PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,289,916 words · 1288 reading sections
Section 1141
igs as they are. It is the There the soul sees what And, further, Jesus thus living in the Absolute and Eternal, sees the lives of men and the processes of histoi-y purely in the light of their spiritual issues. What touches His consciousness in the great hvmian drama is the hidden movement that is workin" out human…
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The words of Jesus regarding death, judgment. His second coming, and the life to come, can be interpreted with rigorous precision, even although they clothe spiritual conceptions with a material garb. They are not mere metaphors, for a meta- phor is rarely, if ever, the exact counterpart of the idea it illustrates. Jes…
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Divine factor in Scripture is probably derived from the fact that the words of 2 Ti 3'^ Tracra ypa^h eeiiruevcTos are rendered in the Vulgate 'oranis Scriptura divinitus inspirata.' The definition given by liCe (.Insjy. p. 27 f.) is sufficient as conveying the general idea attached to the word. ' By in - spiration I un…
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(c) As representative of contemporary Jewish thought it is enough to cite Philo and Josephus. The former explicitly affirms the inspiration of Moses, speaking of iiini as 'that purest mind winch received at once the gift of legislation and of prophecy with Divinely inspired wisdom' {Beocpo- prjTip <7o<piif, dc Cottgr. …
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That this promise was fiiUilliil i- cTtain. The relation of the risen Lord t^^ Hi- I'hurch, His presence with those who nin -i nt. J Him, and tlie aid He attbrded them in .ici ..iiiiili>liiiig His pur- poses, compel the conclusion that His Spirit dwelt in those who taught and built up the Church by word and letter. Tho…
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There are also expressions in the NT which seem, at first sight, to countenance such a theory. In Mt 5'^ our Lord is reported as saying : ' Till heaven and earth pass away, one jot or one tittle shall in nowise pass from the law, till all things be accomplished.' But, as the context shows, that which our Lord intimates…
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heie ^ ' t the whole. A full list ■ 1 ■ \\ estcott and Hon's Oi" ■ , ; , 1 .I'iis r. in Aoco gives cated, it is impossible to believe that inspiration was supposed to make each word infallible. (2) To escape the psychological and other diffi- culties of a mechanical, verbal inspiration, other theories have been dev…
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'Prim Doctrine of Ii-Lp.' ; in Hagenbach's Hist, of Doctrine ; and in Sanday's Bampton Lectures. Lutheran teaching is represented and traced in Huitertts Jtcdivivus, and Anglican in Fitzjames Stephens' Defence of the Bev. Rowland WUliams (1862).— From the mass of literature one or two representative booI<B may be name…
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1. The duty of intercession. — The duty of inter- cession is explicitly and frequently taught by Christ in the Gospels. It has often been remarked about His teaching as to prayer that He seldom, if ever, gives a direct command to His followers to pray, but, taking it for granted that they do pray and do not need to be …
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Christ teaches that, as He is the Mediator between God and man, intercession must be offered through Him. He is the Intercessor, and our intercessions can avail only because He intercedes, presenting our prayers to the Father. He prayed for His disciples and for all who through their word might believe, and now He pray…
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tors will have been much lower. A considerable banking business was also done in ancient temples. So in ancient Babylonia (Johns, Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts, and Letters, 211), and in the Greek world, at the temple of the Ephesian Artemis, for instance (Anabasis, v. iii. 6f.). That the temple of Jerusalem …
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2. The presentation of the gospel as a Divine invitation throws emphasis on another of its essen- tial features,— that it embodies a free gift of gr.-we from God to man. The central idea of hospitality is that one gives freely what the many receive and enjoy 'without money and without price.' Jtsus in the 'parables of …
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When we turn from the teaching to the practice of Christ, the same attitude of appeal and invita- tion is manifested, and the same spirit of loyal and worthy acceptance is expected in turn. Every- where in His dealings with men we find Him acting as God's messenger of goodwill, and urgin" them to respond to heavenly gr…
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With regard to the original Messianic import of tlie passages applied in tlie Gospels to Jesus Christ and His work, there is no ditticulty in those cases where the ' Servant of Jehovah ' is identified with the Messiah. And even in such passages as Is V'* 9'-= quoted by Mt., we must recognize, beneath and beyond the imm…
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Jahweh's host,' who is also called Jahweh (Jos 5»'- 6=); 'His Holy Spirit' (Is 63™-); see also the thrice repeated name (Nu 6"=''), and the Tersanctus (Is 6').* According to the reports of His teaching as contained in the Gospel records, our Lord expressly formulated the truth of the unity of God, but never that of the…
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(d) Sacrifice. — The Jewish ordinances of sacrifice formed part of the ' Law,' and were also in intimate connexion with the covenant idea ; this section, therefore, must to some extent overlap the two preceding. Our Lord accorded to sacrifices the same recognition that He accorded to the Law as a whole ; He accepted th…
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(iii. ) The more clearly the atoning value of Christ's death was realized, the more completely was He seen to be the ideal Priest foreshadowed by the Levitical priesthood. His own words would form 842 ISRAEL, ISRAELITE ISRAEL, ISRAELITE the starting-point for this conception ; He ' laid do>\Ti' His life. He 'gave' …
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ig) Angelology.—'the NT belief with regard to angels is taken over almost entire from the later phases of Judaism. Angels are innumerable (Mt 26^, Lk 2'^), and glorious in appearance (Mt 28^, Lk 2' ; cf. Sd^ai 2 P 2i») ; they minister to God's people (Mt 21* 4", Lk 22^*)^ and carry the saints to Paradise (Lk 16-). As J…
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Among Talmudic cures of this malady we find the following : ' Let the patient sit at the parting of the ways with a cup of wine in her hand, and let some one coming up behind startle her by calling out, Be healed of thine issue of blood.' And, 'T.ake three measures of onions, boil in wine and give the patient to drink,…
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The mention of Ituraja by St. Luke raises the following questions : (1) Did he use the term as a noun or as an adjective 1 This is partly a question of correct Greek usage. A noun ' Ituraia would lie a lin;,'uistic anachronism at the time of St. Luke. It i> unknown until the 4tli cent. ; but that the I'',van,L;i'li--t …
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Literature. — A most suggestive analysis of the character of Jacob, and a full discussion of the problems of the Genesis, including th ' ' ' La Signification Historique des Noms des Patriarches H^breux ' in Mimolres de la Societti Linguistiquc, vi. 150. G. Gordon Stott. JACOB'S WELL On the arrest of John the Baptis…
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Cheyne (Ency. Bill. ii. s.v.) regards the name as unauthentic, ' the spontaneous invention of a pious and poetic imagination.' He rejects its identification with OT Tn;, and yet he does not hesitate to explain it by reference to Tj;;, simply because the meaning of the latter term, as he gives it ('he will awaken'), sui…
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who refused Him a passage through their country (Lk 9=^; cf. Mk ^, Lk 9"-»). James is specially mentioned as present at the healing of Peter's wife's mother (Mk 1-'), at the raising of Jairus' daughter (Mk 5^), at the Transfiguration (Mk 9=), at the :Mount of Olives during the great ' eschato- logical' discourse (Mk 13…
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The Epistle bearing his name, which is almost universally attributed to the brother of the Lord, is of the greatest interest to students of the Gospels. There is no Epistle which contains in a small compass so many allusions to the teaching of Christ subsequently contained in the Gospels as we have them. The following …
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848 JEALOUSY JERICHO heart,' etc. (Dt 6'^); 'I am the Lord, that is my name ; and my glory will I not give to another, neither my praise unto graven images' (Is 42*). Tliis exclusiveness or intolerance of God — His jealousy _/br Himself, as it may be called — pervades the OT. It is the source of that compulsion whic…
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3. Apart from their use in the sense of an ardent and exclusive devotion to God in Christ, and to the cause of Christ in His people (2 Co 11-), the associa- tions of the words f^Xos, fijXoD;' in the NT are rather repellent. Sometimes ^fiKos is anger (Ac 5"), the Heb. n>fii? being at least once rendered 0vii6% in LXX ; …
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period of the Gospels. 1. Name. — This appears in the Gospels a,s'lepoa-6- Xi'/ia and'IfpowaXij/x. The former of these names, and the more used, appears to have come into common vogue a century or so before the com- mencement of the Christian era. It occurs in 2 Maccabees (3"), in the Letter of Aristeas, and in Strabo…
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850 JERUSALEM JERUSALEISI few relics of real antiquity have survived till to-day. Under the Mdcid is a layer of dolomite limestone which comes to the surface in the valley to the south of the city, and is of importance, because along its non-porous surface the water, which percolates through the other layers, is con…
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The broader and loftier Western hill is without doubt that called by Josephus the Upper Market- place and the Upper City, and it is the one which since the 4th cent, has been known as Zion, Josephus I.BJ V. iv. 1) mentions that in his day it was called the Citadel of David, and this tradition survives in the name the '…
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3. Climate and Diseases. —The climate of Jerusalem, while bearing the broad character- istics common to the land, presents in some re- spects marked features of contrast to that of the Jordan Valley and other low-lying places which were the scenes of the ministry of Jesus. There is * This V and has heen recentlj Samla…
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Furtlier do^^*n the valley, at its junction with the Valley of Hinnom, there is a well, 125 feet deep, known as Bir Eyyiib, or Job's Well. This, though rediscovered by tlie Crusaders, is almost certainly ancient and may have been the En-rogel of the OT. From here great quantities of water are drawn all the year round, …
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Constructed for Jerusalem, though seven miles from the city, are the three great reservoirs known as 'Solomon's Pools,' or el-Bur uk. They lie one below the other down a valley ; their floors are made of the valley bed, deepened in places, and they are naturally deepest at their lower or eastern ends ; they increase in…
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854 JERUSALEM JERUSALEM Fountain — called, apparently, by Josephus ' Solo- mon's Pool ' — and thence to ' a certain place -which they called Ophlas, where it joined to the eastern cloister of the Temple' {BJv. iv. 2). Extensive remains of this ■wall have been traced. Those of the great tower at the S. W. corner wer…
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(c) The whole question of the second wall depends largely on what view is taken of the course of the third ivcdl constructed by Agrippa I. The most widely accepted opinion to-day is that this followed much the same course as the present N. wall. It was begun upon the most elaborate plan, but was never apparently finish…
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perhaps wh and Mariamne probablj' a little more to tlie east spot, perhaps where the Jaffa Gate now stands. on higher ground. The three are all described being 'on the north side of the wall,' and from a distance they all appeared to be of the same height. The N.W. corner of the city, where they stood, was one w'itho…
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JERUSALE:\r JERUSALEM 857 capture of Antonia is recorded as one of the fiercest of the iii.'lits of tlie siege (BJ VI. i. and ii. ). It is commonly ))elieved that t\\& Prmtorium (M\i 15""-) ^^as in ]jart of Antonia, for there un- doubtedly was the Ivoman garrison (Ac 2]?*). See Pe^torium. Near the W. wall of the Te…
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Herod's death in B. C. 4, the year of the Nativity, let loose on all sides the disorderly elements. Arche- laus, the heir by Herod's will, advertised his acces- sion by ascending a golden throne in the Temple on a 'high elevation made for him,' and hastened to ingratiate himself by promising all kinds of good things to…
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7. Jerusalem in the Gospels. — The earliest Gospel incident connected with the city is the foretelling to Zacharias in the Temple of the birth of John the Baptist (Lk P'^) ; the second, the arrival of the Magi to inquire in the city where the 'king of the Jews' was born (Mt 2'"'"'). Shortly after this occur the purific…
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After the condemnation came the procession to Golgotha. The traditional route of this, known as the Via Dolorosa, has been selected on very slender grounds ; indeed, all the ' stations of the cross ' on the way have varied greatly from time to time. Even the first station, the site of the PrKtorium, has been placed in …
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No satisfactory explanation hag j-et been offered of the varying forms i'i:'in; and yii:'- The high priest, for instance, who led the Jews back from Babylon with Zerubbabel, is constantly called fs'in; in the prophetical books of Haggai and Zechariah (RV Joshua,' not ' Jehoshua, as in the name of his father * JcAozadak…
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H. Leclercq, in art. ' Abriviations ' in Cabrol's Diet. d'Archiol. Chriticnne, has a special paragraph *de I'abr^viation IHV, IHS' (col. 177-lSO). The earliest coins exhibiting the symbol IHS arc of Justinian II. (685-695, and 705-711). In the legend IbSVS XPISTVS NICA found on coins of Constantine 11. (780- 791), the …
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For customs of the Jews see art. SOCIAL LIFE. See also artt. Israel and Jerusalem. i the Life of Christ, ch. x. JOAN AN. — A link in our Lord's genealogy (Lk JOANNA {'luima, Tisch. and Revisers' Text; but 'ludi'a, WH and Nestle ; from Aram. Rjiji', Heb. njnv). — The wife of Chuza, the 'steward' of Herod Antipas. In L…
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According to Lk., John was the son of Zacharias, a iniest of the course of Abijah (see art. Z.\CH- AEIAS), and his wife Elisabeth who belonged to the family of Aaron (l^^-). Elisabeth was a kins- woman (not ' cousin,' see Plummer, op. cit. p. 25) of the Virgin Mary (1*^), who paid her a three months' visit immediately …
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iii. The Public Ministry.— It was in the 15th year of the reign of Tiberius Cresar that the word of God came to John in the wilderness summoning him to enter upon his work as a prophet (Lk 3'- -). Immediately he obeyed the summons (v.'). The scene of his ministry, according to Mk., was 'the wilderness' (1^), according …
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/3a7n-ifeiK had come to be the regular term alike for those ceremonial washings and for the Messianic baptism of the Forerunner (for detailed proof and reft', on these points see the present writer's Sacra- ments in the NT, p. 56 f. ). And yet, though John's baptism finds its earliest historical roots in the Levitical …
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2. Of the intercourse of John with Jesus, the Fourth Gospel gives an account which difl'ers widely from that presented in the Synoptics ; but apart from the f Johannine colouring of the later narrative, the difference is sufficiently explained on the ordinary view that the Synoptists describe the meeting between the tw…
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JOHN THE BAPTIST JOHN THE BAPTIST 865 personal audiences he granted him (Mk 6°"), and by the fact that he allowed him to have intercourse with his disciples (Mt 11-, Lk 7'^' '"), and through them to exchange messages with Jesus (Mt 11-", Lk 71'-==). The message which John sent to Jesus has often been regaided as ex…
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vii. Our Lord's estimate of John.— The task of appreciating the character and activity of John the Baptist is rendered easy for us by the frequent utterances of Jesus Himself. If the worth of praise is to be mea.sured by the lips from which it falls, no mortal man was ever praised so greatly as he whom Jesus described …
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" Dr. Delff has with considerable force advanced and defended the theory that 'the disciple whom Jesus loved' was not the Apostle John, but a younger disciple, who shared all the privj. leges of the Twelve, "but who was a native of Jerusalem and a member of the higher aristocracy. While this theory explains satisfactor…
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ii. The testimony of tradition.— 1. Regard- ing Juhn's residence in Ephesus. — From the time of his meeting with Paul in Jerusalem until his activity in later life at Ephesus. we have no certain knowledge of the Apostle. Nicephorus {HE ii. 2) tells us that Mary lived with John in Jerusalem for eleven years after the de…
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' This objection is urged by Keim, Harnack, Holtzmann, and other modern critics in their discussion of the authorship ot John's Gospel. JOHX THE APOSTLE JOHN THE APOSTLE ' But I shall not hesiUte also to put down for you along with my interpretations whatsoever things I have at any time learned carefully from the el…
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The reference to one ' who reclined upon the bosom of the Lord' seems to point unmistakably to the Apostle, but two statements of Polycrates seem to some to run counter to this : (1) That he was a priest and wore the saoerdoul plate (ri TETaAov). From the fact that Epiphanius {HcBr. xxvii. 14) says the same of James th…
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Thus far we have sought to get at the real facts of tradition. It will surprise no one to know that the life of one so eminent as Jolm was embellished with all manner of legends, such as his meeting with Cerinthus in the bath-house at Ephesus (ndv. Hmr. iii. 3, 4) ; Iiis being carried in extreme old age to the church, …
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Gospel {c.ff. Wendt's), and it is assumed in this article that their authors have failed to prove their case. If, on the other hand, the writer was the beloved we have an assurance that when, for example, he wrote the opening sentences of the Gospel, he felt himself in touch not merely with current theological thought…
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ii . .iiil- I h.aa .i |i.. i' ii I .lullinrily, ami Li \ .•! i-ai i'iiiph.i i . ,.i: ■ I ' . . '. i i'lice... hetween ihi'iiialMl iither wiiliii-- liiiih .111- li. lieC.islicls. JOHN, GOSPEL OF JOHN, GOSPEL OF tlesdoclared he mentions the name of (iospel is a '(, i.e. a valid f the Churcli )ecame a dis- (3) Tertu…
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hoiiiics lo w liirli .lustin refers in wiiiiii,:js. he 'ji\cs an important iis oi ( liiisi. composed by the ewho p.llowc.l ihcni.^ The battle age- aioiniil flic . | nestion whether III ihcsc ,Mc IIS only the four I now. ,(i Ic.i-i. he regarded as all ckis-c- ot critics that Justin ic (.os].cl ici, S( hmiedel, Eneyc…
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the Gospel as an authority on the same level as the Synoptics, and therefore viewed it as non-Apostolic. Schmiedel (Encyc.Bibl., art. ' Jolm, Son of Zebedee,' ii. 2546) states that ' his employment of it is not only more sparing but also more circumspect ' than his use of tne Synoptics. There are occasions on wliich it…
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The ' Oracles ' were probably a collection of sayings of our Lord, together with some kind of historical setting. There is a tendency amon^ modern critics to fix a later date than formerly for the writmgs of Papias. His WTitten work seems not to have been produced till about the age of sixty. The change in the date is…
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(S) What can we determine regarding the nature and purpose of the work of Papias? — He contrasts his sources with ' those who have so very much to say ' (rois to TroXXd Xiyomiv), with ' those who relate commandments foreign to the mind of the Lord ' (tois rds dWoTplas evroXas livij/j.ovivoiKni') and with ' the contents…
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An additional conflnnati. quotes verbatim from tho I' portion of his work. H( i earth at the millennium. .. vines with ten thousand a from ' the Elders who s.iv\ .\fter quoting the passage, \ po^.t til. -' : .' ill Aini'i.;,' I[.rn;ick contends that the words '.tK .! J ^ .. ,.,_'■ 'certainly ought not to be jM. : :…
1,084 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1906–1908); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.