4" ;…
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There is a u-'iiil iii'li. mI ion of time in Jn o-"-'", where the Baptist, wlmse popularity is waning in 4', and whose utterance in 2i^-^ seems to contain a presentiment of doom — ' He must increase, but I must decrease ' — is referred to as a lamp that no longer shines. ' He was the burning and shining lamp, and ye we…
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'barley' loaves (i,.r.L;; ^p,ll.,«^0, which, however, has a nearer reference to the offerings (two leavened loaves of the best wheat, etc.) and customs of Pentecost, which was distinguished by thank-offerings (.niinn ny = iix<'P'"''"^0 »"<! festive gather- ings for the poor (Lv 2422) ; (S) that the insertion of a Pa.ss…
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(a) Daif of week and month.— Borne indications of the day of the ^veek are found in Scrijiture. Tlie general belief that the Crucifixion took pl.tce on Friday is founded on inference from the fact that He rose ' on the third day,' ttj Tphri riinipq. (1 Co 15^), the Jews counting their daj-s inclusively. Westcott, howev…
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r«of: 141 un It would seem that some technical error was committed by the Synoptists, which may have been due to (1) St. Peter's inexact knowledge of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, and probable identification of it with the removal of leaven before noon on Nisan 14 (Ex 12"') ; (2) the custom of the Galilipans, who, t…
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Dr. balmon, in the article cited, said it was doubtful if lIippol.\tu3 had any historical authority for fixing on the year 29 over and ahove the reason 'that the day which his cvcle exhibited as the Crucifixion Day should be a" Friday,' and that ' the only years he would find fulfilling this condition were, 26, 29, 32,…
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Matthew and St. .Mark, who signalize its closing scenes with a similar act ? In the week itself there are three difficult notes of time. (1) ' Then Jesus six days before the Pass- over came to Bethany' (Jn 12' tt/jo fj jiiiipav toO Trdffxo. cf- Am 1' LXX xp6 ivo iruv tov aei.aii.ov [STI'? 'i-h c'03r']> 'two years befo…
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/* ' A f ter two days is the Feast of Unleavened Bread' (Mt 26-). It is supposed that our Lord remained all this day in \ Rethany, not returning to the city I openly after Jn 12^6. The Anointing of His head at the Supper in the evening. I The Bargain of Judas. le morning was occupied by disciples with preparations …
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F. R. Montgomery Hitchcock. DADGHTER (BiryirTip). — The word ' daughter ' is used in various senses in the Gospels: (1) in the literal sen.se, Mt 9'» lO^^, Mk 5^5 6- 7=», Lk S-"- ; (2) as a term of kind address, Mt 9", Mk 5=^, Lk S-i* ; (3) collectively for the inhabitants of a city, Mt 2P, Jn 12'5 (cf. Zee 9^) ; (4) …
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LrrEBATURB.— Gore, BL 196 IT.; Gould, ' St Mark,' and Hum- mer, ' St. Luke,' in Internal. Crit. Com. in he. ; Expos. TH7nex, m. [1892J 292 ff., viii. (1897) 365 ff.; Sxpositur, v. iii. [1896] 445 ff. John R. Sampey. DAT. — 1. Literal. — The length of the 'day' among the ancients was reckoned in varioiLS ways : thus, f…
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LlTERATUBE.— Art. ' Dav,' by H. A. White in Hastings' DB, by Karl Marti in Encvc BlU., and by F. W. Farrar in Smith's D£2; also 'Tag' in Biehm's EWB; esp. Swete's Com. on St. Mark, and Hummer's Com. on St. Luke, ad loe. ; and cf. the artt. Time, Nioht, EscHATOLoaT. Geoege L. Robinson. DAY OF ATONEMENT (Dnsan dv [ons?…
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3. But other points of analogy and contrast suggest themselves, some of which are partially supplied by the Ep. to the Hebrews. (a) The high priest oflered a bullock for the atonement of his own sins. ' The law appoints as high priests men possessed of weakness,' He 7"' 5'-\ But the Son was 'such an high priest as was…
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(/) It has been said above that the go.-it ' for Azazel ' (AV '.scape-goat') was <(.ii '.1. ! . .1 (; m i- tively to be the same animal astl - sacrificed. Its blood was shed fnr i ii of the people, and, at the same timr, n i.m,i, ii|,.,)i itself the burden of their sins in ordir to carry it away. There is no distinc…
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Shailer Mathews. DAY OF JUDGMENT.— i. In the teaching of Jesus. — 1. The Day of Judgment is one of the concepts inherited by Jesus. Its origin is to be sought in the religious belief, common to practi- cally all primitive peoples, in a tribal deity who would punish the enemies of the tribe. This elemental concept gaine…
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While Jesus opposed the mercantile conception of rewards and punishment, the Day of Judgment occupied a central position in His teaching. With Him as' with all men of the prophetic type, the Judgment stretched across the horizon of liumiin destiny. No action in life wns iiH.iMlly neutral. A man would ui\r :h-.(hiiiI .i…
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(Mt 20=1 II Mk 1(F). The Fourth Gospel represents Jesus as expressly denying (Jn 8I' 12"), and also as affirming that He is the Judge (Jn 5—- 27- a) gi*). But such inconsistency can be resolved either by considering that Jesus at one time is thinking of His historical and at another of His eschatological duties, or by …
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ii. In the teaching of the Apostles.— In the teaching of the Apostles the Day of Judgment has a position quite as central as m the teaching of Jesus. But even more important is it in what may be called their system of teaching. With them as with Jesus, the chief end of faith is the achievement of salvation, that is, et…
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DAY OF JUDGMENT DAY (THAT) i. The details of the day are not clearly ■worked out by the Apostles. In their case, as in that of Jesus, there is the double expectation that both God and Jesus will be the Judge. In the Apostolic thought, however, the recognition of Jesus as Judge (assisted, as has already been pointed o…
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LiTKRATfRE. — ^This is voluminous, but it is often dogmatic and apologetic in character. The unhistorical method of treat- ment will be found set forth in all the old treatises on theology. On the Day of Jahweh sec J. >[. P. Smith, ' The Day of Yahweh,' AJTh, 1901, p. 501 f. Views of .Turtaism may be found in Bousset, …
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'Ef lj\j/ovs, 'from on high,' presents some ilifhcnlty. as dawn does not come from on hiuli : pnliaps the ref. to a bright shining star is m in krrjiin- (Meyer); ' He is the Daystar from on hiu'li, lirim.'- ing a new morning to those who sit in the darkness and death-shadows of the world' (Liddon, Jininjt. Led.' p. 2…
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I -it I eel nil ej I Ih> -1 al e nl I lie .ji ;n|. 'I'ie' r \|e e-sioH ■Al.lal.aill'^l.uM.lii.ee/., I- el II. . ilev lealle lallie tO US, though suitable and si,i;nilicaiiL lo the men of DEAD, THE DEAF AND DU:MB our Lord's day. Similarly with the other pictorial elements ; they are only of the same order as the ima…
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3. Christ's figurative use of the term ' dead.' — The use of the term as descriptive of a certain s|iiritual condition, unperceiving, unresponsive, is illustrated in the saying of Lk 9"", quoted above. In Lk 15-^ it occurs as tantamount to ' lost.' The dead spoken of in Jn 5-'"-'', to whom the Son gives eternal life, a…
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The other miracle, also recorded by St. Mark (9ii-89)_ jg upon o„g -whose dumbness was linked with demoniacal possession. An examination of the passage shows how the case had baffled Christ's disciples. The father of the possessed felt that he had in the Great Teacher his final resort. Our Lord's question elicited the …
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The traditional view of death as something evil and unnatural liad therefore no place in the thought of Jesus. He nowhere suggests the idea which St. Paul took over from the OT and elabor- ated in his theology, that death is the punishment of sin. This prevailing Jewish belief is indeed ex- pressly contradicted in the …
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To understand the Evangelist's conception, we have to remember that here as elsewhere he converts into present reality what is future and apocalyptic in the Synoptic teaching. Jesus had spoken of life as a reward laid up in ' the world to come,' and h.ad contrasted it with the 'casting out' or 'destruction' (diruXcio) …
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1. He was put to death on the Cross. How did this happen? What were His leading thoughts about it as so viewed ? He lived and died without sin. He fulfilled all righteousness in the course of His obedience unto death, freely and perfectly- uniting Himself and all the activities of His will and life with the will and pu…
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ing, and value of His life of obedience unto death, is manifest from His own words, e.g., in Jn 16'"". But, secondly, the same conclusion follows from His attitude of resistance to the whole system of IcgriHsm which He found Judaism had developed and set up, as an order of fixed and unchangeable conditions, in the rel…
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This view of the moral unity of the achievement of Christ's earthly activities is the truth as it was in His own thought. His thought was this : ' Therefore doth my Father love me, because I lay down my life(^7(j riffrj/ti tV i^ixh" f^""), that I might take it again. No man taketh it from me, but I lay it down of mysel…
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DEATH OF CHRIST DEATH OF CHRIST the current dispensation of the Spirit by whose agency His mediation is brought to saving effect in souls. All the methods of the Spirit's work and all the moral elt'ects that result from it imply the existence of internal, direct, living, moral relations between the soul and God in Ch…
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Coming to ,S7. Paul, we have not only the fact, apparent to every reader, that he set Christs death in tlie forefront of all his teaching, but his testimony that in doing so he was following the example of the earlier Apostles and the primitive Church. 'I delivered unto you first of all,' he writes, ' that which also I…
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2. The meaning assigned to the death of Christ. — Having established the place given in the Epp. to Christ's death, we must now consider the mean- ing which is assigned to it. (1) The fundamental thought in all the gi-oujis is that the deatli of Christ is a manifestation of the lure of God. 'God coni- mendeth his own l…
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-.iclnng nonage iiiitural 434 DEATH OF CHRI&t DEBT, DEBTOR sense. Is not this wliat St. Peter means when he says, '"Who liis own self bare our sins in liis body on the tree, that we, liaving died unto sins, might live unto righteousness '(IF 2-^) ; and when he says again, ' Because Christ also sutfered for sins onc…
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In the Gospels we have suggestions of the money-customs of the day at JIt 21'-"", Mk 11""'", Lk 19«-«, and Jn 2i3-''. There are pictures of indebtedness in the parables of the Two Debtors (Lk 7-""^=^), the Talents (Mt 25'*"»'), and the Pounds (Lk 19""^). Lending and repaying are seen in practice at Lk 6** ; also a cred…
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The elder brother of the Prodigal (Lk 15^"'-) illustrates the point ; representing as he does the Pharisaic type of mind — common in all ages and pronouncedly so in the time of Jesus — which com- placently fancies itself well within the Kingdom, but shows by its harsh attitude to fellow-mortals that it is inwardly not…
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The first references in literature to the Deca)>olis are found in the Gospels. On our Lord's first journey through all Galilee, He was attended by crowds from all parts of Palestine, among whom were persons from Decapolis (Mt 4-*). Most likely these were Jews, who formed a considerable part of the population even in Gr…
924 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1906–1908); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.