PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,289,916 words · 1288 reading sections
Section 1201
Elicity as his it could have raised, as it appears to ave done, only the merest ripple on the surface. (2) Ignatius was bishop of Antioch in Syria. A number of letters have come down to us under his name, of which only seven are genuine. The writer was at the time on his way from Antioch to Rome under sentence of death…
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JOHN, GOSPEL OF JOHN, GOSPEL OF thought. He does not once mention the name ol' St. John ; but the Church at Philippi had not been directly in contact with that Apostle. Moreover, his habits of quotation hardly lead us to expect any other result (of. AT in Apost. Fathers, p. 84). (6) Irenreus gives Polycarp a foremos…
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5. Evidence derived from Opponents of Church doctrine in the 2nd century.— (\) The Clement- ine Homilies. — These are the work of a Jewish Christian, and were published at Rome not earlier than A.D. 160-170. In one of the Homilies (dis- covered by Dressel in 1837) there is an undoubted (quotation (xix. 22) from Jn 9-- …
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7. The Alogi.— These were a party in Asia Minor (c. A.D. 180) who rejected the Johannine authorship of the Gospel and the Apocalypse. They are first mentioned by Epiphanius and Philaster (4th cent.), but it may now be safely admitted that Irenseus opposes their views in H(Er. in. xi. 12 (Zahn and Harnack). They attribu…
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(2) The writer is familiar not only ivith the Mes- sianic expectation, but also with the limitations that it suffered in thepoptilar mind. The hope is current ialiloo (141. 46. 48 CIS. 28. Slll.l ;„ Samana M!». 28. 421 in Galilee (1^ Samaria (4«5- » 42), 878 JOHN, GOSPEL OF JOHX, GOSPEL OF in Judaea (5» ^^'- 1^'…
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(2) It has been customary to regard the so-called Hebraisms of the Fourth Gospel, which it was sup- posed to share with the other NT wTitings, as an indication that the WTiter was a Palestinian. The study of the papyri has revolutionized this idea. It is now no longer permissible to speak of Hebra- istic Greek. The pap…
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3. The writer is a contemporary of the eYents and persons in his narrative. — (1) His knoiBleihjr of the ecclesiastical situation and feelinq of the time. — A deputation is sent to the Baptist from the ecclesiastical authorities in Jerusalem consist- ing of priests and their attendant Levites (l'""^-), and the^ writer …
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either from the other Gospels, or t iral tradi- same words as John the Baptist (cf. !'■ and 3'), a JOHN, GOSPEL OF JOHN, GOSPEL OF fact which must not be forgotten in view of the tendency to lind allegorical meanings in the characters (cf. 1-' and 4'). It would he strange if the Evangelist should take so little pa…
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S. Is St. John the Apostle the author of the Gospel 7 — Is he the unnamed disciple who is identified with the writer ? This unnamed disciple is called among the earliest disciples, and re- members even the hour of the day (P"). He is closely associated with St. Peter m the closing scenes. We know from the Synoptics tha…
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(6) 19!*5-". Here is an instance where the Evan- gelist is comijelled to distinguish his own per- sonality from the circle in whose name he speaks. St. John alone of that group was present at the Cross (19-*). In this case he has to find, in accordance with his principle, some means of authenticating his testimony. It …
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2. Certain incidents are omitted in St. John which in the Synoptics are crises in the life of Christ.— The omission of the Temptation narrative is per- haps not strange in one who knew the mind of Jesus so intimately. The beloved disciple would be well qualified to understand the parabolic nature uf the story. The ess…
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There are two questions that call for answer. (1) Is this Friday Passover day (i.e. 15th Xisan according' to Jewish reckoning from sunset to sunset)? (2) Is the Supper held on the evening of Friday the regular Paschal meal ? (1) There are various internal contradictions in the Synoptic JOHN, GOSPEL OF tond!"This\™''…
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personal inn,,,'- „,„-. ,. ij.i isMq', t'i . '""'''' ' I' '« J9'. lliese touches JOHN, GOSPEL OF JOHN, GOSPEL OF are introduced spontaneously, forming an integral part of the consciousness of the -nriter. Again, it is e%'ident that a selection has been made out of a number of incidents that were avail- able (20*'-…
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There are indications in the Gospel that the Evangelist is concerned to keep his own ideas sepa- rate from those of Christ. The actual Logos idea outlined in the Prologue is never put into the mouth of Christ except as underlying His words in certain cases. He keeps separate his own explana- tions of words of Christ (2…
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2. A mediating position is represented by : Weisse, Ev. Geschichte, 1838, Die Ecan;ietische Frage. 1856 (discourses and prologue Apostolic] ; G. Weizsacker, Utltersuchungen, 1864, reprinted 1901 [written tiy disciple of John ; narratives and dis- cTar element]; Renan, Vie de .Jesus, 1863 (practically abandons the his…
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We have, of course, no right to as.sume that the 2nd cent, was right in classing the Fourth Gospel as a ' spiritual ' work. We shall have to consider its allegorism in detail before we can pronounce on its relation to history. But it should be perfectly obvioiLS that its author did not mean it to be studied as a i)lain…
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within the Church, and orthodoxy had become alive to the dangers which threatened the Chris- tian religion from this side. The intellectualists were even strong enough to drive Montanism out of the Church. During the first quarter of the 2nd cent, the gieat Gnostics were outside the Chuich, and the chief danger was tha…
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wishes to convey of the complete voluntariness of Christ's sulli.'rings and death, and of the 'glory' which Mas manifested by His humiliation as well as by His Inumjih over death, might be imimired by incidents w Inch seem to indicate human weak- ness and hesitation ; and, lastly, he omits the Ascension and the descent…
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But the most remarkable part of the allegoric method is that connected with numbers. There can be no doubt, in the opinion of the present writer, that the Philonic method of playing with numbers had a strong fascination for our Evan- gelist. The examples are far too numerous to be accidental. The number 7 recurs in the…
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One of the most difficult problems in connexion with the classes of readers for whom the Gospel was intended is presented by certain explanations introduced by the Evangelist. The chief of these are 2-' 6"- ^ 1^ 8" 12** 18^ These explanations seem to us at times superficial and unworthy of tlipir cniitext. We cannot be…
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The intense ethical dualism of the Fourth Gospel is another perplexing phenomenon to those who look for philosophical consistency in a religious treatise. Christian Platonism, into which the Logos theology passed as its most important in- gredient, seems to leave no room for a personal devil, or for human beings who ar…
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hev have not natur- iir.unate. This gift '■ I II end from heaven' lulls which, as the citing, are the out- he two great Sacraments, ilied as Light and Truth, The Divine i: 1 1 1 i- words wliirli imiily :iii illuiuination of the intellect. So in 17^ life eternal ir- delined as the knowledge of (or rather, the process…
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St. John takes no interest in purely speculative or dogmatic questions, and therefore he does not trouble himself about sxich questions as the office of the Holy Spirit, as distinguished from that of the Logos,' before tlie Incarnation. From the practical point of view it is possible to say, as he does, that ' there wa…
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Ssople of God,' is quite Johannine ; but indirectly e will show in their true colours, and condemn, those who are the enemies of Jesus Christ. See, further, art. Holy Spirit, 14 (6). 3. Scheme of the Fourth Gospel.— After tlie Prolot'ue begins a section of the Gospel which may be called 'The Testimony.' We have first …
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(3) Closely akin to Truth is Witness (tuiprvpla). This idea is never absent from St. John's mind, particularly in the earlier part of his Gospel. Every event in histciy, cvcrv i'\)H'rii-TMr. is valu- ableasa witness to tin- iiuili, ('Im-i i^ ilic centre, to whose Person ami rhiiniN i \ ciy thin:; testifies. The Father …
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(8) To believe {iriffTeieiv). — This, and not the sub- stantive wla-Tis, is St. John's chosen expression. The verb has two constructions: (1) with the dative (5^' 8^', both mistranslated in AV), to believe a person or statement — accept the veracity of the former, or the truth of the latter ; and (2) tt. ei's niia—a. c…
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(4) The feeding of the five thousand (O""'-).— This miracle is also recorded by the Synoptists, but St. Jolin tells it with a very different purpose. In no other miracle is tlie didactic purpose, referred to by St. Augustine, more apparent. ' Interrogemus ipsa miracula quid nobis loquantur de Christo ; habent enim, si …
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JONAH JONAH 895 who is the Resurrection and the Life. After this sublime lesson, the physical miracle seems almost an anti-climax, a thing to be half regretted, like the restitution of Job's large fortune and his flourishing family by his second marriage. But not only is the miracle a parallel in act to the verbal r…
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Although it is not the purpose of this article to discuss the difficulties connected with the story of Jonah as told in the OT, or to consider the argu- ments advanced for and against the historicity of the book, it will yet be necessary to allude to some of them in connexion with the problems arising out of our Lord's…
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Rich Man and Lazarus ; t.t. in warning and in inculcating truth He spoke according to the beliefs of His hearers and of His age, without necessarily endorsing those beliefs as true. (3) Or did both our Lord and His hearers, the scribes and Phari- sees, regard the story of Jonah as a parable or fictitious narrative, lik…
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accompanied by tlie article. It might The name of the Jordan has i > hold, with The word I'll: is a common noun, and is therefore always accompanied by the article (J'!!"!:n), with a few exceptions, which will be pointed out below. Yet it is worthy of note that we have not a single passage in which Yardcn is treated…
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As regards the geological explanation of this re- markable phenomenon, we may say that it was sup- plied in the 19th cent, in a very satisfactory manner by tlie experts who made a study of Palestine, and the valley of the Jordan and the Dead Sea in par- ticular : Fraa*, Hull, Lartet, and Blanckenhoin. The following is …
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The Leddan and the river of Banias meet at an altitude of 14S feet, after the Leddan has flowed 5 miles. A little fartlier down, the ^Jasbani, in its turn, becomes united with them : whence the Jordan is formed. 4. The Upper Jordan. — From the confluence, which we have just mentioned, to the Lake of Tiberias the cours…
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The vegetation, especially as we go further south, becomes very nearly tropical, and the faima re- sembles that of Africa. The lion, which abounded in ancient times, and continued to be encountered even in the Middle Ages, has completely disappeared. But other carnivorous animals are found here, leopards and hytenas, a…
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While the northern part of the Ghdr is fertile, and more especially the environs of Beisan, it is very different in the south, near Jericho. This town, it is true, and its immediate neighbourhood, form a kind of oasis ; but the rest of this region is not nearly so rich, the soil being impregnated with salt substances ;…
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JORDAN 901 followed it and the return of David to Jerusalem (2 S 17-2' =■■ 19'«-") [on tliis point tlie Hebrew text speaks (19"'<"'l) of a .Ti?y^ for enabling the king to cross from the other side of the river ; Jos. {A tit. VII. xi. 2) renders this word by ye<t>vpa, ' bridge,' but it more probably refers to a ferry-…
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JOSECH (AV Joseph).— l^&m&A. in our Lord's genealogy (Lk 3™). JOSEPH ('Iwffvi^).— 1. The patriarch, mentioned only in the description of the visit of Jesus to Sychar (Jn 4'). — 2. 3. Joseph son of Mattathias and Joseph son of Jonam are both named in the genealogy of Jesus given in Lk. (3=^- =»).*— 4. One of the bretl…
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Sanied them. On that occasion Jesus tarried in erusalem, after Joseph and Mary, thinking He was with them in the company, had left the city. AVhen they had gone a day's journey they found He was not with them, and they turned back to Jerusalem. After three days they found Him in the temple among the doctors, and they w…
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JOSIAH 903 The father was Chjjias (Jn 19-^) ; but of him, a« of his son Joses, nothing certain is known. Botli must have been familiar to the members of the early Christian community ; but the Syriac ver- sions are against the identification of Clopas with Alphseus, and Hegesippus does not say enough (Eus. HE iii. 11…
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of it fjiven by His forerunner or nni, i; ■ ide. In any case, the statement here attrilpiil . <l i'> i.Imi im Baptist stands alone, and is not characterit.li. ,,i J.is ^cin-ial attitude or of the question which, according to Ml. and Lk., he addressed at a later time to our Lord Himself. In the parables in which the s…
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And, finally, in the great prayer of intercession contained in Jn 17, our Lord requests that the joy which was His own peculiar possession should hnd its full accomplishment in tne hearts of His dis- ciples (v."). The joy thus foretold and interceded for is noted by the Evangelist as a possession of the disciples immed…
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JUDiEA.— 1. In its earlier signification the term ' Jud«a ' i'lovdaia) was applied to a limited district, of which Jerusalem was the centre, occupied by the captives who returned from Babylon after the decree of Cyrus. The scattered remnants of the Israelites who availed themselves of this oppor- tunity, representing m…
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The Maritime Plain varies in width from 10 to 16 miles. It is for the most part flat or rolling, and rises gradually toward the base of the moun- tains. The upper portion (Sharon) is noted for its rich pasturage ; the lower (Philistia) for its vast grain-fields, which have yielded enormous crops without the use of fert…
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others of more recent date, emend to read eii iroXi.v 'loih-a, i.e. ' Juttah' in lieu of 'Judah.' But there is no good philological reason for thinking that the latter is a corruption or softer pronunciation of the former ; and, as the context would indicate, the word 'Judah' in v.^'' seems to be parallel to the 'hill …
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Of ' Judas the brother of James ' as an individual we know nothing ; but account should be taken of what is said collectively of our Lord's brothers. He was probably a son of Joseph and Mary, and a younger brother of Jesus (cf . ' Brethren of the Lord ' in Hastings' DB) ; he misunderstood the popularity of Jesus (Mt 12…
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(b) Isrririot : the u.sual surname of Judas. 'Io-ko- piCiff, a transliteration from Heb. , is the best attested readiuir in Mk 3'» W", Lk 6'"; 'IffKapidrr/s, the Gra-cized form in Mt 26", Lk '22^ Jn 6" 13=- =" ; 6 'laKapLwryi in Mt in', Jn 12' 14". Eight of these passages refer («> .Iu.Ims; in two (Jn 6" 13=«) his fath…
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In Mk 14'" the best supported reading (NBCLM) is 6 eh Twv SdideKa, with a note in RVm — ' Gr. the one of the twelve.' Wright {Synopsis of the Gospels in Greek, p. 31, cf. p. 147) is of opinion that Mk. distinctly calls Juclas 'the chief of the twelve.' He takes 6 eh as equal to 6 Trpuros, as in tJ /u^ tGiv aa^§6.ru)v (…
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if) 'A devil.' — In Jn 6™ there is a contrast between the hopes of Jesus when He chose (^|eX- ♦ Our Lord's words to Pilate, ' He that delivered me unto thee hath greater sin' (Jn 19' i), are sometimes applied to Judas ; but the reference is almost certainly to Caiaphas. e^aix-qp) the Twelve, and His present grief ove…
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The Fourth Gospel also makes the Anointing at Bethany (12^'-) a definite stage in the process which is sometimes called the ' demonizing ' of Judas, but is better described a,s his ' giving place to the devil ' (Eph 4^). St. Luke does not mention Mary's anointing. St. Matthew and St. Mark have full accounts of it, but …
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JUDAS ISCARIOT JUDAS ISCARIOT feigned afiection (Kare0(X7,(re;', Mk 14«, Mt- 26''»). Our Lord's discernment of the evil purpose under- lying this emotional display is indicated by His question, 'Judas, betrayest thou the Son of Man with a kiss?' (Lk 2-2^"). In Mt 26=" Jesus is re- ported to have also said (RV), ' Fri…
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(b) The Satan incarnate theory. — Dante (Inferno, xxxiv. 62) places Judas in the Giudecca, the lowest circle of the frozen deep of Hell, accounting him a sharer in the sin of Satan, inasmuch as his treachery was aggravated by ingratitude towards his benefactor. A similar tendency to set Judas apart as the arch - villai…
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there was one who had not found in Christ all that he Avas seeking. Jesus saw that already in spirit Judas was a deserter, and, as Westcott points out, a man who regards Christ ' in the light of his own selfish views' is 'turning good into evil' (Sia/SdXXeii'), and is, therefore, a partaker of 'that which is essential …
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Seace. Papias further says that ' when the traitor udas did not give credit to these things, and put the question, " How then can things about to bring forth so abundantly be wrought by the Lord?" the Lord declared, "They who shall come to these [times] shall see." ' Tertullian, like Irenaeus (cf. above, v. {a)), con-…
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strongest condemnation of judging, it is implied (vv." 5) that men may judge others guilty of faults and help to cure them of the failings discovered, if they but be free enough from faults tliemselves to have the clearest discernment. He also censures the Jews (Lk 12^') because they do not judge what is right as to th…
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and responsibility toward each of these sovereign acts and relations. All judgment is determined by the attitude which men hold towards Christ. He is set forth as a perpetual challen<re to men to live a right thinking and right acting life. 2. Tht Judgment. — Jesus in the Gospels presents an almost numberless series o…
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i. All mmikiiid ,n„l nil ,nl ..pirits are to be judged.— 'AW nations' (,Mt, :>5'-) and all men (12=«, Jn 5^) shall be judged (cf. Ro W, 2 Co 5'", Rev. 20'=-*'5). It is implied in Mt 8** that evil spirits also are to stand in the judgment. But it is clear that the holy angels do not come into judgment, for they accompan…
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(1) Ood's justice in His relations with m.en. — He shows favour to the righteous. He could not withhold His approval (if that in tliem which is the object of complacency and delight in Himself. This does not mean that they have a claim on God for a happy earthly lot, and exemption from earthly troubles. This doctrine o…
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God's justice is also shown in the forgiveness of sins on condition of repentance. Repentance is a sign that the disciplinary purpose which accom- ])anies retribution has not missed its mark ; and if now God withheld forgiveness, it would imply a failure of justice. According to 1 Jn 1', ' God is faithful and just (Ska…
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There was also a subjective enlargement of its sphere. Under the influence of Pharisaic teacliing and example, the moral law had come to be re- garded as merely an external rule of conduct ; the inner world of thought and motive and feeling being overlooked or regarded as of only secondary importance. All the virtues h…
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918 JUSTIFICATION JUSTIFICATION ness by God is manifested by outward good for- tune ; just as His displeasuie is shown by outward calamity (Is 65"- », Mai 4- =, Ps ST'"- -" etc. ; cf. AVellhausen, IJG^p. 220, n. 1). In the later post- exilic literature, however, the idea that the right- eous is always rewarded and t…
972 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1906–1908); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.