PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,289,916 words · 1288 reading sections
Section 661
(b) Mediwval period (5th to 15th centuries).— The conciliar definitions remained undisturbed as tlie official formulas of the Church right through tlie Middle Ages up to the present ; and without im- portant modification or advance. To account for this prolonged acquiescence of the mediteval mind is not at once simple,…
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new experience. Their successors were forced by the exigencies of their ecclesiastical situation to limit tliemselves to simple defence of the fact. Later thinkers, with more freedom, and under the impulse of vast movements of philosophy and science, have gone on to unfold and organize its content. There is much that i…
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The sincere emphasis laid on the proper Divinity of Christ throughout the Middle Ages has been continued in the Churches of the Reformation. The opposition has been correspondingly sincere and continuous. Its course manifests remarkable variation. In the earlier stages it was determined chiefly by the common study of t…
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(4) On the problem of Christ's rcrson for modern thon;;lit lon- in Modern Theology, and Philosciphii if thi- CiirislHi,: ll.li.iidii ; Adams Brown's Essence of Christianifi/ ; Lnsinskv's M'ar Jrsits Gott, Mensch, Oder tfbcrmensch]; KMhoil'sDasChristu.ijiroUem; Dykes in ExpT, Oct. 1906-Jan. 1900. A. S. MARTIN. DIYOKCE…
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In view, therefore, of Mk 10'"'- and Lk 16'8, it must appear that Mt 5^^ places the teaching of Christ m a new light. So far as Lk. is concerned, we might, with some difficulty, suppose that the exception ' save for adultery ' was assumed as a matter so obvious that it needed no explicit ex- pression. But Ln view of th…
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It would seem that ro/ioStSda-KoKoi should be trans- lated ' teacher of the law,' and SidaaKa'Kos ' teacher ' always. The Old English word 'doctor' now often signifies a title. Pope's phrase, ' when doctors disagree,' referred to teachers. fo/uKos is used once in Mt. (22^) and eight times in Lk., and is practically equ…
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486 DOCTRINES DOCTRINES John, sufficient materials to enable us to piece together a scheme of the doctrine of Jesus as He taught it and as it was understood by His im- mediate followers. It appears most convenient to start, as has been suggested by Weiss, with the doctrine of the Ki>i(j- dom of Heaven or the Kingdo…
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This aspect of Christ's teaching, whicli is specially prominent in the Sj-noptic Gospels, has been repre- sented by some as constituting the essence of His doctrine. T>iit ajiart from the thought that, ac- cording to this view, the ethical teaching of Jesus would mean the enactment of a new code of religion and moralit…
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developed in them by the power of Divine love. So closely i.s future blessedness, the inheriting of the Kingdom, dependent upon present faith and patient persevering eflbrt, that our Lord is careful to warn His disciples that while 'it is ' their ' Father's good pleasure to give ' them ' the king- dom' (Lk 12'=), it is…
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5. With regard to the significance of the Death and Resurrection of Jesus as the ultimate condi- tions of the establishment of the Kingdom of God, our Lord treated that doctrine as He did His Messianic claims in respect of His Divine nature. It is represented in the Gospels as the subject of gradual development, as a t…
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tlic t. :,, Innu <'f .Tesus (14-" 15=«) and guide them into :ill tiuih I Hi''), to give them power to dis- charge tlii'ii spuitual functions (20=''-^) as leaders and teachers of the Church, and, as the Spirit of wisdom and utterance, to inspire them to testify faithfully and courageously for Christ in presence of their…
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2. The use in these passages, in inimriliate con- nexion with the idea of dominiini. ..lib.- wDicIs' liave authority over,' 'exercise autlnn il y <>»< r ' ((^omia- i'ovaiv, f'loiwidfocTes), calls for sotnc rnfricnce to the jiiiwer or authority (i^oivia) attributed to Christ in connexion with His liumiliation as well as…
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LlTERATI-RE.- xi,eiirr,( ; Grimm-Thayer, Lex. ST, 1,11,1 |i(.w,,i ..vrrall li,>-li, tha ;rnal lite to as many as he ha cf. 10**). See also Power. , Bih.-Thenl. Lex. g.vv. i£«[/(r/«, xupm ,{.w,. xifiau xiipnii>i; H. J. Holtzmann, LehrbxKh der yr Theol. i. 319 f., ii. 409 £E.; Wendt, The Teaching of Jesus, ii. 276: …
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References in the Gospels. — The word 'doubt' occurs several times in AV and RV. It is used, however, to translate several Greek terms ; nor are these invariably rendered by the word in Question. A study of the respective passages reveals difler- ing circumstances and conditions, different types of character, a variety…
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It has been thought that the dove had a sacro- sanct character among the Hebrews. Though it was a favourite food with some neighbouring peoples, it was not eaten in Palestine. Young pigeons and doves were ottered in sacrifice, where no sacrificial meal was involved. So we find in tlie temple courts them that sold doves…
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3. StriKture. —The doxologies of the NT consist of three main parts. (a) The Person to whom praise is given. This is, as we have seen, most frequently God the Father, though Jesus Christ is associated with Him. Attributes are often added, usually to emphasize the Divine blessing which has oc- casioned the praise. In E…
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The natural explanation of tlie miracle, that from a distance Jesus saw wliat those in the boat failed to observe, is possible, but is not necessary. The power is rather that of guiding to the required place. ' The miracle lies in the circumstances and not in the mere fact. The events came to men from the sphere of the…
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DREAM DREAM ' The Kingdom in its highest and most Christian sense is the working of "invisible laws" which penetrate below the surface, and are gradually progressive and expansive in their operation. But in this, as in other cases, spiritual forces take to themselves an outward form : they are enshrined in a vessel o…
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Tlie significance of the marked clustering of recorded supernatural dreams at just these his- torical points it is not easy to be perfectly sure of. Perhaps it is only a part of the general tendency ' of the supernatural manifestations recorded in Scripture to gather to the gi-eat historical crises ; 1 throughout Scr…
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contingency, this dream would take its place in a large class, naturally mediated, but induced by God for the guidance of the affairs of men— another instance of which, we have already suggested, may be discovered in the dream of the Midianitish man mentioned in Jg 7'^''^ (so Nosgen, in loc). In this case, the hve inst…
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Surely we should bear in mind, in any considera- tion of such a question, the infinite condescension involved in God's speaking to man througli any medium of communication. There is a .sense in which it is derogatory to God to suppose Him to hold any commerce with man at all, particularly with sinful man. If we realize…
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That powerful influences should occasionally arise out of dreams, affecting the conduct and the destiny of men, is only natural, and is illustrated by numerous examples. Literature is crowded with instances of the efi'ect of dreams upon life, for good and evil ; and the personal experience of each of us will add additi…
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11'- 8 1316 15,2", I .Jn 131 12192a; 'cloak, '.Mt 6-1", Lk629; 'cloth.--, i - , ::, in (Jrcek); (plural) 'clothes,' Mt 217 2418 266ii, .Ml, - ■ ; ! !"■ ; ' r,.iTn.-iit,' Mt 118 1722731, Mk 93, Lk 725 23--*, .In r,' ■ I - . i l-i -r i.urple robe of Jesus I .Mk 1517.205 :|»), Lk 72 long garments of the both lie Lri…
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2. The clothes of the ordinary /eWa/i, or peasant in modern Palestine, are five in number, — shirt, cloak, girdle, shoes, and head-dress. The shirt or kamis is a simple straight garment, extending from the neck almost to the feet, with short, or sometimes long, loose, sleeves. It is usually of calico ; it may be of li…
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The co-luiiu. ,,f 111,- Palestiii.' i.fasant. .-ibovr descrilinl, ^^,■l^ ]H..l.,Ml.ly, witli iio.I.mM ,lil^.■l,■ll.•r^, in materials an. I in nu' tin- i-(.-hii i ilu' cnniiti^- folk of NT aii.l pn.-N'l' times. 'I'la' /,.',/,/.■ is \\w equivalent of the x'tw". and that «as th.' /,. Ihmuflt. of the OT. Now, as then, it…
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DRINK, DRINKING DROPSY expensive materials for dress — the purple dye obtained from the murex on the coasts of Tyre, and the pixraoi, or ' fine linen,' which was imported at pjeat exjjense from E-^'pt. Reference is made at the beKinninfj to the various terms used to describe the robe put on Christ by the mocking sol…
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Whatever might Ije the dillerences between the schools of Shammai and Hillel as to the class of works forbidden on the Sabbath day, the general practice of the Jews themselves wa.s based on the recognition that danger to life superseded the Sabbath law, and the question of Jesus points out this with force. If they aUow…
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Jesus seems to have adopted the prevailing popular attitude. He instituted no campaign against the use of strong drink. He made it no part of His mission to denounce indulgence. He Himself followed the ordinary practices of His day, both using wine and giving His countenance to festivities in which wine played an impo…
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But among the ancients the Stoics, and in modern times Kant, have judged difterently. They ex- clude the emotions, and measure moral worth by the degree to which duty, and duty alone, is the motive of action. No man is good unless he obeys the law, simply' bfiau^c it is the law. Duty for duty's sake is th^-ir watrhword…
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We must, however, qualify what has been said in two respects. .Jesu-4 guarded the s.1111 tiKir\' of tlie family b\- the most stringent r." Ill ,ii,,,i ,,f -nv.ii.-i TM-'m.i- III! II,. 1'; for the family is the I .,1 -I 1:^ T ■' ; ' I u. Where it does not i.i, , , |. M ,:: I 1.1.', i i^h love and dut.v, the nil, ,11 …
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1 these ].assages )«-ile' so iliHelenl flolll tlieii mean ,u n,.ln3'-. ll Is evelenl fioii, ll, au.a-; lion «ilh Nico- .len.us that the eouin.sl diaun h\ chiisi between things earthly and tilings heav enl\ was in. I a con- trast between things iiatuial aii 1 1 lungs su per- il:;- s|,iiitual, or natural, or t…
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LrrKRATURE. — Gilbert, Student's Life of Jesus ; Schiirer, EJP, see Index; Gould, 'St. Mark' in Internat. Crit. Com. ; Gary, ' The Synoptic Gospels ' in Intemat. Handbooks to NT. H. L. Jackson. EATING AND DRINKING.-Eating and drink- ing are occasionally referred to in the Gospels as acts expressive of men's ordinary …
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While, however, it seems impossible to distin- guish between Nazarenes and Ebionites, and im- proper in this connexion to think of a separation into clear-cut sects, there were undoubtedly differ- ences of tendency within the general sphere of Ebionism. From the first a stricter and a more liberal party is to be discer…
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EBIOXISM EBIOXISM ence when the author of Canonical Matthew wrote his book, and upon whicli to some extent he may have drawn, — a tradition wliich would naturally be more Jewish and national in its outlook than that represented by the Greek written sources on which he placed liis main dependence (see Hastings' DB, Ex…
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'It is decisive,* says Meyer, 'acrainst the assumption of any such polemical purpose that, in general, John nowhere in his Gospel allows any direct reference to the perverted tendencies of his day to appear ; while to search for indirect and hidden allusions of the kind, as if they were intentional, would be as arbitra…
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perfect example, their Divine yet most truly human Redeemer. The scene of our Lord's appearing in the crown of thorns and the purple robe is naturally one to appeal to artists ; and many great pictures, notably one of the greatest and most striking of modern times (by Munkacsy), have borne the title ' Ecce Eccc IIuiH…
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The disciples were employed in the study of tlie Oral Law— the Tradition of the Elders (Mt 15=), which in those days was regarded with even greater veneration than the Written Law,** and which until, at the earliest, the 5th cent, of our eratt was preserved in the memories of tlie Rabbis and orally transmitted from gen…
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All the vaunted -wisdom of the Rabbis Jesus he'd in very slight esteem. It was not indeed His manner to despise the searcliings of earnest souls after the knowledge of God, but the theology of His day was the very arrogance of ignorance, and blinded its votaries to the truth. It is a patlietic fact that nothing so etl'…
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The narrative of the Evangelist is absolutely simple and unadorned, and amounts to little more than a mention of the journey into Egypt made under Divine direction. No indication is given either of the locality or duration of the stay in the country. The impression conveyed, however, is that the visit was not prolonged…
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EIGHTH DAY ELECT, ELECTION of Christian art. William Blake, Charles Holroyd, Eugfene Girardet, Anthony van Dyke, William Dobson, and many others have painted the scenos by the -way with a circumstance and detail which are indebted, where not wholly imaginary, to the accounts of the Apocryphal Gospels. The reality wou…
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Weiss, Life of Christ ; Edershcim, Life and Times. E. C. Dargan. ELEAZAR.— An ancestor of Jesus, Mt 1"*. ELECT, ELECTION (eKX4yecreai, reXexTcls, eK\oyr,). — Tliiiui;li «c li,i\e no reference in the Gospels to any ci.iisciims ellort on the part of the writers to ;;itis]> the si^'iiiUcaiice of the Divine action in cho…
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was, according to the OT, that God ttai I II l;lirniigh Him the Church. God had chosen II 1 1 n to be both Lord and Christ. He luul h :i .mik of i. p. 81). 'TheChriM Ki ., as a communion resting on n - 1 1 i • . We must not forget. In. re- election has its roots struck which issued in the Incaiii.i from the latter,…
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Di\-ine purpose in them. He also recognizes no less distinctly that, according to that purpose, theirs was a high destiny (. . - A" ^ovXiiv rod SeoO iieir-naay (is iaiTous, Lk 7*' [cf. for the use of /SouXt) in this ^en'^e Ac 2^ 4^ 20=7, Eph 1", He 6"]), and it seems as if at times His realization of what this people m…
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i:^«:vi.>.alrk.-i At tll.'s.'u.i.-tin.. elaratioiis that t . , , > , of His own discriminating choice (ey^ fJeXf^dMrji' "/*>" (K ToO Kd^/xov, Jn lo'" ; cf. (yC> oiSo rlpas fffXetdw". „i 13'") Our k-nowledge of Jesus' acquaintance w-ith the ! the characters of His disciples prior to tlieir selec- ELECT, ELECTION …
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We may here note two different uses to which the word 'elect' or its equivalent idea is put in the Gospels, (a) It describes those who are chosen tor a certain definite work, and are for this purpose endowed with suitable characteristics, and elected to certain special privileges and spiritual graces (see Mt 2422. 24, …
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There remains the striking picture of theBaiitist in the character of Elijah, drawn in Lk I""'-. The passage clearly assumes the developed doctrine of the Messiahship of Jesus, and the career of John the Baptist is analyzed from this point of view. The high spiritual plane of the identification is obvi- ous. John come…
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EMMANUEL.— See Immanuel. EMMAUS {'Eiifj.a.oiis). — The question of Emmaus would seem at first sight to be simple, and the iden- tification of this place easy. Indeed, Emmaus not being mentioned more than once in the Gospels, there are no difi'erent texts to be harmonized. We read in Lk 24'^ that Emmaus was a village 6…
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The first question to clear up is that of the text. Now several authors, and in particular P. La- grange (Rev. Bibl. 1896, pp. 87-92), have, in the opinion of the present writer, shown irrefutably that the original reading must have been ' 60 fur- longs,' and that ' 160' is a correction meant to enable the Emmaus of St…
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14 1.; l!fr_ L ■.,;■■■ • - ' . w- L, -ii , Lui.l, i.r,4 /* 150; Conder, 1, Waiideraiujeii'^, 161-169; he -194, 204-207; Sanda.v, Sacred neuteet. JEmmaus, 1865 ; Guille- r.uselU, L'EviiiMus evaiif/dicu, ■--■■< 'Irlla l;<lrst!na, 1SS9, ■;. '-. I. ,.'.■.,».,?„>■ Eimnmix ilex -. ^i>t 11.1,1 w^Lsesnicht 1 , /'- ux …
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Ill s.iini' r. •^]l(■l•t^, |jii«..'\ . 1. I !i- .ii.liir.uice differed essciiti;ill\ fi. 11)1 that .if b.'li..\-.T-, (1) It was free from the lull. Ml. lit fcndenci.-s .il a sinful nature (.In 14'") .111.1 fiiiiu the enslavinj; intliR'nce of sins ciiiiiiiiittiMl (s''-' '■). (2) It contained the additional elements of ]…
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1. ' Euergj' ' in the physical sense means power or capacity of work. It includes tlie active and the potential side, force of motion and energy of position : two interchanging factors of which the sum total is constant. In its moral application there is a similar duality. The man of energy is not only an active agent,…
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ENOS.— An ancestor of Jesu.s, Lk S^. ENROLMENT.— See Ces.sus and Quiriniu.s. ENTHUSIASM.— jBj!</M<*Mit«re means etymologi- cally a Divinely inspired interest or zeal (Gr. eV- iimvid^u), to be inspired by a gotl, from cf 'in,' and i>(6s ' god ') ; and therefore affords an appropriate modern rendering for the phrase ri…
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sinless moral character, and the Divine guidance He constantly sought and found in the fulfilment of His vocation. If not, we cannot assume any such change. The question is discussed in The Expositor, 6th series, vol. vi. 'The Early Self-Disc.osure.' Literature.— Arthur, Tmigue of Fire ; J. C. Shairp, Studies, 362 ff-…
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This entry was connected with Josus' conscious- ness of His Messianic mission, gradu.illj- develop- ing as His work assumed definite direction and His doctrine definite form ; was conceived after the prophecies of the OT, and planned in order to satisfy the expectations of many who were wait- ing for the coming of the …
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Dalm.in sii'-crnet!; that the oridnal m- of the people was ■Hf>«in'n r.i. 1 "■ III- ■■""•■ -f I ' '"■ he that comcth'(of<. cil. p : J. i I ilKit in the OT, J" Him- ' \^"hile the Messiah wa< 11 1 ilie idea that the Jle-j-! ,11 \- .. ' 1 I . I ut. An interesting coniic\..yii l...L..^^;. io-.^ 1 i li.- ^-i^ntice wit…
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Dalman remarks [op. position such as had not been a.ssigned even to p. 313), 'an exalted Messiah,' and, as Harnack (What is Christl- a7iity? p. 141) observes, 'He leaves the idea of the ]\Iessiali far behind Him, because He filled it with a content that burst it.' It was in the same spirit that He affirmed His Kings…
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F. B. Denio. EPHPHATHA.— An Aramaic word, found in the Greek text of Mk 7**. AVe there read that Jesus said to a man who was ' deaf and had an impedi- ment in his speech, Ephphatha ' {eifxfiaBd). The Evangelist appends a Greek translation of the word : S ianv Sias'oix^l''') ' that is, Be opened.' There are two Aram, …
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Origen compares, for the retirement of Jesus, Mt 4^''- and then allegorizes : Ephraim, according to On 4isif- | xa^nt^fia. ' ; ixUkOiv ixtiSit lis Tj« zif«» 'toS iXm xir/iaii,' lyyix tts iff^mu 'ije«Ai!iriaf,'r*«'Ef/>«7,aTKv'«(!e^To^/)oi;ff-ai''A«3'a^£»»jvfToX(»,etc.(neW Berlin edition, pp. 420, 651). About the site h…
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Exorcism was practised in public by men who professed to wield authority over the demon world (cf. Ac 19'^ which is the only place where the word ' exorcist' occurs in the NT). These exorcists seem to have relied upon the repetition of certain names to effect their purpose, and along with this the recitation of special…
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upon 11 1.jr.t. but npiin the organ of vision. This is true cs]ic-ii:illy with respect to all judg- ments of \alue, all questions of right and wrong, of duty and religion. The possibilities of error increase not merely \\-ith the complexity of the subject-matter, but with the way in which our interests and convictions…
944 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1906–1908); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.