PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,289,916 words · 1288 reading sections
Section 481
(«) It is clear that in the case of every believer the barrier raised between himself and God by his sin has been broken down. In other words, he has been restored to a state of communion with God. The means by Avliich this state is brought .ib(i\it h,^^■c l«)th a Divine and a human signili- I aiir. . It i> in consider…
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COMMUNION COMMUNION 353 them from the moment of their initiation into the new life (Mk 1« and 11 it, 1 Jn 3'-^ 4"). Yet another statement, emphasizing in a remarkable metaphor the inwardness and intimacy of the union that results, sets the experience before us as a mystical feedin" upon Christ (Jn 6, esp. vv.^^-'^*,…
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Even this brief study will have revealed that the Gospel conception of the Christian's com- munion with God is essentially difl'eront from that of the Quietist. Whether we have regard to our Lord's example or to His teaching, whether we are thinking of the status of fellowship or of its conscious practice, the means by…
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disciples. This unity will follow upon their being ' kept ii' T(j dnbiiarl aov.' It will be assured if their relationsliip to the Father is a counterpart of what had been their relationship to Christ (v.'-'), i.e. a personal relationship. Whatever, therefore, be the exact meaning which the analogy used by our Lord was …
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' Complacency,' as the word is commonly used, means a state of being jjleased or prr.atitind, and is synonymous with 'pleasure,' 'gratilii .itinn,' ' s;itis- faction.' The appropriateness of mh li ;i wcid in the department of Biblical theolut^y i^ .sii,:^;.;estrd by what we know to be its recognized use in the sphere o…
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According to this exposition, complacency as a moral quality is the result, for the most part, of benevolence reacting upon itself, lo\'e making the object beloved become worthy of aii'ection. What one loved at first out of mere benevolence becomes an object morally beautiful, worthy of love, and thus an object of comp…
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Again, with f((ual apiiropriateness these words were used in tin' |i:iiallrl case of the Transfigura- tion (Mt 17 ■, ( f. M k '.!', I,U 9-5), when Jesus entered upon the final -,(a-r ..f His ministry. Then, in full view c.l ihr .1,,-^, at the close of our Lord's conference \\\\\i M..„., ami Elijah concerning 'his decea…
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With the instances cited above may be compared in this connexion such a passage as that where Jesus, confirming the joy of the seventy disciples in the success of their mission, says : ' I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven. . . . Notwith- standing in this rejoice not, that the spirits are subject unto you ; bu…
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LlTERATCRE.— Cremer, Bib.-Theol. Lex. s.m. uitxiiti, liUy-iit, etc. ; the Comm. of Alford, Meyer, Lange, etc.; Bengel's Gnomon; Herzog, PRE, artt. ' Gott,' v. 262ff., 'Liebe,' viii. 388Sf., ' Versohnune," xvii. 92, 124, etc.; Jonathan Edwards, ed. London, 1834, vol. i. pp. 123-12.';, cf. *. cclx.xi!. f., pp. 237, 240; …
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Jesus the faith of His followers did not rise above the belief that He was the long-expected Messiah ; and it was this conviction which was expressed in their confessions. Typical at this stage are the words of Andrew, 'We have found the Messiah' (Jn 1^'). It is true that even in this earlier period Jesus is sometimes …
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The view of a cert.iin cb.ss of crili<;,l ~, ; • ■■ i • ■ IMtz- mann, Zeitsehr. f. wiss. Theol. xxi. p. " ' i' : i IH-^lnrij of Dogma,, i.p.T)n.2\\\mA\,. Teaclii,, , ., : ..l n.) that Mt 161*- are not authentic ult.i ■ Imt a subsequent addition intended to cain •.■ ihr .[..jmiiic and constitutional situation of a la…
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3 GO COXFESSIOJf (OF SIN) COKFESSIOX (OF SIN) to the eliect of baptism upon the soul (Ac 22'^, Ko 6"^-, Gal 3", 1 Co 12", 1 P 3=')- And it is worth noting how the author of Hebrews connects in the same sentence holding fast ' the confession of our hope' and drawing near to God in 'fulness' or 'full assurance' of fait…
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Under this head may be included one or two cases of confession of sin to Christ. When Peter cries, ' Depart from me ; for I am a sinful man, O Lord' (Lk 5*), and when the sinful woman in the house of the Pharisee silently makes confession to Jesus as she washes His feet with her tears (Lk 7"- ^), it is too much to saj'…
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Literature. -Young's Analyt. Concord. s.v.\ Hastings' DB, art. Confession ' ; Ullmann, Sirdessness of Jems, p. B'J It. ; and for special points the works quoted in the article. J. C. Lambert. CONSCIOUSNESS.— We have to consider, so far as the facts rocnrded in the Gospels permit, our Lord's consciousness of Himself a…
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3. The Temptation of our Lord, following im- mediately (Mk l'^) after His Baptism, shows tlie nature of the internal conflict which He had to face when He set about the work of His life. There was no struggle with doubt as regards God, or Himself, or the end which He sought. The force of every temptation depended indee…
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ii. Implications of His teaching and the impres- sion He produced. — When we come to consider how this consciousness is implied in His teachin" generally and in His eft'ect upon mankind, we find ourselves face to face with a mass of materials so great that selection becomes very difficult. It must suffice to point out …
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1230 13.W 1522-28 19:^9^ jill- 140. 41 25-11 534 923. 24. 37 IQSS. 52 13!> 143-9, Lk 1^-^ 9"-=-=« lO"-'"- *^ n^ 14=5-33 1717-19 1822 19«, Jn 5-* 6=8- 35 7='- 38 8'= etc. The extraordinary claim involved in these passages, and in many others, would strike us much more than it does were it not for the fact that the expe…
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2. There is no sign that progressive revelations were made to Him during the course of His ministry. Many efforts have been made to show that Jesus attained at certain turning-points to new views of His mission, and of the means by which His work was to be accomplished. It is certainly true that in His teachin'' it is …
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CONSCIOUSNESS CONSCIOUSNESS ii. The most perplexing of all the psychological problems opened up by our subject is that which is presented by the endeavour to distinguish the Divine and human elements in our Lord's con- sciousness, and to define the mode of their union. What in general the contents of His Divine con- …
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III. Theological results.— i. The first result is an extraordinary emphasis upon the unique- ness of our Lord's personality. In the psycholo- gical sjihere the consciousness of Jesus Christ is as miraculous as His resurrection is in the physical. There is this ditterence, however, that His con- sciousness is a fact whi…
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The rendering ' consecrated ' better .suits the context of Jn lO'* 'Say ye of him, whom tin- Father consecrated and sent into the world, Tlmu blasphemest; because I said, I am Son of God Jer 1" supplies a suggestive OT analogy, for the word of the Lord reminds the young prophet that, in the Divine counsel, he was set …
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J. G. Tasker. CONSIDERATENESS.-It was a saying of St. Francis, ' Courtesy is own sister to Love ' ; but con- .siderateness is more than courtesy (wli. see), for it takes account not only of our neighbour's feel- ings, but of all his circumstances and all his wants. Our Lord ' knew all men, and knew what was in man ' ( …
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CORBAN CORLAN God (Lk 1232). His message is a gospel (Mt i"^). His ears are never closed to our cry (Mt 21^). All things are possible vnth Him (Mk 10"). To these higher thoughts may be added precious truths which have a like consoling power in the conflict with evil ever surging within and without. Our Lord knows ou…
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It is not necessary to think that Jesus had such cases of recklessness in His mind. We prefer to believe that He was thinking of bonAfide vows, made to the Temple, hastily, perhaps angrily, without sufficient regard to the claims of aged parents. The question was a very intricate one, What ought the Rabbis to advise th…
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turned the people's minds from the barley bread of the previous day's miracle to tliink of Himself as the Bread of Li'fe (Jn 6) ; and said of the broken loaf at the Last Supper, ' Take, eat, this is my body.' For further information the reader is referred to Agriculture, Barley, Sowing, etc. Literature. -Candolle, OHg…
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The epigrammatic value of the saying is en- hanced by the fact that in the East the master- knowledge of the ditierent trades has always been carefully guarded, and a sharp distinction is drawn between the man who thinks and plans and the man who by his elementary manual labour merely carries out the orders of another.…
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COSMOPOLITANISM COUCH 371 and Philip), and the trilingual ' title ' on the cross (Jn 19»). Jewish exclusiveness was apparently endorsed by Christ Himself (Mt 5" (RV) 6'- »=) ; the Twelve are forbidden to go into any way of the Gentiles (Mt 10^) ; and the Syrophoenician woman is at first addressed in thoroughly Jewi…
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Thi^ how tail iiviaileil in Palestine, and state that even in ili i: i s .ouches of rare and costly wood in- laid with _ II, J I I > presents from Palestine to Egypt. KeepiiiL; tins in mind will throw light on some otherwise obscure passages in the Gospels, e.fi. where the woman is spoken of (Lk 'J^-'^) as wash- ing …
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Literature.— Hastings' DB, art. ' Courage' ; Aristotle, Ethics, iii. 6-9 ; Denney, Gospel Questions a7id Answers, p. 85 flf. Joseph Muie. COURSE.— See Abijah, and Priest. COURT {avXri, tr. 'court 'in Rev 11=, 'sheepfold' or ' fold ' in Jn 10'- "', and ' palace ' [RV ' court '] in Mt 26'- *' etc. ). * — The ' court ' …
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There are two instances where Jesus seems to fail in the niatter of co iites> — m Hi re] ly to His mother, ' Woman 1 at 1 i^ e I to lo itli thee (.In 2*), and in Hi i il\ to tl e Jsyro fh enitian woman, ' Let the d Idren In t be I He 1 toi it 1 not meet to take tl e ( bil hen s 1 rea 1 an I to ta t it unto the dogs' (M…
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p 01 vh cl Israel nd^on here the ot on of a ne the t ought If not 1 his t n the for of the i tract th Isiae Jere 374 COVENANT COYEXAXT ; character of the relation between God and Israel in general. To the prophet's mind religion and the covenant have become so identified that the covenant idea becomes the stable…
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' heirship' ai These two passages in Hebrews and Galatians are the only NT passages which explicitly refer to the testamentary character of the iittQ^xyj. In how far in other instances the associations of the testament idea lay in the speaker's or writer's mind cannot be determined with certaintj- (of. Ac 3'-» M iv iK…
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COVENANT COVENANT 375 standing the so - called ' intensive universalism ' and the recognition of religion as a natural bond between God and man, antedating all positive forms of intercourse, our Lord was a thorough- going supernaturalist, who viewed both the past relationship of God to Israel and the future re- lati…
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It ought to be observed that the literal rendering of the words is not : ' This is my covenant-blood,' with the emphasis on the pronoun, but : ' This is my blood, covenant-blood.' The enclitic m"" is too weak to bear the stress the former ren- dering would put upon it. Accordingly, fiov be- 376 COVENANT COVENANT co…
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= • : '--f '-Spitta of this mode of speaking ■rent usage, if the sacrificial meal be left out of account. Assuming, however, that the general phrase * eating the Messiah ciples outside of i '^""' distributive form m ,>i,i,„it ,..,t i,;,,.^...-. ^.....^.._ ---- -- - -^ «„.,ij of eating the Messiah's body and drinking…
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1 ' the blood Perhaps it mai iince the ideas of he conception of ted 1 piator>' power the covenant by which, as a bond of Iitt the covenant is establibhed an express both of the thoughts j expiatio and commnmn were o sacrifice. Besides tins, the a between the new covenant and the f rendered highh probable b\ …
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378 COYEXANT COYEN-AXT the death of Jesus as foreordained. It is not likely that, holding this, they can have rested in it as sufficient for tlieir faith, and entirely refrained from seeking the reasons for the Divine foreordination, which in this, as well as all other cases, must have appeared to them teleological.…
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The one question that still remains to be answered is, whether the covenant-blood a\ ■pears in the words of Jesus, 'This is my blood of tile covenant,' primarily as the blood which through exjiiatioii inaugurates the covenant, or primarily as the blood which by being sacramentally received will make those who receive i…
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would b;ui' 1 11 as follows : 'He brake the bread and saiil : Tliis is my body; and he gave it to them and said, Take,"' and similarly with the cup. As the record stands, the pouring out of the wine is not iiiciitioncil at all. It seems that Jesus took a cup which bad already been filled. If He had iuteiuk'd to give …
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LiTPP^Ti-ov _!;„„t..rf ri...- i;.o.,,;,„^;,; 1?56; Baur, Vorle- s.,„.,... . ,-. ; 11. 102-105; Volkmar, -, .i;.,, ,.,. p. i.z; A. Brandt, Zeit- i--~, ]). Buff. ; W. R. Smith, RS\ 1894 ; de la Sainte Cine, 1889, pp. 62, 258 ; juv'tate Jxistins de,i Mdrtifrcre, 1890, p. Christliche Abendmahl im Lichte dfr I. p. 6ff. ; …
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A parable follows (Lk lli"^--i), not necessarily associated originally with the foregoing incident, although in full affinity of theme. The Rich Fool is the personification of the successfully covetous man, and yet a revelation in almost the same breath of how little such success amounts to from the standpoint of etern…
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Literature.— Aristotle, Elh. iii. 7; Strong, Chr. Ethics; Paget, Sttidies in the Christian Character, 100 ff.; Denney, Gospel Questions and Answers, sas. JOSEPH MUIE. CREATION.— The beginning of the world, as the earliest starting-point of time, is mentioned in iMt 24=1, Ml; i3i!i The other Gospel references to this s…
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The Gospel of John opens at once into a circle of new and profounder conceptions of Jesus. He is the Eternal Logos who was in the beginning (1'). He is the eternal and immanent Reason manifest- ing creative activities. He mediates the creation of the universe (v.^). The Prologue sets forth Jesus Christ in His fourfold …
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It must not be forgotten that from the middle of the pre- ceding century Semler had applied the word ' myths ' to some of the OT narratives, as, e.g., to the exploits of Samson ; and later on at the beginning of the 19th cent, de Wette had not hesi. tated to point out the important part which, in his judgment, was play…
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That which is mythical grows up unconsciously. But if our Gospels were constructed to meet or to modify certain special historical circumstances, if tliey are to be regarded as artistic creations, or as ' tendency ' writings, they cannot be mythical, as Strauss maintained, nor can they be regarded as the spontaneous an…
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• Matliesoii, Mils M the Study 0/ German Theology, p. 151; ,-f, n'.- I' w.-i.- 1 -h^n Jrm*, i. p. l.W. I r. - ii'- . tt. a, Weinel, Jemts im neunzehnten Jahr- knowledged the supremacy of Jesus in the sphere of religion, but he maintained that He possessed such power over the souls of men, to which there may have been…
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But in 1873 Keim issued a book of a more popular character, and in this we find that the revision of St. Matthew is placed about 100, St. Mark about 120, St. Luke also about 100, while it is no longer referred to a companion of St. Paul. Some years later (1878) Keim's position with regard to the Gospels was again diffe…
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This statement can be easily verified by a perusal of recent expositions of their views by representative \ " to St. Mark being the interpreter of St. Peter, and the actual contents of our earliest Gospel, and how he finds in the Logia of St. Matthew an uncommonly rich and valuable material of Apostolic tradition, whi…
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Papias, the actual work ot .St. Matthew. He also obsen'os that even Schraiedel allows that il St. Matthew was not the author of the Lorjia, he may at all events have been the author of a writing, more ancient still, upon which the Logia depended (F.iiciic. Bibt. art. 'Gospels,' ii. 1891). See also Stanton, Tht (lospeU …
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So, too, Schmiedel (op. cit. col. 1882) and Wendt (Die Lehre Jesu, p. 471) agiee in interpreting the words in our Lord's message to the Baptist as referring to the spiritually dead, 'the dead are raised' (Mt IP, Lk 7"), just as in their opinion the preceding words are to be interpreted of the spiritually lame and blind…
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So far as English criticism is concerned, it cannot be said that anything which has been urged has broken down the strong lines of defence which we * Thus, in dwelling upon the contending parties and their disputes as to the ' historical ' and the ' biblical ' Christ, Feine writes : ' Die Streitfrage lief also darauf …
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t See Orr, The Christian Fiew of God and the W,irld, pp. 63, 79, on the central place of Christ's Person in His religion. * Ritachlianism is perhaps nothing more nor less than a deter- mined attempt to find the whole contents of Christianity in the Person of Christ* {Cambridge Theolttgical Essat/g, 1905 I Die Aufgabe …
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In like manner the significance of St. Paul's testimony to the facts and teaching of the Gospels, as also the significance of his claim to work mir- acles in the power which Christ bestowed, is minimized, if not disregarded. We thus owe this wonderful picture of a great personality mainly, if not entirely, to document…
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. A death like His s he remained a Jew, to be- elieve in Him as the Messiah olved the removal from the the Messiah of all the Jewish and carnal elements which were associated with it' {Church History, i. p. 42, Eng. tr.). Baur's solution of the difficulty forms one of the most curious pages in the history of modern …
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inent prophecy of the Messiah, w to judge the world ; and next, to (orgi\e pin ; and, finallv. to l)e the Lord of life and death. In the Old Testament these pre- rogatives belong to God alone as the essential Head of the kingdom, and appear in those prophctin ilescriptioiis of the kingdom which ignore the figure of the…
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dences upon Sir 51 are in reality ^ i i I ; in some particulars the alleged lik( m - - i, -mli as might be found in the utterances of any Jewish speakers. It may also be noted that -while the See, further. Dr. Sanday, Critici Fourth Gojpe(, notable how both St. Paul and St. James can speak of Jesus as ' the Lord of…
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the Son of God in such a sense uggest relation which others also actually possessed, which they were capable of attaining or destined to acquire (\>. 287).* H. We must remember, too, that not only do a great number of English and German writers of note acknowledge the closeness of St. Paul's ac- quaintance with our …
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Moreover, we may well ask, AVhat is meant by the word 'contemporary'? General Gordon was murdered in the Sudan in 1884. If a man wrote an account to-day of the closing years of Gordon's life, we .should scarcely refuse to give it the title of a contemporary record. J But we are separated from the death of Gordon by a l…
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at Dr. Harnack's consen'atism ; but he soon made it clear that the acceptance of the date or the authorship of a book by no means involves the acceptance of its contents. Hiihn's series of 'Helps to the Understanding of the Bible,' which has had a large circulation in Germany, is not very satisfactory in relation to th…
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appointing to read the next paragraph ; ' Yet I cannot persuade myself that on strictly historical grounds these statements could be definitely established." § See, e.<i., Fairbairn, Christ in Modern Thenlorjy, pp. 18, 21 ; and Sir Oliver Lodge in Uibberl Journal, Apr. 1906, p. 644, where he 'accepts the general conse…
1,112 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1906–1908); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.