PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,289,916 words · 1288 reading sections
Section 61
(2) It is practically certain that d7clXXoxoi' and a'jkdluji, and also the Hebrew D'^nx (dhcdim) and ni'?nN (ahfduth), are derivatives of the Sanskrit word aguru, of wliich the term 'eagle-wood' is itself a corruption. If this etymology Is correct, it indi- cates tliat both the name and the commodity were brought from …
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On the other hand, the apologetic and eschato- logical literature, which Kabbinic Judaism after the rise of Christian speculation more and more excluded from canonical use, shows a marked ten- dency to offset these heathen demiurgic ascriptions by similar ones applied not directly to God but to I a hypostatizcd creati…
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The true sense, and at the same time the origin and explanation of this application of the Divine title, is to be found, as before, in the Epistles of St. Paul. In 2 Co 1=" the promises of God, how- .soever many they be, are said all to have their Yea in Christ. And, because this is so, it is further declared, 'the Ame…
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2213 should be studied in the critical ennninnf .It. ~ "n hi n epithets and the doctrine of hypostases see U.iusset. lU'lujiuii lies Judenthums, iv. chs. 2 and 6 (1903). Older monographs jn J. C. Wolfe, Curcn Philolog. et Crit. on Eev V. B. W. Bacon. ALPH.EUS CAX^aios).— In the NT this name is Ixirne by (1) tlie fathe…
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The altar of Herod's temple, thougli larger than all former altars, preserved their main character- istics. It stood in front of the temple, in the inner- most court. It was built of unhewn stone ; no iron tool was used in its construction. In this the letter of the law in Exodus was adhered to, while its evident inten…
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J. Dick Fleming. AMAZEMENT.— The interest of this word to students of the Gospels is twofold, and arises out of its employment, on the one hand, as one of the terms used to express tlie effect upon the people of our Lord's supernatural manifestation, and on the other, in one unique instance, to describe an emotion whic…
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It does not 'mport jou vv 11 03 tj or bette separat s ts If fro 6xu. lco. surpr'se ' but rather if ■ ths t ch n ore 1 t «^« Tl _ le ai pi ed to any derangen ent loll larly empIo>ed th or w tho t a d 1 A:^rAZE^IENT AMBASSAGE ■"■The same tundaroental ,emj of fear which finds its most °nre "rely given expression l…
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It is further milable that commentators are able to refer tlie .siiuuc^tion of both these parables to contemporary liistory. The former corresponds with the struggle between Antipas and his father- in-law, Hareth, king of Arabia; the latter is illustrated by Herod, by Archelaus, and by Anti- pas, each of whom went to l…
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On the whole, the influence of Christ's teaching and in.s|iii,-i,liou on Anibilion h.is been not to ex- tir|.ale it, but to eontrol ;in,l eliaMen U by the iIiseo\-er,y and e.^tablisliineiiL of oilier stamlpoints, such as the outlook of othcr-worldlineb.s, the sense of brotherhood, and personal allegiance to Himself. L…
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and d/iiji' dfiTii/ X^yw vfuv ((roi), according to St. John. Now, whilst final Amen as a formula of con- clusion or response remains unaltered throughout in NT in the various versions, it is of interest to notice the dift'erent ways in which this initial Amen is treated. The Vulgate, c.ff., invariably keeps the untran…
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The use of 6 a./x-r)i> ;us a name for our Lord in Rev 3'^ is striking and peculiar. The attempt, how- ever, to explain it by reference to 2 Co !'•"' is not satisfactory. The curious expression ' the God of Amen ' (E V ' the God of truth ') in Is Bo'o is not sufiiciently a parallel to afford an explanation, for the Amen…
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Jerome has an interesting reference to the loud congregational Amen, which he describes as re- sounding like thunder ('ad siiuilitudini'm ccelestis tonitrui ' — Com. ad Gala/ L 'tin- .Miirsponds to a synagogue custom ol nii^i! _ i!m' 'Amen with the full power' of the \ >■ . ! rj'/). The modern practice of siii;,iu.i; …
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ANDREW ('Az/opcas, 'manly'). — In the Synoptic Gospels, Andrew is little more than a name ; but the references to him in the Fourth Gospel are of such a character as to leave ujion our minds a wonderfully clear impression of the manner of man he was, and of the service which he ren- dered to the Church of Christ. Andre…
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himself enjoyed (witness li; - . ,i i I '. : , r, and his treatment of the (h-eik-i; ,:m I v.Ii-k his work done, was always ready to ellace himself (see especially Lightfoot, Sermons on Special Occasion.^, p. 160 ft'.). Again, when we think of the Apostle in his more official aspect, it is sufficient to recall that he …
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54 ANGELS AIsVtELS Lord from the descriptions of the Evangelists ; but, in fact, there is such complete unity of conception underlying both discourses and narratives, that no useful purpose can be served by treating theui separately. i. Angels in Heaven.— 1. They form an army or host. Lk 2" ' There was >vith the an…
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' Glory to God in the highest [heaven], Among men (Divinel good pleasure.' i. They are 'sons of God.' In this respect the saints who are raised again are 'equal to the angels' (Lk 20*=). They are sons of God by creation and by obedience (Job 1« 2' 38'). They ' do not owe their existence to the ordinary process of fil…
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7. They t„b' „ ,h,i, u,lnr.t ,„ //„■ ,„lr„(io„ of men. We galhn- ihi- fi,,hi Ih,. i-vidi'iit jcjy with which angels aiiiiiiuiiiTil ih,. aihi'iii ,,t tlie'.\ii-ssiah to the shepheiils a( iH-thli'licm. The aii"el wim brought the ' tidings of great joy ' (Lk 2"'relearly felt the joy himself ; and the song which the heaven…
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2. Angelsas perfur,,ii)ii/ /i/i'/ur,,/ actions. This is an ancient reprcMiit.iiiDii nt which the OT furnishes many instaiirr> : 1'^ !)P"- (eited ^114", Lk 4'"'-), 'angels. . . sliall l..,n t li>c u|m,u their hands' ; in Dn 6'-- angels sluit tin- Ih.h-,' mouths; in Ps34'' angels encamp ro\niil .ilmnt tlirm that fear God…
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ANGELS 57 15=^, where Judas is said to have prayed : ' O sovereign Lord, send a good angel before us to bring terror and trembling.' 6. Angels render aid at death. Lk 16^ ' Lazarus ■was carried away by the angels into Abraham's bosom.' We come liere upon a widespread belief among Jews and Jewish Christians — that an…
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2. In other re.speets the only diH'erence is, that the Gospels are free from the extravagant embel- lishment in whicli the Kabbis indulged, when speaking of angels : ('/) as to their .vise. The Tal- mudic treatise Chaqigiih (Vih) says that Sandalfon is taller than his fellows by the length of a journey of 500 years; an…
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2. There are many who believe in angels theo- retically. They take the teaching of tlie NT in a thoroughly literal sense. They are prepared to maintain and contend that Jesus Christ believed in tlu- ic ;il i\i-iiiiri- (if an;^('l* : iind, inconsequence, ;i l.i'lin" ii, ,11, :■,.], iMiiu, [.arl m' their ' creed' ; but a…
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The only scientific conception which to some minds seems to foster the belief in angels is the Law of Evolution, or, to speak more accurately, the anticipation of gradation of being, encouraged by that law. T. G. Selby, in his volume of ser- mons headed by one on 'The Imperfect Aii_il.' contends that a true .science we…
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LiTEaATi;RF.. — .\i tides on 'Angels' in Ilaslings' DB (b.v Davi.lsen ; ,r. also Extrii, Vol. p. 2S.5 ft.), ScheTikd's Bibdhxicoa and philosophical tiainiiig may as|.iie to know God as 'the One in all,' 'the Absolute,' 'the First Cause'; and may appeal for support to isolated ,,/,„; «,"/ A.y.'mdiri/ Life of Chris! ; …
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(c) There is a striking passage in Luke (H^"^-), Avhere, although anger is not mentioned, it is im- iwssible not to feel that Jesus is speaking Avith a profound and even passionate resentment. ' Great multitudes folloAved Avith him, and he turned, and said to tlicni, If any man cometh to me, and hateth not his fathii ,…
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(c) In the answer of Jesus to the Sadducees in Ml- I'T'^ff- we have another light on ^^ hat mo e 1 Him to in ii^nation In tl e scornful iroXv wXavaade with vhicl the discussion closes re umin_ the Tr\ava<x6e of The q le t Je us lesentment si ines out 10 that of mans immoitality n luestion It involved the t d— v\hat H…
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(b) It is natural to take account here of the pas- sage on retaliation and non-resistance in JMt S-^'^-. An"er seems to be unconditionally precluded by such a saying as, ' Whosoever smit«th thee on tlie right cheek, turn to him the other also.' It is difficult to believe that any one was ever struck on the face unjustl…
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ANIMALS,-It cannot be sail i!;:. aniinil. play a vei-y imix)rtant part in tin- 1 aing of our Lord ; yet the Gospel reii i , , , i ,; wider range than is usually iinagiTic! I'm r.\ :iii;4elists use no fewer than 40 different Greelc words denot- ing animals, and, apart from such general terms as 'birds of the air,' '>\…
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Bulls (TaO/)oi)and fat beasts (trirnrrd)! are men- tioned only in Mt 22^. They form samples of the rich dainties prepared for the marriage feast of the king's son, and illustrate the magnificent scale of the entertainment which those summoned to partake so insolently sjnirned. Similarly the fatted calf (6 yu.6(rxos 6 <…
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Th^ are dead." Further support for the rcailiiij; 'lambs' may per- haps be derived from Justin's casual description of Marcioiiites as lambs torn by wolves {ifni ri,>r,j>Tcc<r,u.itu, Apot. c 68). i. Ponlfry were kept in Palestine in the time of our Lord, as is clear from the references to the cock (oKiKTup) and the h…
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* It would be truer to say that the pariah dois have de: from the former. Id be truer to say that the panah dois have de^ene- 1 the sheep-dogs thau that the latter have developed ANIMALS ANIMALS G5 Here the word is not confined to ' beasts of prey ' ; it stands for the whole l<ingdoni of wild animals. There is a s…
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The word Tepiarepd is used in the LXX where the EV reads 'pigeon' as well as where it reads 'dove.' The same bird is probably meant by the two English words. But in the directions for sacrilice in Leviticus, the word 'pigeon' is regu- larly used, and in Lk 2-* wepiarepa is translated 'pigeon,' though elsewhere in the G…
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son ask for bread, will give him a stone ? or if lie ask for fish, will give him a serpent ? ' Here fish and bread are the subject of joint reference, as in the narratives of the feeding of the five and four thousands. Bread and fish are clearly the custo- mary diet of the common people of Galilee, and in the 'form of …
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Bees, wild and hived, are very common in Pales- tine. Tristram {Nat._ Hist. j). 325) says: 'Many of the Bedouin obtain their subsistence by bee- hunting, bringing into Jerusalem skins and jars of the wild honey on which John the Baptist fed.' Bee-keeping is much practised, especially in Galilee. The hives are very simp…
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'There was one Judas a Gaulonite, . . . who, taking with him Sadduc, a Pharisee, became zealous to draw (the people) to a nation to assert their liberty ; as if they could procure them happiness and security for what they possessed, and an assured enjoyment of a still greater good, which was that of the honour and glo…
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the shepherd : they would otherwise leave the stray into the corn-fields, follow the shepherd closelj'. ])asture lands and stray into the corn-fields. Naturally some sheep follow the shepherd closelj', while others straggle and have to be recalled to ticisni of the hI our Lord's II a .sense all I \ery special se soci…
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By taking the references to sparrows and ravens closely together, we may save ourselves from a onesided interpretation of Mt 6-" which has found favour with many. Thus O. Holtzmann (Life nf Jcs^ts, p. 102) says : ' AVith the drudgery and toil of human labour, Jesus contrasts the toilless life of nature, in which God fe…
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I.ijKiiATniK.— Without attempting to provide a complete l>ililiiiL;raiih\ , it may be worth while to give a list of books that I he present writer has found helpful. Bnnhart's Hierozoicon (ijil. Kr.sniniuller) is encyclo|ia-dic. Tristram's Xatiiml History i>l the Ilitde in a. mo^t hain\\ inainial la <■ jia-i iiiil acc…
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heim, Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, i. 263). Annas is referred to by St. Luke and by St. John. In Lk 3- (' in the high priesthood of Annas and Caiapbas') he is linked with Caiaphas, who aloii.'\\;is nimallyhigh priest at the time (A.D. 26). Till' 1 \|il.in.aii'n of this is found partly in the fact that thi' <il…
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(c) It is possibly nearly a year before we have the ne.xt allusion by the Master to His death. Again in parabolic phrase Jesus calls Himself the bridegroom who will be taken away from the disciples (Mk 2-", Mt 9'^, Lk 5^^^). The Pharisees from Jerusalem (Lk 5") are now in Galilee watch- ing the movements of Jesus, so a…
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ANNOUNCEMENTS OF DEATH ANNOUNCEMENTS OF DEATH are still unprepared for tliis r cMii (lares to rebuke Jesiis Jn 3". The dis plain tnitli, ami forsucli .l.-iinii.lrnry iMt ir, ■). The sharp rebuke of Pt'trr l.y .Ic-ii^ i\. I sliiiws iiow strong a hold the piir|Hi--('' 1o .li' li:iJ ni; His \eiy nature. Peter had nil I…
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(/) Jesus even tells His enemies that He expects to be put to death in Jerusalem (Lk 13'-'). They were posing as His friends, but were either repre- sentatives of Herod Antipas or of the Jerusalem Pharisees. Jesus assertetl His independence of ' that fox ' and of them, but announced the inward necessity ('I must') that…
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Clirist as a basis for reconciliation aa i . reeonciliation in the individual caw ii n ii ~|ieii - ^..i; in tlie heart. The doctrine of the subsiiiia.uaj!;, aL^nai- 'iL.tLh of Jesus, with vital and mystic union of tlie l'r-lif'\er ^^'ith Him, is not a rabbinic and legal refinement of .St. Paul. He simply echoes the w…
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ij) The very heart of Jesus is laid bare in .In 14-17. The Master tries once more to prepare the Eleven for the tremendous fact of His death. Nothing in life or literature approaches the touch of Christ as He makes plain the awful truth of His separation, silences the doubt of Thomas, Philip, Judas, cheers them with th…
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It is well to remember that there are stories, more or less analogous to what is told by the two Evangelists, in heathen mythologies. The his- torical probability of the Gospel narratives is not weakened but strengthened by such comparisons. St. Luke's Gentile readers must have felt the un- speakable diflerence between…
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KiMrthili's;, wlien the my.stery became known thron-h I ho .allusion of the First and Third Gos|i,.U, ii^ iiiiiiortance as a completion and con- liriiiation of the faith was recognized. Ignatius (c. A.D. 110), in a pa.ssage {Eph. 19) which is fre- quently quoted by later Fathers (Origen, Euse- bius, Basil, Jerome, etc.…
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While in St. Luke everything is grouped round ATary an.l luT kiii^w.,m:ni Elisabeth, in St. Mal'tlirw cMiylliiii.; i> ninuped round Josepli. .I(.^r|ili- 'ji'ni'.'ilii^v is ;ji\i'n by way of preface. Thr AiiimiirKitiuii' is nia.lf to him ; and all revela- tions aliont the name of tlic Child, and the provi- sions to 1)13…
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Mk 2P 3" astonishment (Lk 7"", Mt 1 Jn 3>). In his second address Gabriel calms the Virgin's fears and explains the purpose of his mission. ' Thou hast found grace with God ' is another Old Testament expression (Gn 6« 18^ 19'^ 39S Ex 33'-- '■'• "*• '"). This ' grace ' is manifested in making her the mother of the lo…
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It has been pointed out already that the beauty, dignity, and delicacy of the story of the Annun- ciation are tokens of historic reality ; for the fictions about similar subjects in pagan, Jewish, and Christian literature are, in these respects, so veiy ditterent. There is yet another mark of historic truth to be noted…
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2. T/ir loitiintinfi in the house of Simon the Leper I. Ill li" " Mk 143-»=Mt 26''-'2).— On His way ^p In til.' Ill I 'ussover, Jesus stopped at the village ul l;. ili.iiiy, where, a few weeks before. He had lai.-ud L:i/,;inis ; and, in defiance of the Sanhedrin's edict (Jn IF"), He was received with grateful rever- en…
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3. In Mk 14* Jesus says of the gracious act of Mary of Bethany in anointing Him at the feast, ' Slie hath anointed (iJ-vpl^a fr. ixipov = ' ointment ' ; probably akin to /jiijpf>a= ' myrrh ') my body afore- hand for the burying' (ef. Jn 12'). And in Mk 16' we read how Mary Magdalene and tlie other women went to the sep…
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80 APOCALYPTIC LITERATURE sentation. Some revelations come in sub-conscious convictions. Those who receive tliera do not feel called ui3on to give au account of the way in which they have received tlieni. In fact tliey seem ignorant of the method of communication ; they only know that they have received knowledge not …
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1. The Ethiopic Enoch. — The adjective ' Ethiopic ' has been attached to the title of this work because of another Book of Enoch discovered in a Slavonic version. Outside the canonical Daniel, this is the be-it known of tlie apocalypses, because of the quo- tati Ml iiMiii 11 ill .lude''"-. TertuUian knows it, l"li' \ -…
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an account of the mystery of lightning and thunder follows (59). A vision of Noah, an account of Leviathan and Behemoth, and various nature- elements which take part in the Flood are then given (60). The judgment of the Son of Man over the angels in heaven, and the sentence of kings by Him, followed by vain pleas on th…
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It has been demon tratcd 1 P 11 i 1 I the title Sou of Man occuisii T the name of the "Messiah (Das S I Words of Jcxus p '^34 f ) ai d th r . Chr: [ithor the ' Tl c It to I ate tl precsi n and n Th ori. al of tl e 1 ook were undoubtedl Se i t (H^bren or An ) Tie fnt,nieit of the Creek lersio re entl d co\eied 1 …
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(b) Chs. 39-56. Enoch now begins his admoni- tions and instructions to his children (39) ; he tells of the manner in which he was given his visions, and of how he wrote them down (40) ; of howr lie wept for the sins of Adam (41) ; of his visit to the gates of hell, and the impression produced upon him (42) ; of the jud…
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race (the Romans) peridil of peace. After H,n nitcriiniM.n.m ni .'i -iiHip <if |iroverbs, the woes of tlir l:i-l -rii,'i:iii,,i,. -.n- ]i(.ilrnyed, and the evenlsot iln' l:i-.| ,l;iynt jn.liiiui'iil :ind resurrection are f(nvi,,|,l. 'riuMi lull,l^^, :i, picture of the iranish- ment of the wicked and the blessedness of…
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Editionx.'—Ihe fii-st eight books in the original Greek text were published in 1,S45 at Basel, and subsequently bv others up to Angelo Mai (1S19 and 1S28, Milan). The first complete edition is that of Alexandre (1S41, and again 186(i). Recent critical editions by Rzach (1891), C.eflcken (1902), and Heitz (1903). Traml…
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Flit oni—CeTa.m (Momi tenia Snc o et Profana, voL i. Fasc 1 pp -t>4) Hil^enfeld (^^ ejfj (I Canon^m /fccepfum, IS (, jp 10 135) Vhnudt Merx (.ircAu I ii 1868, p. lllfif.), 1 tzs he (L 6 4/ \ t r t IST pp '00 to 730), Charles I njr fV 1 1 ] 4 101) k II ei feld (attempted restoration II f 11 1 1S69 pp. 435-468).— i (…
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The Seventh Vision {W'^) is given three days after the sixth, under an oak. This is the familiar legend of Ezra's restoring the lost Scriptures. But it begins with a command to keep his present vision secret (14'-"). A prayer of Ezra follows, in Lord for rewriting the lost Scriptures (14"-''). Tlie jjrayer which he …
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spring streaming from beneath its roots Lut tl e spring grew into a mighty river, and over\ lielme 1 tlie forest, to^'ether with the mountams lounl about. A solitary cedar was left. The sticam first addressed words of denunciation against tl e cedar, and then anniliilated it. In the jlace of forest and mountains the vi…
966 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1906–1908); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.