PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,289,916 words · 1288 reading sections
Section 961
Literature. — Bruce, Parabolic Teachimj, p. 393 ; Salmond, Christian Doctrine of Immortality, p. 277. W. H. Dyson. HADES H HADES.— See Dead, Eschatology, and Hell (Descent into). HAIR.— Tlie Jews seem to have shared with other peoples the belief that the hair is really ' a living and important part of the body' (W…
1,067 wordsSECTION 962Section 962
HALLELC praise'). — A technical Hebrew liturgi- cal term, applied in Rabbinical literature to certain Psalms and psalm-pieces of praise, which character- istically have as their keynote the expression Hallelujah ('Praise ye Jah'). It is more particu- larly applied to one group of Psalms (113-118) regarded as a liturgic…
963 wordsSECTION 963Section 963
well have arisen before the destr: I ■ : ; i ilt-. 3. Usage in the Gosjk/x. Ii i- n-inillv .assumed that the hymn referred to in Mt 26'"']: Mk 14* * Cf. also Bab. Arakhin, Via. t Peritz (Encyc. Bibl. s.v. 'Hallel') connects the liturgical I of the Hallel with the Passover-meal (he denies that it I the Temple-sen-ice…
918 wordsSECTION 964Section 964
OT tuiagr.— In the OT there is a very large variety of mean- int,'s attachiiii; to the word 'hand' and to expressions and phrases in which it occurs ; a detailed consideration of these is not necessarv here,* but a brief reference seems appropriate in view of the fact that NT usaRe is to some extent based, through the …
912 wordsSECTION 965Section 965
1! Da.'i Leben nach deui Tode, lOnff. ■ ■ This is ipiite in accordance with OT usage, cf. e.ij. Gn 2422 * hands ' used for ' wrists.' and the same idea is conveyed in Mt 6* ' let not thy left Iiand know what thy right hand doeth.' 2. But the most interesting use of ' hand ' in the Gospels, as in the OT, is seen in i…
1,102 wordsSECTION 966Section 966
(\) The failure of Paganvun. The systems of Plato and Aristotle did not bring any large satis- faction with them, nor did they discover any per- manent refuge for the race. Of all the products of Greek speculation, Stoicism survived longest, and had the largest influence upon the civilization of the world ; but while, …
962 wordsSECTION 967Section 967
HAPPINESS HAELOT 703 obedience are associated ; in Mt 16" blessedness and knowledge are united ; in Jn 20=" blessedness 3,-aA faith are joined. In many places blessedness is reserved for the future (Lk 7-' 123'-« W^). In the Fourth Gospel Jesus distinctly offers fulness of joy (Jn 16°-^). lii. Happiness as revealed…
1,386 wordsSECTION 968Section 968
F. S. Ranken. HARLOT. — This is the term usually employed in AV .as tr. of irbpu-q, the only other tr. being ' whore.' 704 HATING, HATRED fact that prostitu cults. No sooner both of tlieir mora ,iled in connexion with Egyptian ■ settled in Canaan than the purity leir religion was endangered by the contaniinatin','…
932 wordsSECTION 969Section 969
Christ's disciples consequently may expect to experience the same hatred in proportion as they truly follow their Lord (Jn 15"*"-"). ' When they came before the world, it showed at once and de- cisively its position of antagonism to tlie gospel ' (ililariae, 'hated,' RV 17''') (Westcott), the ultimate cause being that …
1,163 wordsSECTION 970Section 970
It is evident from Mt 5** that Jesus took ' enemy ' as meaning a ' private enemy,' who in the new Kingdom is to be loved, and to whom good is to be done. He used ayair^v, not <l>i\(lv, on which VOL. 1.-45 Tittmann (see Alford) says, ' (piKth, aniare, pessi- mum quemque vir honestus non potest ; sed poterit eum tamen …
983 wordsSECTION 971Section 971
Westcott on He 73 quotes throws light on Lk U^;h some sense 'exiles who to do God's p and children and brethren and all tlv For the abstraction of the sinful ' hate,' leaving in it nothing but kind, Wendt compares the use < 1V-, where * they are used only i seizure and appropriation, but seizure.' 4. other passages —…
1,062 wordsSECTION 972Section 972
For the headship of t'hrist see following article. G. M. Mackie. HEADSHIP.— i. In the Go.spels.— 1. The word 'head' («0aXi}), as applied to the relation of Christ to His Church, occurs only three times in the Gospels, and there in the passages in the Synoptics (Mt 21« It Mk 12^" || Lk 20") in which, applying the lesso…
1,150 wordsSECTION 973Section 973
Literature :—Cremer, Bib.-Theol. Lex. s.v. jcs^atiii ; Grimm- Thayer, Lex. Novi Testamenti, s.m. mtuKi, a><txtfx>.x,i^ ; Comm. of Meyer and Altord ; Baethgen, Psalmen, ad loc. ; Perowne, The Psalms, ii. p. 338 ; Beyschlag, NT Theol. i. 166 fl. Hugh H. Cuerie. ii. In the Pauline Epistles.— The Headship of Christ, sugg…
907 wordsSECTION 974Section 974
Next, perhaps, in order of common usage are such meanings of the woi'd as (n) to hare immediate perceptual experience through the orffan of hearing — the object wing either personal, as Mt 2" ' Havin" heard the king,' or impersonal, as Mt W* 'Tell John the things which ye do hear' ; (6) to find out (by hearsay), to hav…
1,275 wordsSECTION 975Section 975
The above divisions represent the main usajres of the word ' hearing.' It is interesting to notice the contexts in which (i.) the interest displayed in anticipation of hearing is described, and these may be collected together vi'ilhout further remark : Mt 12« (Lk 1131), 1317 (Lk 10«), Mk 38 (cf. Mt 425, Mk 320 etc.), L…
991 wordsSECTION 976Section 976
no HEART HEART 6") ; and the idea is to be found running througli all His teaching. 2. The dispositions and motives of the heart as determining the reliqioits value of actions. — Jesus unfailingly taught tliat the test of a man's worth before God was not the outward propriety of his conduct, but the heart-inclinati…
990 wordsSECTION 977Section 977
4. A self-sufficient secularism.— Such teaching, setting the renewed dispositions of the heart far above the riches and honours of the world in value, supplied a potent counteractive to the proud security and self-assumption which prosperous worldliness is apt to beget. It forced home the sense of something wanting wit…
902 wordsSECTION 978Section 978
men ' (cf. Ac : must be ' from God.' But the most striking i of ' Heaven ' as a synonym for ' God ' is in the phrase ' the Kingdom of Heaven,'' almost uniformly in Mt. for ' the Kingdom of God' of Mk. and Lk., and this in exactly parallel passages. It is quite possible to make a distinction between these titles, …
964 wordsSECTION 979Section 979
'12 HEAVENLY THIXGS HEIR past idealized '). In accommodation to Jewish thought and hope, the reward is ' to sit down witli Abraham and Isaac and Jacob in the kingdom of heaven' (Mt 8", Lk 13^), a hope which reaches beyond the life of earth. The final consummation must be where Jesus Himself is, and He, who came from…
906 wordsSECTION 980Section 980
M/-V" iiniiiTi ..t the hedgelLk 14-5). Theeyeoflove sees humanity sul)iiii-i;;tc|. ■ rii.Mu aUo he would bring.' He would iii.ikc In il^iniw people happy. He had seen their mi>ii v a^ lli> ~tole to silent mid- night prayer, up the hil'l-i.k-. with their mosaic of fields, along whose hedges and through the gaps of which…
943 wordsSECTION 981Section 981
In the OT a sense of gloom and unreality was felt about the lot of the spirits of men taken away from the light and activity of earthly life. A't Hrst no distinction was supposed to exist in that shadowy realm between good and bad any more than lietween king and subject. But in NT times such ideas had grown up, and our…
917 wordsSECTION 982Section 982
Sucli speculations are absurd. On the other hand, it is reasonable to explain the iKiipv^ev of the one passage by the (vayycKlaB-ri of the other, to main- tain that repentance was offered, rejecting the sug- gestion that Christ preached only to the righteous, or to tliose who had repented at the moment of death, or to …
923 wordsSECTION 983Section 983
Hilary of Poitiers (on Ps llOS^) speaks of the souls of the faith- ful as knowing, on the witness of the Apostle Peter, that when they rightly aw.aited, when He c dead.' Justin M.iiM .'I hi. /..„/..,„-.■ H- /A ■/', ' ;./... Ii :■') III .lis,. s the JCWSOl . I 1 , ■. Ti.MII- 1 ,s. ,,._.. 11- .1, II III, nil : 'The…
976 wordsSECTION 984Section 984
In the time of Rutinus it might seem more necessary to insist on such teaching in view of the rise of the heresy of Apollinaris, who denied that the Lord had a human soul. But Rufinus himself gives no hint of this. There is more reason to connect the occurrence of the clause in the so-called Athanasian Creed, now gener…
1,002 wordsSECTION 985Section 985
' I give a full and undoubting assent unto this as to a certain truth, that when all the sufferings of Christ were finished on the Cross, and His soul was separated from His body, thniig^h His body were dead, yet His soul died not ; and Lhnnirh it died not, yet it underwent the condition of the souls of suid a? die ; a…
956 wordsSECTION 986Section 986
There is a full account of modem German litera- ture on this subject in Clemen's Nieclcrgefahreii zu den Toten. He interprets 1 P 3" as refeiTing to human spirits, and builds on it an argument in favour of ' the larger hope,' though he does not commit himself to any theory of Universal Resti- tution. He makes much use …
925 wordsSECTION 987Section 987
de la Pal. 164 ; and Schiirer, GJV t On the title i uiyus cf. Ewald, HI • Coins, 105, n. 1. canus, Antipater secured the aid of the Arabian king Aretas to establish his candidate in the government. Thereupon appeals were made by Hyrcanus and Aristobulus to the Roman general Scaurus, wlio had been sent by Pompey to Da…
924 wordsSECTION 988Section 988
In Rome, Herod had little difficulty, with tlie aid of Antony and the concurrence of Octavius, in con- \'incing the Senate that they would be serWng their own intere.sts by making him king of Judiea in- stead of Antigonus, who had been placed on the throne by the Pa.Tth\a.ns (Ant. XIV. xiv. 4; BJ I. xiv. 4). Appointed …
1,061 wordsSECTION 989Section 989
• Mathews (Hist, of XT Tiims, 118, n. 1) rejects Josephus' account of Herod's motive (cf. also SchiirerS, i. 378 ; Wellhausen'', 3'24 ; and Woodhouse, Encj/c. Bibl. ii. 2206, n. i). On the other hand, cf. Sieffert, PRE^ \-ii. 762, 1. 48ff., and the indications given above that Hj'rcanus was implicated in the death of A…
957 wordsSECTION 990Section 990
The second period of Herod's reign, extending from B.C. 25 to B.C. 13, was characterized by ex- tension of his kingdom and great building opera- tions. Trachonitis, Batansea, and Auranitis were given to him by Augustus about B.C. 23 (Ant. xv. X. 1 ; BJ I. XX. 4), and to these the tetrarchy of Zenodorus together with th…
997 wordsSECTION 991Section 991
Herod was now grown old tution, naturally powerful and ro" give way. The" hot baths of Callirhoe gave little physical jbust, bej consti- or no relief to his disorders. It soon became known that he was suffering from an incurable disease, and the signs of popular rejoicing only embittered the last hours of his despot…
979 wordsSECTION 992Section 992
Jerusalem, the form of their question revealing the fact that they were not Jews, the Messianic significance of their question and its appreciation by the people and by Herod, the consequent effect on the city and on the king, Herod's questioning of the scribes where the Christ, i.e. the Messiah, should be born, the an…
952 wordsSECTION 993Section 993
, „_ „ „ . advocated the 34 as the date of John's death, and assigned the death of Jesus to the year 35 (Jesws of Nazara, ii. 387 ff.). Sicffert dates The concise character of Josephus' narrative, however, as well as the condition of the text in this section of Ant., renders it precarious to infer, from the order of …
922 wordsSECTION 994Section 994
Stirred by envy at the advancement of her brother Agrippa to royal dignity, Herodias per- suaded Herod, against his better judgment, to seek from Caligula a similar honour. When he came to Rome, however, Agrippa preferred charges against him, and called attention to the military supplies that had been collected by Hero…
905 wordsSECTION 995Section 995
.[ not l,f i:i). .\ s sit u >untry of the toti-nvh Autiiia- a party called tlio I loioili.ins embers of a jiartA' « liirli wi^lir.l 1071 the throne ot'ln- killirriuay have been in Galilee ;is wrll :is in .1. i n-alcia ; for their ideal was a nnlion.Ll one, .liHn iii_^ from the ideal of the Zealots h^ roy;ili-i fiom…
1,272 wordsSECTION 996Section 996
As far as concerns the high priest proper, he occupied the position of chief political author- ity among the Jews, as head of the Sanhedrin. Josephus declares (Ant. xx. 10) that there were 28 high priests from tlie time of Herod to the destruction of Jerusalem. Of these, the Gospels mention the tentli, Annas, apjiointe…
972 wordsSECTION 997Section 997
HILL HIRELING 725 pose cannot be frustrated ; and if the invited guests neglect the call, then others who have hitherto been looked down xipon will take their place. The invitation is to all and sundry, which leads Whedon to say, ' The good are not too good to need the gospel, nor the bad so bad as to have no hope i…
1,013 wordsSECTION 998Section 998
In modern Palestine criminals and men of de- {)raved life are called muaththarin, ' those who lave been made to stumble ' ; and the .same epithet is applied to such as are in trouble through mis- fortune. The Cross that made God the sacrificer and suppliant, and called for faith in a Saviour who could not save Himsel…
913 wordsSECTION 999Section 999
amount of this is increasing villi N m .--tudy and research; and the .signilic .inc.- ■:rnri;Uly attached to affinities between ininiiiiM ( lnisti- anity and other civilizations or rclitiionN i< ,iIso on the increase. (2) Tlie most manifest result of study in the field of history is to give a better knowledge of detai…
956 wordsSECTION 1000Section 1000
6. The question is more familiar in its less for- midable shape, as regards miracles. (1) It maj' be held that facts convince us of miracle. History makes its investigation, and bears witness. It cannot demonstrate, but it announces a satisfac- tory probability. This is the attitude generally taken up by British schola…
1,012 wordsSECTION 1001Section 1001
—to a Chlisti;.!! ii.- 1- .ih.T in tlie ahslra.d. Iln.lin- ..I hi in the fellowship of .l.'^n- ('hri~ ' This is the true Gnd an. I .f.i 11. One form of ]>uttiny tin.-; dence of later Christian hit. development.-, .'njiiiii-t i li.> :ii:ii of Cliristian ...ij.ii.. Clni-! h:i havem..aiitt..inni..l. :. w.-i-hi Germans c…
994 wordsSECTION 1002Section 1002
This clear and helpful distinction assumes that the primary meaning of 07105 must be sought in the revelation of the essential nature of God ; the various meanings of 27105 may thus be traced in orderly sense-development from its root ri 4705, 'religious awe,' 'reverence.' 'Holy is his name' (Lk l-") is the starting-po…
1,173 wordsSECTION 1003Section 1003
(6) Our Lord never speaks of any person, save the Father and the Spirit, as holy ; and only once does He describe any thing as holy. His command, ' Give not that which is holy to the dogs ' (Mt 7"), is a proverbial expression whose origin is probably some Jewish exclamation of liorror at the thought of profaning altar-…
909 wordsSECTION 1004Section 1004
2. The holiness of Christ.— Outside the Gospels holiness is ascribed to Christ in the Acts and the Epistles.— (a) The Acts. St. Peter (2^) and St. Paul (13^^) see in the resurrection of Jesus proof 730 HOLINESS HOLY ONE that He is God's • Holy One,' in whom is fulfilled the Messianic promise that He should not see …
915 wordsSECTION 1005Section 1005
HOLY ONE The expression 'the Holy One,' or ' the Holy One of God,' is used several tmies in the N'T to describe our Lord. It is in itself so re- markable, and used in a manner so calculated to arrest attention, that it has been surmised that we have here a characteristic designation of the Mes- siah (Meyer on Mk 1^). …
1,042 wordsSECTION 1006Section 1006
riiTERATURE.— Trench, NT Synonyms, § 1 Lowe, Psalms ; HOLt SPIRIT.- With the ( eption of the 2nd and 3rd Epistles of John, every book in the NT mentions the Spirit. On a comprehensive view, indeed, it may be said that to understand what is meant by the Spirit is to understand these two things— the NT and the Christ…
1,028 wordsSECTION 1007Section 1007
2. When Jesus comes to be baptized in Jordan, the remarkable phenomenon is that what for others is a baptism with water coincides for Him with a baptism in the Holy Spirit. According to Mk 1'", as Jesus ascends from the water. He sees the heavens cleaving and the Spirit as a dove de- scending upon Him. In the earliest …
1,065 wordsSECTION 1008Section 1008
4. St. Luke tells us that Jesus returned from the Jordan 'in the power of the Spirit' into Galilee (4"), and St. Peter in Ac (10=«') tells how God anointed Him (in the Baptism) ' with holy spirit and power ' ; and it is under these conditions that the Evangelists conceive His whole ministry to be fulfilled. If they do …
965 wordsSECTION 1009Section 1009
Sower to men, it is the very token and •■eality of [is presence with them. But it is interpreted more precisely— and this is the point of Jesus' argument as it i> brought out in the parallel pas- sage in Ml. and 1.1;.— by the works wliich it does. 'If 1 in lie- >|.iiit of God am casting out the demons, then tie! kingd…
942 wordsSECTION 1010Section 1010
Shenomena both in His aspect (9'*) and in His con- uct (lO'^) which must have struck people as un- usual, and due to something overpowering within, whicli it would have been natural to call the Spirit ; but in point of fact there is no reference to the Spirit in this period. Perhaps the nearest ai>proach to it is in Mk…
1,303 wordsSECTION 1011Section 1011
HOLY SPIRIT HOLY SPIEIT mark of historicity in Mt. that wu tind no mention of the Spirit where in a writrr ili)niiii;iluil liy the consciousness of a later fimr w^ imiiM n.ii'.iinly have expected it — that is, in ih'- |i:i ,:i;jrs which speak of wliat are sonu'timrs c iillrd ccilcsiasticul prerogatives or functions (…
736 wordsSECTION 1012Section 1012
Lk. evidently regarded as His rapturous utterance. It is not with resignation, but with Divine exultant gladness, that Jesus accepts the Father's will as revealed in the results of His work. The Spirit is not connected with revelation either here or any- where else in tlie life of Jesus, but only with the overpowering,…
1,191 wordsSECTION 1013Section 1013
9. But it is not only the birth of Jesus which in i connected with the Spirit : all the period are transacted, so to speak, in ; agitated by the Spirit. The repre- mditiniifil partly by OT conceptions .-inJ |i:iilly, no doubt, by primitive liciir,^ 1.1 it. Thus in 1''^ the angel ai-o! ixyiov TrXTjo-ffijcreTat fri « ord…
998 wordsSECTION 1014Section 1014
HOLY SPIRIT HOLY SPIRIT r37 in contacl, a. they had never been before, with the |io\vuis of ih.' wurUl to come (He 6=), the Divine iiisi.ii:iliiin oi iliu Messianic age. This power with which thr J;isL'ii Saviour is invested He bids the ilisrijih',-. ihiiiiNC'lves expect within a few days (P). U is 111,' |.r..iiiisc…
1,058 wordsSECTION 1015Section 1015
One point of interest in Acts is the relation of the Spirit to baptism. The gift of the Spirit is itself represented beforehand o? a liaptism (P 'ye shall be baptized with holy spirit not many days hence'). After Pentecost, instead of displacing and annulling water- baptism, as we might have anticipated, the baptism wi…
1,053 wordsSECTION 1016Section 1016
ance. The main point is that for St. Paul Chris- tian life and life in the Spirit are one thing. All Christian graces are the fruit of the Spirit (Gal 5--). The Christian God is He who supplies the Spirit (3*). To become a Christian is to receive the Si)irit (3-). To live as a Christian is to walk in or by the Spirit (…
772 wordsSECTION 1017Section 1017
pation of the Cliristian life from everything statu- tory, whatever its origin. The Christian is not under law, but under grace ; no statute contri- butes in the least degree to make him what he is , or to give him the experiences which he has ; it is as he stands in the iiresence of the crucified and risen Christ, and…
1,228 wordsSECTION 1018Section 1018
13. The NT books which were written under Pauline influence scarcely call for independent consideration. Hebrews has one reference (2^) and perhaps a second (6'') to the ' gifts ' of the Spirit, the first alluding to them as God's testimony to Christ ; elsewhere it refers to the Spirit only as the speaker in the OT (3'…
1,024 wordsSECTION 1019Section 1019
It ia often said that this idea of the descent of the Spirit on Jesus is only a piece of the Christian tra.liti"ii, too fimilv established for the Evangelist to be aM.' to di^.-ml it, hut really inconsistent with the conception of fhti^l in tli-- I'r ilf^^nie. The Word incxrnate (it is ari^ipd) oaiiiioi ii.'ct to 1> ■ …
1,164 wordsSECTION 1020Section 1020
At the close of ch. 3 we revert, apparently in words of the Bai)tist, really in words of the Evan- gelist, to the idea of the Spirit as bestowed on Jesus by God. He whom God sent speaks the words of God ; He does this, and can do it, because God gives not the Spirit by measure to Him (S**). Here the idea is like tliat …
1,093 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1906–1908); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.