PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,289,916 words · 1288 reading sections
Section 421
Two things are implied. One is that the Father- hood of God is made accessible to men in Jesus Christ. He is the appointed trysting-place where men are sure to meet their heavenly l<ather. He was lifted up as an ensign (Is ll'"'-): when the nations see Him they know where to seek God. The children of God are scattered …
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In particnlar. tin Ic-n i|.i \.,i\< of ( iodV children are connected Avith .'i^iir,!, ,,i ciiii-i\ work, (a) As Redeemer, lie soimuos in.-in^ .uloiiiion into the family of God (Ko S""', G:il 3-- -4''). This 'adop- tion ' has been interpreted, in connexion with the antithesis between sonship and servitude, to denote th…
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The central meaning of the terms employed is well shown in the following cases :— ' He markeii how thev chose out the chief seats '(Lk 14'); 'Mary hath chosen the good part ' (lll«); 'He called his disciples, and chose from them twelve, whom also he named apostles ' (O^:'), with w^hich other passages relating to the ch…
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• In the Latin text (05= 114. 7) the name is spelt ' Chorazin,' not * Chorozain," as stated in Encyc. Bibl., where also the modern name KeruZfh is once spelt with ^, as if it were p. t Among the niighlv works done in Bethsaida the feeding of the 5000 is certainly to be reckoned (Lk QIO" , where iTicfnr^t; of V.12 is t…
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2. Other Symbols.— The Fish was early combined with other symbols, such as the Dove,ltlie Cross, the Ship, the Shepherd, and especially with the Anchor, tlie combination of the Fish and the Anchor (first found on the sarcophagus of Livia Primitiva about the middle of the 2nd cent. ) being a hieroglyph for the common ep…
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The contraction IHC, : now called the Sacred popular as it was in the : IHS, i mediaeval times the confusion may not have arisen, in spite of the ambiguity of the Greek H in Gothic character, for the letter J was often replaced by IH or HI, and ' Ihesus ' w way of spelling the holy name. Meanwhile the c CHRIST IX AR…
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S. The Crucifix, which became the principal fea- ture of media;val churches, is naturally of still later date than the Cross, for the motives which caused the early Church to shrink from an open the blithe spirit of Christian art in the first four centuries was certainly against the portrayal of scenes of suffering an…
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of St. Vitale at Ravenna, wlicic Alul witli a iamb and Melchizedek with a loaf stJinl :is tjjics of Christ on eitlier side of the Christian altar, '-which is draped and has on it a two-handled clialice and two loaves, — and the 7th cent, mosaic at St. Apol- linare in Classe, where Abel, Melchizedek, and Abraham leading…
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The earliest of all is in the CapeUa Greca in the Catacomb of St. Priscilla, and belongs to the beginning of the 2nd cent., where three Magi approach the Mother and Child with their offerings : this subject was a verv common one. fifteen instances being mentioned by Wilpert in the Catacombs, and it continued another f…
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But the number of events illustrated did not increase rapidly : even in modern times it has con- tinued to be liiiiiti'il. .i-iAM' are reminded by a com- parison witli 'ri-^Mts illustrated Life of oiir Lord. The following; li~t ut the .■subjects from the life of Christ which are illustrated in ancient and medi- icval a…
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istic type is well illustrated in the altar-cross at the Klosternenburg, Vienna, A.D. 1181, where the body is collapsed, tlie knees bent, tlie arms WTung, and the head sunk. In the IStli cent, the Crown of Thorns appears, and the feet are laid one over the other, so that the fimire is held by three nails instead of fou…
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Christ giving crowns tn than the beginning of tl 30f s not earlier There sculpture of Christ enthroned on the sarcophagus of Junius Bassus (t 350) ; and the same subject is often beautifully carved on the ivories of the 4th, 5th, and 6th centuries. By the end of the 4th cent, the great mosaic pictures of Christ in g…
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Influenced by certain OT passages {e.g. Is 53), Justin Martyr had already said, in the earliest extant references to the aspect of Jesus, that He appeared ' without beauty ' (Trj/pli. U, 3G, 85, SS); later, Clement of .\le.\andria had also arsrued in favour of CHRIST m ART CHRIST IN ART 315 Christ hpin (c. Jutl. 1…
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of Christ's appearance, though any historical value. The most fanu people of Jerusal the 12th century. ' There '. ' Lentulus, ' a , beautiful, with : the letter of ' Lentulus, president of the the Koman .Senate, a forgery of about appeared : ppos' ■ ■ ■ - ■ " ■ ' venerable countenance, which they love and fear. …
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Cart r „1 1 I Ire h to m (IJOO) i 1)1 MMH T^no ly, in givinj tlifvc i-; no i\i(l.n(e to show u^ly tu .li-w- i1m-,i_. citizens of liuM/.iiiu Olio .If.-i. truth of the that it realed not on a dogma or upon an institution, but on a person ; and tliat its simple and ultimate definition was to be found in a relationshi…
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Christians gloriett m uie M<in.c "' . 'r* - , tSw;^'^f ^t ^=/d:^ivirSe3 'cathX' wilhin and the use of ' Nazarene (in %=th^e' ^^K^sage of the. t«^ three j^^^^^^ the norm'^of dristianity. The <p^;:.J^^^:^ well put by Rathbone Greg (Creed ^ih '^^'^^_ vol 1 n xlixf.). The .second point is thu aeii ^U l^^Jon of the muiie…
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liavinf' preserved with purity and precision the formal creed, fixed more than a thousand years ago, from which, it is alleged, all other Christians have more or less seriously departed. The Pro- testant regards his religion from an entirely dif- ferent standpoint. He may be of the ' evangelical ' type, in which case h…
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The question now arises, whether the normative period of the religion ends with tlie death of Christ. May it be said that when His 1 fe is over, the work I'inplctp. Ili> words IM, ,,r.,,,„un,l,.d-it jeen spoken, His ri-lii^mn remains that His follow. /i^ olny Hi- tiarhin"? This position has often been taken, and is …
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If at this stage tlie question, What is Christi- anity? were asked, a twofold answer would be returned. So far as its intellectual aspects are concerned, the substance of the Cliristian faith is sumiiied up in certain forms of words accepted and accounted orthodox by the Church. So far as external position and status a…
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CHRISTIANITY CHRISTIANITY 321 the change which came over Christianity in the first thousand years of its history. The point at issue in the 16th cent, between Roman Catholics and Protestants, one which still divides Christendom, concerned the real nature of this development. Had the growth of fifteen hundred years …
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What we see in Christian history, as in tlie personal history of Christ upon earth, is the pro- gressive development of a Divine Thought unfold- ing itself in spite of virulent opposition, under pressure of extreme difficulties, struggling against the misrepresentations of false friends and imprint- ing its likeness up…
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'Till ''!itl il III r.lljioii is something simple and sublime; it ninaii, ' If thing only : eternal life in the midst ofliiii' I iLiid under the eyes of God.' That i- :i liiM lii linitiori of Theism, not of the historical Christianity which has done so much to regenerate the world. Nor can the essence of any religion…
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A religion may be described objectively or sub- jectively, from without or from within. As an objective religion in the world, Christianity is an ethical and spiritual monotheism of a high type, the highest that has been known in history, when its character and efi'ects are fully estimated. So far there is general agre…
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It is certain, however, that if the true spirit of the Christian religion is to be rightly displayed generation after generation, and its work rightly done in the world, there must be a constant ' return to Christ ' on the part of His Church. The phrase, of course, must be adequately inter- preted. Much has been said c…
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i. Indications of a visible Church. 1. In the teaching and actions of Christ : (a) the Messi- anic claim and the Kingdom of God ; (6) the body of disciples ; (c) the institution of sacraments 2. In the earliest period of Christian history, ii. Characteristics of the Church. 1. L"nit\' ; (a) essential and transcende…
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dom of Heaven does not perhaps, ta prove that He was the Founder of t. but if this is established by other eviden.. at least be said that His Kingdom is visibly sented in His Church, and that ' the Church i& Kingdom of Heaven in so far as it has alrea come, and it prepares for the Kingdom as it is U. come in glory.' (…
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accepted, there is no doubt ci ■,■■ _ M ttiKkiK-v. Immediately after the As< . n . i ■ appears'a « ell defineif ' • • \ i ue Apostles (Ac l"-'"). • this body is fully constituti'ii my u^ nn-^i'in. .uid receives a large acce.ssion of niinilifis. TIh' mention of de- finite numbers (Ac 1'= 2^' 4*) shows that there was …
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null I I i!ii I liuK-h which have been commonly a . I : i. i I.I 11 I 111 early times, and have been em- bodied in the Creeds. CHURCH CHURCH 327 1. Unity. — If the conclusion already reached about the origin of the Church is true, it is clear that it must be one society. The teaching of Christ on this point, as rec…
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328 CHUKCH CHURCH so. Heresy aiid schism impiiir unity, but do not altogetlier destroy it, just as the spiritual life of the individual is not altogether destroyed even by grievous sins. The Invisible Church. — So far only the unity of that part of the Church wliich is on earth has been spoken of. But members of th…
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4. Apostolicity. — It has already been pointed out tliat Clirist selected twelve of His followers to stand in a specially close relaticm to Iliiii'-elf, and to be charged with a -]]i( ial iiii^-ion. In what is probably the earlir-t aicMmt ..i tli.ii- aiipoint- ment iMk" .•?"). it i- -ai.l tlioy xveiv to -lie with liini…
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A still more emphatic commission was given by Christ to St. Peter (Mt W\ and to ' the disciples' (18^*). Whatever may be the exact meaning of these words, it is difficult to give them any inter- pretation which does not include the idea of juris- diction. At all events the words in Jn 20--- -* relate directly to discip…
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Tlic ^vr pbrtant works there was a l'i authority and ' the time of II was especially produced abun the Middle Ages \ "f the question riind naturallv minuteness, especially by German v. r w- been a great abundance of ^neral Chur.^i. i!.,,...^. li often contain discussions on the doctrine of the Clmrcti. This is als…
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It was the custom among the Hebrews a.t all times, as it is among modern Jews,§ to give a boy II a name at his circumcision IT (see Lk 2^'). The rite had to be performed on the eighth day after birth, even though that day happened to be a Sabbath ; technically this was a breaking of the Sabbatli, but the law concerning…
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Taking these facts together, we must regard the circumcision of Christ as of the highest signifi- cance ; for it was not only a fulfilling of the Law, but inasmuch as it was symbolic of a life laid down, it must also be regarded as a 'parable' of the Crucifi.xion (cf. Milton, Poetical Works, 'Upon the Circumcision'; Ke…
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of the narratives as the counterparts of like char- acters and events in the religious sphere, and introduced details from this latter sphere into the illustration. Thus, for instance, when we com- pare St. Matthew's version of the parable of the Supper with St. Luke's (Mt 22i-", Lk W^--*), nianj' of the new features i…
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G. Wauchopk Stewart. CITY. — In the East the city developed from the necessity of protection from hostile invasion, and its characteristic was the wall or rampart. It was the wall that originally constituted the 7r6\is, though in later times its position amongst the Jews was determined by its ability to produce ten me…
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334 CITY CLAIM half-Greek, half-Samaritan, wholly alien, there- fore, in sympathy from the Jews, alike through the Samaritan hostility and tlie Greek culture. Tlie city of Sychar (Jn 4^*), the scene of our Lord's con- versation with the Samuiiiiii wdiiiHii, is generally identified with the modem .1 " -1 / " , at the…
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Literature.— Schurer, RJP ii. 1. 154 ff., IGOf. ; G. A. Smith, HGUL pp. 420-435; FairKiirn, City of God, pp. 349-370; Westcott. Hebrews, pp. 386-389. A. MiLLER. CLAIM. — The term expresses a twofold relation- ship, either to a claim as advanced and enforced or as accepted and complied with. The assump- tion or imposit…
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was highest and lowest in social order, and the infusion and uplift of a new volcanic f could invert its masses and confuse such es lished lines of cleavage. Itv i largely ■ the first familiar form of i-.i |.|.. - ,i,,i <<m|i. ,i ,,, - nient. A similar desire I" [. i.; .;i ii i . ,( |i ,,, niind of Christ and til'-…
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2. But moral authority, like all other forms of authority, must rest upon a power that lies behind. What rlrf/it hns Jesus to speak thus'', men would ask; What livht to call upon us to leave our liomc^. Hill triinds, our all, to follow Him? What right tu Mil us arcept His teaching as a perfect revelation of the will of…
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CLAIMS OF CHRIST CLEOPAS 337 relationship to men meets us everywhere, but especially in the farewell discourse and the inter- cessory prayer which followed (Jn 14-17). But in the Synoptics also this Divine consciousness appears repeatedly {c.tj. Lk 2«, Mt 7=' lO'- 16"22=f-, Mk 12«), and it finds full expression in t…
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The discourse in which they were enlightened furnishes from Christ's own lips what in fact became the kernel of the preaching of the Apostles, as seen in the sermons recorded in tlie Acts {e.g. Ac 2---*' 17^) and in the Gospels. The two disciples had already given the summary of the earthly life of Jesus (Lk 24'"-2*). …
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Another common form of outer garment is the 0oiX(ii/77S, the ' cloke ' which St. Paul left at Troas (2 Ti 4"). This was the /xvntila {4>aii>6\ri!, ^o-oXt;?, (paivoXcai'), a heavy woollen garment, generally red or dark-yellow in colour, worn as a protection against cold and rain, at first especially by tra- vellers and…
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We now get a group of passages which explain To^eioy. In Ex 8^ (7-'»), Jg 15', 2 (4) K 6'2 IP, 2 Ch 22", etc., it is the special ' store-closet' (leading or opening out from the larger room) in wliich the bedding required by night was stored during the day (rd Ta/iELa tuv koituv or Tap.e~iov K\iiiii>p).\ In such a 'clo…
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*A late member of the Ab] of Canterburj s Assyrian Mission informs the writer of this article that the Peshitti word in the form ta ua i i& till retained in certa n i_irtsol 340 COAL COCK-CROWING me now ' (Jn 13'") — ' ye cannot bear it now ' (16'=). And the cloud is, for Christ's disciples, itself an excellent glo…
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We may note finally: (1) that the word 'coat' (so RV; AV 'fisher's coat') in Jn 21' stands for the large loose garment (iTrevSiTris) which St. Peter threw as a covering over his almost naked body when he left his fishing and came into the Master s presence ; (2) that it was the under-garments (xiTui-es) that the high p…
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J. C. Lambert. 'Cock' and 'Time,' cf. Extra Vol. COINS.— See Money. COLT — See Animals, p. 63^, and Entey into Jerusalem. * A reference to the cock is found by some scholars in Pr 3031 (EV 'ttreyhound'), where the Tni (mrzlr) of MT is rendered b.\ the LXX ixixr^^p ; similarly Aquila and Theodotion, the Peshitta (-/…
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The idea of future compensation for present sufferings is not wanting in the ' consolation in Christ.' In His Father's House are many man- sions, on entering which He goes to prepare a place for His disciples, where they shall both behold, and be partakers of. His glory (Jn 14= 17-"=^). The same idea of a compensating …
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COMING AGAIN COMING TO CHRIST 343 tive language, by the statement to the high priest, 'Henceforth' — from this time onward — 'ye shall see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of power, and coming in the clouds of heaven' (Mt 26"'), as if a process of judicial and retributive manifestations of His power in human…
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the phrases here Anion" the crowds who flocked to Jesus Mere many who came, or who were brought by their friends, because of some special need. Blind and deaf and dumb caine to have their lost senses restored (Mt Q^-"'- 202»-, Mk 7"="-, Jn d^"- ct al.). Lepers cried to Him for cleansing (Mt 8-"- || Lk 17'-"'). The lam…
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The supreme promise of Christ, embracing and transcending all others, is implied in Jn 1-1* ' \o man cometh to the Father but by me.' Access to God, fellowship with Him, are dependent on com- ing to Christ, and are promised to all who come to Him (cf. Jn e""). AVe infer from our study of the passages cited, that, on o…
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Another question, the full discussion of which lies beyond the scope of this article, must be mentioned. The movement of the soul to Christ does not originate with itself. Jesus traces it to the ' drawing ' of the Father (Jn 6''^*- ; cf. Jn 12'=). In this we have a suggestion of the doctrine of the Holy Spirit. But it …
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hibits anger, .scorn, contention. ' Tliou sli.-ilt not commit adultery ' demands chastity of heart as well as of outward act. The law that forbids false swearing requires in the last resort abstinence from alloaths, and perfect simplicity and truthful- ness. The case is somewhat ditierent with the two remaining rules w…
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(5) In this 'summary' the Moral Law, however simplified and purified, is still presented under the form of outward enactment. The early Catholic Church so accepted it, and set the nova lex imposed by Jesus on a similar footing with the Law of Moses. Jesus Himself, however, passed wholly beyond the idea of an outward st…
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That Christ should speak frequently to the disciples about their future work during the forty days between His resurrection and ascension, is what might be expected. Tliis accounts for the various forms under which all four Evangelists record His Commission. Conditions of time, place, and circumstances call for fuller,…
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The Mediatorial Presence is to last unto the end of the «orld— w hether that refer to the end of the material order here, or the end of the present moral and spiritual order, for Christ's return will make all things new. Schaff points out that 'unto' (?ais) 'does not set a term to Christ's pre- sence, but to His invisi…
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The place assigned to Word and Sacrament in the spiritual perspective of this Commission is well worthy of notice. It portrays the minister of the gospel in the character of a teaching prophet rather than in that of a sacrificing priest. The ministry is first a ministry of the Word, and then of the Sacraments. Thus Bap…
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Put it is rat la T (he whole tendency of the teach- ing anil e\aiii|ih' oi .le-ii-, than any explicit state- ment, thai in ( Ini-I iiiiily assigns to common life a dignity which it reeei\es in no other religion. 350 COMMON LIFE COMMON LIFE That CJiristianity so early developed monkish asceticism cannot be adduced a…
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Christ's teaching as to worldly good is par- ticularly revealed in the parable of the Unjust Steward (Lk 16''=). There He calls the command of wealth and natural advantage by the name of ' the unrighteous mammon,' thus pointin" to its seductive power and contrasting it with tne true spiritual good. He calls it also ' t…
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irXlipUjllO— the sum nl l lie I >1mi|c ;i l h llm l .■ i. Ill 111', cf. Col 119 2': Ki.li I ,, .-ulI II.' I- w, „.„-,.-,,■ "...V (.In l'8)-'0neWhois(„„l (mly-benoltcM (WVsU-ott). (b) 'The pre-existent communion not merely coii- •sisted in identity of essence, but was also expressed by fellow.ship in work. The Word was…
1,041 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1906–1908); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.