PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,289,916 words · 1288 reading sections
Section 601
3. We gain a heightened impression of their character and conduct by contrast. While the men of deception and guile hated the Light, we see another class attracted by it. From the be- ginning of His ministry, Jesus drew to Himself the sincere, the childlike, the men of ' honest and good heart' (Lk 8"). The first Apostl…
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The Feast is mentioned once in the Gospels (Jn 10--) as the occasion of a collision between our Lord and the Jews in the temple, when He made the claim, ' I and the Father are one,' and the Jews took up stones to stone Him. The occasion of the incident is full of significance. When the Holy Place was being cleansed in …
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The highest of the self-chosen titles ring with deliverance. Jesus calls Himself the Good Shep- herd, who will even give His life for the sheep (Jn 10") ; He is the Way, the Truth, and the Life (14"'), leading from earth and time to heaven and eter- nity ; He is the Light of the World (8'-), to bring all wanderers safe…
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* There are a number of works on Comparative Religion in which the beliefs in demons and the like are incidentally dealt with ; but a detailed list of these would be inappropriate here. t ' It is singular that the OT is so free from demonology, hardly containing more than one or two examples thereof (F. C. Conybeare, …
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There are also demons of a lower grade, those, namely, who came into being during the 130 years after the Creation, and who are semi-human ; t they occupied a position between God and man. § They have the names ( besides those given above ) of shcdim,\\ lilin'i and riihin (Aramaic; Heb. rii/wth**); the first of these i…
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(c) Safeguards against demons.% — God is the only ultimate protector against demons ; but He sends His angels to counteract their deeds, and to help men to withstand their attacks (cf. Mt IS'", Mk 1'^). At the same time, God has given to man various means whereby to nullify the machinations of demons. First among these…
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*' Head - ornaments ' : small leathern ra^ - t o i .- Ia 13110 111.6, Dt OJS 1113" written on par! bound round the head and left arm by nu n ; r straps. Thiswas done in obedience to the o.ii: .i.: i ii-. The Greek name (^u>.«j:tij;5(«) shows that they ■.. - i. r. _ n I. I us safeguards, t.f. against demons (cf. Mt 23…
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A demoniac is spoken of as the dwelling-ijlace of a demon (Mt 12'"), and a number of demons can dwell in one person (Mt 1'2*'', Mk 5-', Lk 8-). Some- times the demon is ditt'erentiated from the man possessed (Mk l--"), at other times the two are identified (Mk 3") ; striking in this respect is the passage Mk S'""";! di…
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•Til. ' ' .; cf., as re-tards Christ's general teach- iiij;, M; , 1 I re astonished at his te.iching; for he tau'lii: ni:,'authprity, and not as the scrihes.' t"if tin . .i I u I iiioiis bodily sickness also cured, though Christ was not present (Lk T^). t Cf. Sajce, Hibbert Lectures, p. 302fl. ; Conjbeare in JQR i…
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demons, namely, the alleviation of human suffer- ing. To give in any detail the points of difference between the general subject of demonology and Gospel demonology would be impossible here, but, when the great mass of facts has been studied, the contrast between the two can be compared only to the contrast between fol…
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The profits from these sources were enormous. It has been calculated that the annual income de- rived from money-changing can hardly have been less than £8000-£9000, while the sale of pigeons is specially referred to as furnishing alone a large annual income. These profits appear to have been largely, if not entirely, …
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3. It is the rupture, though but for a moment, and without deliberate intention, of tender, inti- mate, personal ties by the act of tlie disciple, that renders the great denial of the chief Apostle so attecting an incident (Mt 26«^«'-, Mk U"- 66-72^ Lk 22"fl^-, Jn 18>5-i8.25-K). His fall is the more sur- prising by rea…
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(Ahhdngigkeit) error oif defccl, -.<• element of !'( i-(.i Christliche Gbmh. be a mistake no li;- from the domain c one of the ultimat is obviously an account the .1 to (see his imo it would e this feeling life ; for it is being, finding expression in a variety of ways according to the individual life which is lived.…
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the aptest illustrati( by 1 the words of Ps 411 to the work Epistle to the Hebrews ('IJo-.. ix 111"), who sees in this passage object o! Jesus' life. 3. This protracted and Avilling subordination on the part of Jesus had its linal reward in that perfect liarmony between His own and His Father's will, which left no r…
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6. Another side of Jesus' self-revelation as to the condition of dependence in which His spiritual life on earth was lived, is to l>e found in His doc- trine of our dependence upon Him. Just as He can do nothing ' of himself,' but traces the source of His manifold aeti\-ities to the mutual indwell- ing of the Father an…
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the exercise of the greatest of all human virtues iv dydTTT,, 1 Co 13"). The incapability of fully appreciating this fea- ture of Jesus' teaching, wliich is ultimately bound up with His ideals and aspirations, will largely account for the .signal failure of Christendoni to realize that spiritual as well as visible uni…
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According to the Wot/enb. Frwjm., tlic <ry of .Tesus w.i3 a despairing confession that His cai-: ' • : '' ' 1 nl failed Him. But He had foreseen the cr^'— - ifliion. Accordinf^to Renan, it was wniiiL.' r ;ri^'rati- tudeofnien: * He repented sufTtr- _ .''The /of;io?i is indubitably authentic ; it i- - ' ; s ' abso- …
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DESIRE 449. necessary to atiirm. to man are not lim sents to him. W'i are included not o: to perceptiiin, l)ul, ; formed by Iniin 'n aoliieveineiil oi l he the imagin.-Uidii, ;u are not merely wl luid i«nvniU'il l.y tlie life, ii'lloxicin of iiiuii. Objects jiresented to the senses, but what is presented to man as c…
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Taking the definition of Professor Mackenzie as a goal and an ideal, we ask, In what ways have thinkers looked at Desire in the past, and what is the view they take of it in the present hour? To set this forth with fulness would be a great task. For Desire, t he analysis of it, and the place assigned to it, mark olf th…
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function ; and he sets forth as the only true pleasure the pleasure of the good man. Pleasure, according to Plato, is always a process towards the normal condition of a subject, and is never in itself an end. The absence of finality from pleasure proves that pleasure taken by itself could never be the end of life. The …
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Were there space, it would be instructive to trace the analysis of desire, or rather the descrip- tion of desire, in subsequent philosophical specu- lation. But that would far exceed our limits. Nor is it necessary, for there is not much to be added to the result won by Aristotle until we come to the Utilitarian school…
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' There is one subject or spirit, wliich desires in all a man's experiences of desire, undei-stands in all operations of his intelli- gence, wills in all his acts of willing ; and the essential character of his desires depends on their all being desires of one and the same subject which also understands, the essential …
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Illustrations of the working of Desire abound in religious experience. To enter into them would occupy us too long. It need only be said that attachment to a pure and holy Personality, love to One wlio is the ideal of human life, purifies tlie world of desire and intensifies the jiower of action, ^len who have felt the…
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"•68iff. J. c. Lambert. DESOLATION.— The history of Israel had given to this word in the time of Christ a peculiar and sinister .significance. To nearly all the prophets the idea of a wasted and deiiopulated land, such as is given in the grapliic description of Is 1'-', is familiar. When Jeremiah and Ezekiel, who most…
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3. KaTa(j>poveiv, to look down upon from a position of superiority, whether assumed or real, to think lightly of, to neglect, to disdain, with more or less actively hostile design (cf. Herod, i. 5. 66, viii. 10). Mt 6=^ II Lk 16'= : two masters, with opposing in- terests, cannot be served by the same person, the esteem…
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oV Hi. ,. raver, '-.'i " ' ' ' " ' ' ' ' " '"' " possibility'of the DESTRUCTION DEVOTION He had said long before, ' The Son of man must be lifted up ' ( Jn 3"), and was to say soon after, ' For this cause came I unto this hour' (12'-"). See, further, art. Agony. J. Robertson. DESTRUCTION.-The AV and RV tr. of <i7r…
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((■) The exercises appropriate to devotion, which, however, so far from confining itself to them, en- riches the entire nature and attects ovory relation of life, are praise and prayer (see sep. artt. ), with the addition of meditation, and occasionally of fasting or some form of self-discipline. The prayer and praise …
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(a) Specifically, as might be expected before Pentecost, the Gospels give more prominence to the action of the human will as a condition of disciple- ship than to its subsequent concentration as the condition of progress and perfecting. But the example of Christ Himself is, in this matter, a sufficient safeguard and sa…
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DIDRACHM.-See Money. DIDYMUS — The alternative name of the Apostle Thomas, given in three passages in the Fourth Gospel (Jn 11^^ 20-^ 21- Gw^as 6 Xeyd^evos Aidvixos). The adj. SiSv/ioi is regular Greek from Homer onwards, with the meaning ' twofold ' ; hence dldv- ynos as subs. = ' a twin.' Alov/xos is the translation…
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3. T/w calling of the Twelve. — If this phrase be taken quite strictly, there is no difficulty in deter- mining when and under what circumstances the call to which it refers was given. The Synoptic accounts are in virtual accord. They show that it was not at the outset of His ministry that our Lord incvpased the compan…
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Our Lord Himself has characterized for us the purpose and the content of the teaching He im- parted to His followers. It was that to them might be given 'the mystery of the kingdom of God ' (Mk 4"). ' As given to the Apostles it was still a secret, not yet to be di\'ulged, nor even except in a small degree intellin;ibl…
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rests n|.on ih.. aiiri(ml taiihorof a 'way of life' whii 11 Clirisi .elopie.l for 1 1 imself when He affirmed •I am Ihe \\a\, and wliieli underl.ay and coloured noi a hlile Ml Hi. I.nmn.aje. So iIm- call, 'Follow ine,' i, an .ippe.il lo tni-l III- ^uida nee, and venture oneself .ilon- Ihe Iraek llial He explores into …
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LrrERATURE. — Seeley, Ecce Homo^ ch. vii. : Latham, Pastor Pastonim; £xiKsitor,l\:iv.,llS0U286a. E. P. Boys-Smith. DISCIPLINE. — The Gospels reveal a twofold discipline— that which Christ Himself experienced, and that to which He subjects His servants. It will be convenient to treat these separately. 1. The discipli…
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For ecclesiastical ' discipline ' see art. CHURCH. H. BiSSEKER. DISCOURSE.— No attempt is here made to dis- cuss in all its bearings the general tlieme of the discourses of Jesus. His 'Teaching, Parables, Sermon on the Jlount, etc., receive attention in special articles. All tliat is here undertaken is to mention in …
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3. Public addresses.— Oi these we may again in 462 DISCOURSE a general way distinguish three groups, according to tlie extent eitlier of the actual discourse or of the form in which we have it. (1) Discourses mentioned with some general description or re- mark, but with little or no detail of contents. Here we have …
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Our Lord gives no sanction to any such thought of disease, and when the disciples betrayed their mode of thought (Jn 9=) He took occasion to com- bat the ancient superstition. Although He did frequently mark sin as the cause of much physical weakness and disease (see art. IMPOTENCE), yet He denies that all sickness was…
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.■MiiMtnihr !;• :,ii_< h^i If, Mil l!iii ^niirce. The varied terms applM.li I.I. I mil the demonized, which ./I-, ;.,,;. .. II that the Evangelist dis- i i-h. ,1 1. I ..,. 1. 1 1.. -.. nihil. Ill-, Mr found not in Luke, but in panied by dnnibnoss, being indeed often t!ie main cause of"il tlie t.nii deafiaute thus a…
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(4) In all likelihood also the man with the withered hand was one nervously afflicted. The case is recorded in Jlt 12»->^ ISIk Z^-\ Lk 6«-". The incapacity and wasting might be due to (n) infantile paralysis, the disease arresting the development and growth of tissue, leaving the limb shrunk and withered ; or (h) it ma…
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I)ISi>EESION DISPERSION 465 and that in this way Jesus was able to convey privately to Judas the fact that He knew of the tatter's intention. 2. A very good example of the way in which the didactic sayings of Jesus were caught up and handed down by His different liearers is atlbrded by the Matthiean and Lukan versi…
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many 3st of the city. Another congregation of Jews was formed at Lcontopolis in the nonie of Heliopolis on the Eastern border of the Nile delta. The high priest Onias, son of Simon the Just, was granted permission by Ptolemy VI. Philometor to settle there when he fled with some adherents in 173 or 170 from his enemie…
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catory offerings (ava.eiitui.Ta) as there were : for they made use of these cities as a treasury, whence at the proper time they were transmitted to Jeru- salem' (Ant. XVIII. ix. 1). Such priestly dues as consisted of sacrificial flesh, which could not be sent to Jerusalem, were paid to any priest if there happened to …
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DIVES. — The Latin adjective for 'rich,' com- monly employed as a j^easi-proper name for the rich man in our Lord's parable of the Rich Man and Lazarus (Lk W--^). This use of the word Dives, derived, no doubt, from the Vulgate, is common in English literature, and can be traced back at least to the time of Chaucer, who…
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Eleazar, an attempt has been made to suggest that the jioi man . . . was the rich man's own father.' See art. Lazari's. Albeet Bonus. DIVINITY OF CHRIST.— 2. The movement ' Back to Christ.' 3. Certain results of the movement. Sases of Christological belief. 1. I'l-iniarily a new exi^erieiicG. [lis self-consciousii…
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2. The movement 'Back to Christ.' — The question is prominently before the present age. The modern mind asks it with revivea interest. Modern know- ledge in its several departments of philosophy, history, science, has developed along lines and m obedience to principles which appear able to dis- pense with the old theis…
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It is seen tli.Tt Christian dogmas were once in- choate ; ji.-i (i| tlirough many stages under influ- ences ,o(i.il. |ioliiieal, intellectual; and that they lia\ e a eoiisiaiil tendency so to do in adapting themselves to their environment — that, in short, they are not dead formulas, but a living organism. (2) The eme…
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biography does His message, in this view, stand or fall, but by Himself whom the facts reveal ; the facts come embedded, and are vital because thus embedded, in one cardinal fact. Himself. He came to them not as a prophet, although He had much in common with the prophets ; nor as a culture-hero, the ottspring of spirit…
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from what c develoj.iii. whirl r it. they could jiosMbly have had (cf. surl, Nvrilri. ,■,, M i,.Linto,li, y,,t. /fist, of Christ. loin/.; l'.Mv\ r.Av,\u,v. ll,..l,„-,r i;.w of NT, ch. n. : ivMllIl (';.ip,;nlrr, Firsf Tlnrr <;osjjds,chs. ii., iii.). The actual facts of Glirist s caicer, i.e., are conformed in tlie NT…
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(fi) Clirisfs 'mcf/iod in tcac/n„>, ^^a> < li.nartcr istic. He taught neither as tin nil,,- i\|t 7 i. nor as a prophet (Mt 11"). Ami iln- l.r.ni-r ,,t His own nature and the natuiv ,.| His nir-^ayc. Ill' rami' not as a teaclier ; compelling assent by ill i|il.te answer to every difficulty, silencing .li-|iiiti' with …
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n,,.! (Mt 7''): with ,ts(Mk :.'• II--"-'"'); - and .■iir.vlK.n (Mt i and inipnictitable vealth, almsgiving, non-resistance, etc. (For these and others cf. such writers as Voysey, Dole, I'hilip Sidney, Goldwin Smith; an<l tliu tL-ndciny nf younger Unitarians). Charges on |i:iri ii ul.n - <.iiiiiot be met except in the …
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things of God in a wide perspective impossible to the reason. (d) The specialities of Christ's teaching and works may be briefly indicated. Their speciality has been challenged. The opinion of a recent Gilford lecturer is shard by many, that 'itis article of reliuions failli wliicl, i. m ui oeneral asjiect a do.arine…
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To His words have to be added HLs works. His ordinary doings were those of a good man (Ac 1(P*). His miracles proved a special presence of God with Him (Jn 3-). There is a crude view of tlie Gospel wonders which has made many see in them an unimportant part of the Gospel story, and even feel it desirable to do without …
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It is an utterance that is quite spontaneous. It is the outcome of religious faith not of philosophic interest. The s|icculative instinct is wlmlly scM'ond- ary to the s|iiritu:il farts. I'.iit \vl]ili> (liis 'is sn, Iho While thi- r.TsMii lii,l,l,-n l.cliiii.l thr \\W ..f th(^ NT is vastei tlian the NT record of Him,…
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2. Divine designations applied to Christ. — Of the names implying distinctiveness of nature assiuueJ to Christ in the Gospels and Epistles, tliere ,iic four of supreme import : (a) ' Son of Man.' wlji. li stands by itself ; (6) ' Son of God,' with which may be set as allied in significance, ' Son of the Highest,' ' Onl…
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Son of God ('the Son,' 'My Son'). This title, like the former, belongs to the OT writings, being found in Gn 6", Ex 4-, 2 S 7'\ Ps 2" 82« SO-"^, Job 1" 38', Hos V IV, anil linir a|. plied in various con- nexions: to offsiniiij .if tla J. .(Is, to angels, to judges, to Israel a^ a | i.ii|.l.' -.i\ing Jehovali, to indivi…
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and of HLs cosmic agency neces.sitates (1) a iihysical descent from Deity by a creative act of the Divine Spirit (see ANNUNCIATION and Vikgin-eirth) ; and (2) an equality of essence in virtue of which Divine acts and qualities are ascribed to Him. Cf., further, art. Son of God. Christ ('the Christ'), King of the Jews,…
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Thcf e developed Chr: ;;round for discrediting them. But without ;?ood reason. The Liter thought is in orjjanic hue with the e-irlier ; both fix atten- tion on what Christ did and does, and not on what He taught ; both rise to the thought of the glorified Christ through the work of Christ on earth. The later illustra…
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DIVINITY OF CHRIST DIVINITY OF CHRIST than the Synoptlsts see Him. It is truer to say that lie sees Clirist both as more Divine and more human tlian the Synoptists ; driven beyond tlieni by deepened experience of Christ on tlie one hand, and that richer retiexion on the other hand to which he was incited by the incre…
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They detail llir listinct orders of facts: the life and works (.1 ('Inist, the death on the Cros.s, the resurrei lii>n and exaltation. They emphasize the peculiar aial wc.ialious power revealed in all three, and especially in the last, in which they find the key to llie wlmli — the Risen Lord. Traces of transcendental…
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Sonici liiiiu I" !"■ iiii'lia-stood there was. The wlioir |iic.i .- , is iiiirlliuiMe Only ou the assumption of tlie imlievitaliim ar.i>|itance of belief in Christ's higher nature. The prolileni to the Jews had been, Is this rabbi more than tlie Messiah ? The problem to the Hellenic world now was, Is tliis Word more th…
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It came in the Arian disputes, which for a century — to A.D. 451 — filled tlie Cnristian world and passed through several phases. Arius was incited to action by the teaching of Alexander the bishop of Alexandria, who tauglit the eternal generation of the Son (' there never was a time wlien He was not '). He maintained …
903 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1906–1908); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.