PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,289,916 words · 1288 reading sections
Section 841
Jn2i9 3iJ, Mtl2»(Lf. ■•:, I,V. -■" ■• T-'OIkSil, Lk534), JnO"'! Tits, Mt n I -^1 Mt 171V (Mk '•=), Mt ir=!-23(Mk 1 ~" Ml 202«(Mk .Mt a.-' C.Mkl427',Jn ), Lk U-^ *i. The following allusions to His resurrection are in the same order : The following are, in like order, the allu His return : (Mk 1462, Lk 2269). The…
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shall be assigned to later origin. Accordi _ . , . , details in the alleged predictions are quite generally denied Jesus, and represented as easily explicable modifications, m accordance witn the actual course of events, of what Jesi said. The prediction of resurrection on the third day ample, ia held by many («.?. _S…
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That in this modem construction we liave the precise contradictory of the conception of Jesus and of the course of His life on earth given us by the Evangelists, it needs no argument to establish. In the Gospel presentation, foresight is made the principle of our Lord's career. In the modem view He is credited with no …
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i. 3X2f.)-' *i" li"' ■ ■'■' ■ ''■'■■■' '■ ■■ ■■■■ I ■'' ■! ''- ■-■' ' '■■ come,' says i^^-- '^ n !■ ■ ■ ' i ■■! this whole scIhk'I .., ...p..- -.^ {W ,, ,- .:...:.- !.,..j.nu,., . [.. i.:,.i. 1330, Mt 102a he cnrisi.it-rs that the error is ol.vious. fie adds, *That such an error on the part of Jesus concerning not a…
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the Holy Spirit whom He had promisei due course were revealed those ' many things ' concern- ing His cross and passion which His disciples could not ' bear ' during His lifetime. Down even to the very close of His short ministry on earth the rudimentary .spiritual intelligence of the Apostles was unequal to (tarrying…
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1 's T>ivine chastisement inflicted for the im- l'rn\ I iiiiiu nt the offender, or for the sake of others. N.iih 1 I'H'^ forgiveness imply any false or arbi- tiMiy .lialiii- with the past, any condoning of sin — which is essentially immoral — or ignoring of the transgression, as if it had not been committed — which wo…
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This general conclusion is borne out by Christ's strong language concerning sin, and especially that sin which cannot be forgiven (see Mt I'l''-, I\ik 3-', Lk 12"'). In spite of the long controversy whicli has taken place as to the mysterious sin against the Holy Ghost and the misunderstandings con- cerning it which ha…
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The doctrine of the forgiveness of sins on the basis of atoi ,;ll (III f Christ is imself. ■' and a neither ■. The in the ference Ihe rourth ( ;o,|iel contain-. |ia..a;ji reference in it)-'" to the I'.-ischaj hnnl of these comes fiom the lips oi th. nearest approach to smh teaihitiL; institution of the Lord's Su|ip…
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4. Similar principles to those which regulate the relation of individuals are to be applied where C'hrUtian communities arc concerned. The two are closely connected, as is shown by the passage Mt 18i=-'». Christ deals first with the ottending individual ; if it can be avoided, recourse must; not be had to the authority…
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In every instance He laid it down as the inexor- able condition of admission to His inner circle that the man should forsake all — home, kindred, and possessions. 'Come after me,' He said to Simon and Andrew when He called them on the shore of the Lake of Galilee, ' and I will make you lishers of men.' And it is writte…
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FOKTY FKANKIXCEXSE my lowly and painful lot. The foxes ha\e holes, and the birds of the heaven nests ; but the Son of man hath not where to lay down his head ' * (Lk 9=--«« = Mt8«'-=°). Again, when He was travelling through Galilee on His last journey up to Jerusalem, He was followed by an enthusiastic throng. Knowi…
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FRAGMENTS {K\i<r/iaTa, pieces broken for dis- tribution ; cf. KXaajiaruv Apruv of LXX Ezk 13"). — AU the Synoptists record that, when the miraculous feeding of the multitude ended, the broken pieces remaining over from the meal were gathered up and deposited in twelve baskets (Mt U-"", Mk 6", Lk 9"). St. John adds that…
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ment is concerned is simply the necessity of being true to His own nature. 2. That man is a free agent is not stated in so many words in the NT, but is assumed everywhere. Surely when our Lord said (Mt 11-") 'Come unto me all ye that labour,' and (Jn 5^") ' Ye will not come to me that ye might have life,' He accepted …
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3. The notion of moral freedom which is pre- sented in the NT differs from all merely philo- sophical ideas on the subject. Here freedom means the being set free from the bondage of sin, and thus enabled to realize the ideal of human nature as created in the image of God {Ro 6*'f). The freedom of the Christian will lie…
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• But cf. Pr SVO"; and Sir 402-1 'A friend and companion never meet amiss, but above both is a wife with her husband.' FRIENDSHIP FRIENDSHIP 623 of the Lost Slieep and the Lost Piece of Silver, lie touches upon the iimcli <lebated basis oi friendshii). The j(iy(ius disci. \ cry of lost possession leads to social cu…
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(5) Jesus also taught that the life of love was endless. The old friendships flourished under dark skies. Fears of an awful end haunted them, and when death came, ' They dreamed there would be spring no more.' But Christ has brought life and inmiortality to light through His gospel. He has spoken with certainty of the …
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C-'i " "f Jesus as revealed in Chris- tiiiii , ■ The limits of human friendship are many, ami Mijui'st the blessings which all believers in I lui-i h:i\. injoyed by their union with the liviirj Sni nii. In our human relation- ships no word-- arc .lili.iiiate to express the subtler and more refined emotions and convic…
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In the Miis.iiin (if tlio Vatican there is a little glass relic, taken frniii ;',,r(':ii,' nhs ; it was made as an ornament to be worn rouiiil I 1h rn < k oi ;i woman, and was found in her grave ; it reprt^sriris <:iiri^l hru\'Xu\'^ again the frviit of the Tree of Life.* TliaL rcUu sinuiiiarizes the Divine nspects of…
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A second metaphor underlies n^. This is pro- 626 FULFILMENT FULFILIMENT bably still later tlieological language. It means specially the fulfilling of prediction. We hnd it in Ezr 1> = 2 Ch 36~. According to Bertholet (on Ezr I.e.; he refers to Dn 1-2' also), 'Fulfilment ranks simply as the end of the prophetic word…
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2. Fulfilment of joy (■n-\rip6oi). Here again there is an ambiguity. XVhen St. Paul says (Ph 2=) ' Fulfil ye my joy,' what does he mean ? Is it (1) ' Complete my happiness ; unless I hear of your being thoroughly at one, I cannot be perfectly happy ' ? or (2) does he mean, ' I have sacrificed many ordinary sources of h…
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by 'scribes and Pliarisees' (v."")]. But there are difficulties. It is ' hard ' to think that our Lord ever exercised the supposed conscious detailed in- tellectual criticism of the OT as such (so the late A. B. Davidson, in ruin er.sil ion «i(li the present writer's inform. An.l w,,ul,I 11,. have called His paradoxi…
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Thi>;(i- . ' . .| '..11 j..;..i..l ...II must surely be an altcrnii.'. \' 1-1. 11 .1 -11. . ,./../( Mi ..'-. .Ve«.'ording to Mt 5, Christ .-i-.pu-i- ..I Lilt,- pcii-^luiu .-I lUe Law; according to Mt 'Jl, uf the assured truth of His own words. We nmst note the presence of 3 corresponding clauses in each of the two pas…
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Fiilfiliiirnf : modern theological studg. Thecentral .sulijirt i> fiilliluient of prophecy. (It has also the iiiu>t p,i>s;i-,..i. Modern study of ' Prophecy and iMiltihiRMit"— title of a book by von Hofmann — brings out a truth which (unless possibly adum- brated in our Lord's words, Mt 5'"') is nowhere formulated in S…
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the beginning, and signilics fl„. .■ pl.^tmi.ss effected by the addition? Thus in (In- |i;iss,i'jos in St. Matthew and St. Mark «liirli refer to the sewing of the new |i:iteli on tl lil •jiirment, it is not the patch tli.il is tlie 7r\;i,i.,v/a. il is the com- pleteness that rr^-iilts ti-oni tlie p.ileli ; .and, as …
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It is scarcely sufficiently recognized that the NT doctrine of the Church is a philosophy of the .Social Organism which embraces all essential human activities (Eph 4''- '"). Our difficulty in apprehending it lies mainly in this, that the Apostles, seeing the temporal in the light of eternity, are constantly confusing …
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But while thus stimulating intellectual receptiye- ness everywhere, the most important contribution of the Greeks in the preparation for Christianity was the universal prevalence they gained for their rich and expressive language, inasnnich as by this they supplied a common vehicle of intercourse, calculated to be of i…
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tl et e e ee 1 \ L ient C ab el a one ot tl o t po tai t of tl era — R W Moss one of four of even of seventy accord ng to GABRIEL IS mentioned in Lk 1 as appearing to diflerent enumerations in Jewish writings. See Zachari.Ts to aiinonnee the future prei!iiancy of Jewish Ennic. s.v. O. H. GATES. Elisaheth au.l fh.- h…
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them, ' Woe is me if I preach not the gospel.' The joy of this gain is anticipated in Dn 12^ (cf. Ja 5'"--"). Its greatness is most fully known when we realize that we share it \A-ith God Himself and His angels (Lk IS""- "• '-"■)• In all three classes of passages the language is that of the market-place where men get …
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i. Geography. — The southernmost division of Galilee was Esdraelon (G. A. Smitli, HGHL p. 379). It consists of (1) tlie triangular plain about 200 feet above sea-level, 29 miles long from the foot of Carmel to Jenin, 15 from .Jenin to Tabor, and 15 from Tabor to the foot of Carmel ; (2) the valley of Jezreel (Nahr Jnlu…
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legal -fife cliief 634 GALL GAMES could be made when local doctors dittered. The chief local difficulties were usually satisfied by the decisions of local councils (cf. Mt 10"), probably associated more or less closely with the local syna- gogues (see Synagogue). 7. Peojjle. — Galilee was a populous country. ' The…
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a I I'l.- \\liii knew little of the games of the Grirk,, auil wliu liad been taught to hate what they knew. But in Galilee the children played their immemorial games : As if his whole vocation (WoRuswoRTU, Ode on Immortality). From such play Jesus drew a description of the generation wlucli had listened to John the …
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1. Military and protective. — As the weakest place in a walled city, it was the chief point of attack and defence. Its strenirtli was the strength of tlie city ((in -JJ'', J- .V, I'. -Jt" 1-37'', Is 26^ Jer 14-). II liad a ].la.'r ,,f ,,ull....k ..\,-r tlie entrance, from «hirli thusi' a|i].roa.liiu'j rould be seen, an…
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Literature.— Robinson, BRP i. 353, 402 ff. ; Stanley, SP 239, 571 ; Barclay, Citii uf the Great Kinn, 89, 90 : Wilson, Re- cooery of JeriiaaU-nu ti, 19, 3(17, LamU of ttu: DibU', i. 403ff. ; and Aiti: ■ :irtt. 'GehenlKi' .ui.l ll .:, .. i \ ... , :, _ till; 'Hinnoni (\il^: i'l-' vi /.' ■ /;■'',; ^ .■• • ' ' S7. Mar…
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St. Luke (3^"**) makes Joseph the son of Heli, and grandson of Matthat (bj' some identified with- out any proof with Matthan of Mt 1''), and traces his descent through Zerubbabel and Shealtiel to Nathan the son of David ; then (with only slight or textually doubtful divergences from Mt.) back to Abraham ; but, not stop…
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to whom was betrothed Mary the Virgin, who bore Jesus Christ') represents the Greek from which the Syriac version was made more closely than does the Sinaitic. If, therefore, the compiler followed a pedigree ready to hand, he did so only as far as the step ' Jacob begat Joseph ' ; and textual criticism will not help us…
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In regard to Rahab, there is no evidence for her marriage with Salmon, nor is anything known that would be likely to have suggested the idea : it would seem that the compiler was determined to introduce the name, and tlierefore, without evi- dence and against all chronological probability, made her the wife of the fath…
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Africanus does, however, mention people called ' Desposyni ' on account of their kinship with the Saviour, and applies to them the epithet ' the l>efore-mentioned,' so that in those parts of the letter that are now lost he may have specified more exactly liow far his conjecture rested on evidence traditionally derived …
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it was HO doubt on Ihi- -round iliat .lii-lin Martyr (ApnI. i. :iL">) inferied 1 1, at .Matv was of (lie tribe of Judah (cf. I'mi.r. .I.iml.i, III, where she is said to be of the nil I llavnli. SI. Manhew (P») and St. Luke il-' L'a a--eii ihe H.avidie descent of Joseph, but iiol ih.il ol Mai\-: I'oiilrasI Lk P, where…
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2. Sitiialion. — It is usually identified with the little plain situated on the western coast of the Sea of Galilee, and known to the Aralis as el- Ghuweir, 'little Glior or hollow.' This identifica- tion is as good as certain. The description of it as given by Josephus can apply to no other. Several years ago an attem…
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GENNESARET, LAND OF GENTILES 641 Irbkl, the Arljela of Joseplms and 1 Mac 9-, are not far to the south, (i) Another torrent, entering tlie Plain from the \V., is that known as IVadi/ er- Bubudiiich. This is the largest, and yields the most plentiful supply of water furnished to the Plain. It is used to iiTigate the …
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Such is the land of Gennesaret, on the immediate edge of which lay Capernaum, and over whose ' Eden-like landscape ' the feet of our blessed Lord so often trod as He went about preaching from village to village, healing the sick and raising to life the dead. One can almost see Him, in fancy, pushing out in a little boa…
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'GalUee of the Gentiles' (Mt 4''). Moreover, it was in the same Gentile-infected GaUlee that the most important part of His ministry was carried on, and He even went into the borders of Tyre and Sidon (Mk 7^), and also taught and healed those who came to Him from thence, together vnth those who sought Him from Decapoli…
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not make Hini harsh in judgment or unmerciful in dealing (cf. Mt 5"- '). (3) His consciousness of Divine power. It is the gentleness not of weak- ness, but of might. The Lamb of God answering Pilate so mildly was conscious that twelve legions of angels stood at His disposal (Mt 26^). The Baptist, himself stem of soul,…
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644 GERIZIM GERIZIM rity, the reading 'Gergesenes' may have originated. But how then accoint for the, presumably, true reading which Origen found in tlie MSS ? There can be here no certainty, but the probability is tliat Origen was right, and that the true name of the vUlage or to%vn where the miracle occurred, ' ov…
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The claim of the Samaritans, that Mt. Gerizim was the true centre of the worship of Jehovah, rested upon a statement in their version of the Pentateuch (Dt 21*'- where 'Gerizim' is substi- tuted for ' Ebal ' of MT) definitely prescribing that an altar should be built there. They also sup- ported the claim of their shri…
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much as the Apostles would follow the example of Jesus in lesser and greater things alike (cf. Ac 4'^), we find that they adopted His gestures, whether for healings or for invocations of the Holy Spirit, or even in speaking. For the touching by laying on of hands, see Ac 6« 8"'- 13^ 19« and 9'« 28^ ; the last two are c…
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James (in tlie Syriac St. James it is only implied), St. Mark both Greek and Coptic, Abyssinian (or Ethiopic), St. Basil, Koman and Ambrosian. The gesture is one of prayer, and implies that prayer accompanied the actions described (see Job 22^ ; cf. the pviblican, Lk 18'^). Again, the refer- ences to the ' glance ' or …
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A. J. Maclkan. GETHSEMAHE {ree(rvfiai'd, perhaps for [Dj-iDf nj ' oil pre.ss '). — Gethsemane is usually described as a ' place ' with a garden attached to it ; but, .so far as the Avords of Scripture show, it may have been simply a garden. St. Matthew (26"") and St. Mark (14==) use the word x'^P^oi', St. Luke (22"') …
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that ever-new and quickening power of the Spirit wliich, coming from God, can alone satisfy the soul's thirst for Him (Zee I4«, Jer 2" 17'=). So Christ seems to use it here. If the woman but knew 'the gift of God,' that fount of the living Spirit which, springing up within, and independent of Samaritan books of the Law…
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True helpfulness is that which is due from one man to another because of the ties of humanity. Hence the personal equation in beneficence. All true giving resolves itself into self-giving, the expression of sympathy, reverence, attection, the charity of personal care and thought (Lk6'"'"). It is this service of man as …
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Passing on to that which this article is specially concerned with, — 'What is meant by the ' glorj- ' and the ' glorifying ' of Jesus Christ ? It must GLORY GLUTTONOUS 649 mean (a) tin- revelation of His essential Deity, that whi. h He ix in the mind of the Father, though veilr'l iniiH jiian by the limitation of th…
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In the Resurrection life, therefore, Christ will be seen and known by all the faculties, the whole being of man redeemed, as sharing fully and essentially in the 'glory' of the Godhead. His Divinity will be recognized in the ' glory ' which was ever inseparable from it ; His humanity will be seen filled full, illuminat…
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The aim of the present artic'le is to set forth briefly those views of God, expressed or implied in the words of Jesus, which may properly be con- sidered apart from the Divine Fatherhood, and which are, to some extent, characteristic of Jesus. 1. God is one. — To Jesus, as to His people through many centuries, God wa…
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r as conclusive ; and Lk 4is is a quotation. GOD reveals Himself to the spirit of man [c.tf. Is 42' 63"). See Unpardonable Sin. The teaching of the Fourth Go.spel (Jn 14-16) regarding the Spirit marks an advance on that of the Synoptics, both in quantity and in character ; but this teaching, as it now stands, like t…
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But God is present not only with those beinjjs who are capable of communion with Him : He is present also in Nature. He arrays the lily in beauty (Mt 6=9), He cares for the birds (v.™), notes the fall of a sparrow (10^), and is unceasingly active in works of mercy and kindness (Jn 5"). How Jesus pictured to His mind th…
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• It is to be noted here that r, y/mifi does not mean the OT in general, for which the word would be a.! ypec^eti, but refers to the particular passage quoted (ct. Jn 20" 2*^ etc.). Greek Test., and Westcott's Gospel of iit. John, ad loc. ). It might be possible for an objector to urge that the whole argument was unw…
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After playing many parts, such as being a medium of decorative art, a standard of value, and a means of good and evil in society, along with higher uses in the coinage of empires and the representation of the Godhead, gold renders its last symbolic service in providing a pavement for the feet of the saints (Rev 2V^). …
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In its negative form the saying is found in both Jewish and pagan sources before the Christian era. Tobias is admonished by his father Tobit to love his brethren, ' and what is displeasing to thyself, that do not unto any other ^ (To 41=). H'illel'i reply to a Gentile inquirer who asked to be taught the whole Law whil…
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A subtle way ot obtaining a negative result from the positive precept is mentioned by Schleiermacher {Predujten, iii. 84 ff.). One may say in haughty independence, ' What I wish is that others would let me go my own way ; therefore, I let them go theirs.' It is rightly said, in reply, that such pride is incom- patible …
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GOLGOTHA GOLGOTHA 655 will be their abundant reward, if whatsoever they would have done to Christ Himself, even so they do unto men, servini; them lowlily and lovingly in His name and for His sake. LrrERATURE. — In addition to the worlcs mentioned in this article, see Sermon on the Modnt and the excellent Bibliogra…
1,032 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1906–1908); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.