PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,192,276 words · 1189 reading sections
Section 541
The data for the period from the birth of Abra- ham to the Exodus are given in the notice of the age of Abraham at the birth of Isaac (Gn 21'), and of Isaac at the birth of Jacob (Gn 2.5'-"), and of Jacob at his descent into Egypt (Gn 47'), and • More exactly, according to the statement of Gn 11*^ that Arpachshad waa …
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iiL From the Exodus to the Founding of the Temple. — The founding of Solomon's temple is said in 1 K 6' to have taken place in the 480th year after the Exodus (according to the LXX, in the i40th year). Such an exact statement, if historical, requires that an accurate system of reckoning time was employed by the childre…
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• The awignment of 20 yeara to Samuel Is an Inference from 1 S T'. Thi' piriod of Israel't desire for the Lord is regarded as represeniui;: Saniuel's Judgeship, and ceasing when the people desir^-d ami ciiose a kini^. t The iiliove scheme is Nrtldeke's. Moore (Judgea, p. xll f.) omits Siiut as being to a Judwan writer…
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162S-SS). 24. 1. Elah in 2eth of An 0 K 16S). 2. Zimri in 27tb of An a K 191"). I Omri in 27th of An a K 191"). 12. 1. Ahab in 88Ui ol An a K 16»). t « 5 S te t7 tl 88 BS In 4th of Ahab OK JJU), Jehoibapbat (I) <1 17 18 In Bth of Jonun (2 K 8W), Jehomrn . . . 1. 22 4. 2S In 12th of Jonun (2 K 8*0. Ahaziah …
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• Acoording to this table the number of yeare from the aooeaaiona of Atbaliah and Jehu to tlie (all of Samaria is 129. Thij table, with the one aVjove of synchroiiiMms, however, hue not been given to preocnt tlie covirse of history, but to (five a blrd'»-eyc view of the chronological 8tatcment« of 1 and 2 K. VOL. I. — …
1,043 wordsSECTION 546Section 546
The presence of Ahab at the battle of Karkar brings nis reign down to 854 at least. At this battle, according to the Assyr. inscription, Ahab appears as an ally of the king of Damascus. According to 1 K 20^ Ahab formed such an alliance, which lasted three years (1 K 22'). In the third year of the alliance the truce was…
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1 and 2 K to preserve and harmonize in his syn- chronisms the recorded lengths of the reigns of kings, the question may arise whetlier in this period as well as the former ones the chronological data may not be partially conjectural or artilicial, complete historicad data for both the S. and N. king- dom not having bee…
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A. Tin: Date OF THE Nativity.— 1. The Year. — a. St. Matthew tells us that Jesus Christ was born in the reign of Herod the Great, who at some period not more than two years afterwards ordered a massacre of all the infants at Bethlehem, and that the Holy Family lied to Egypt, where they remained for the rest of the king…
1,092 wordsSECTION 549Section 549
The Nativity, however, must be placed, not only before this, but, as St. Matthew's account seems to imply, some time before it ; for the age limit fixed for the massacre of the innocents, and the sojourn of the Holy Family in Egypt, have both to be allowed for, even ii the one is to be qualified by Herod's determinatio…
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There is, however, one casual statement of Ter- tullian*s which serves in remarkable fashion to bridge the gap left by the dissociation of Quirinius' name from the census of the Nativity. The Marcionites defended their Doketic views of Christ's humanity by appeal to his own question, * Who are my mother and my brethre…
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* It U possible that the aame source U alluded to tn Jos. Vita, 1, written at Rome under l)oniitian, T>if fj.tt rvt -yittvf Thns there is no reason to press St. Luke's noie of time into meaning either 'wlien not yet 30 years ' or * at the moment of attaining the teacher's age of 30 years.' The phrase is an elastic one…
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406 CHRONOLOGY OF NEW TEST. CHEONOLOGY OF NEW TEST. Btereotjped Ut«rar7 usage upon the point. St. Luke's contem- poraries, U Romans, would probably have been employing the old system of dating by the consuls of each year ; if Orientals, they mij,'ht still be usmg the Olympiads (B.C. 776), the era of Alexander or the …
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On the other hand, it does not follow that the arrangement of events within each section is chronological ; rather, the evangelist would cer- tainly seem to have here deserted the principle of temporal order for the principle of grouping. For instance, although his general scheme m l"-3' is borne out by the natural pre…
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i 'l*irovf. ^ litf 31 {f IP ratt 'ltfioro\ifd^it it ri »«#;(• it ry Ufr^. i-^ tix v/mTi Xlytrt"* *rt In nT^«uit'«< irTi> nm) I dtpirnit Mxiracji i3»v kiytt ufMt irmpxri rmt «^«A/MV< ttfjuit xitt dttifa^O% riit x^P'^t ^^' ^v^i vrtv wfot OtpifffA.ot. 6' Lurit r»uT» l)p itprij [or q i*prii] r«p *l*u3«/«y mmi Jtril^n 6…
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408 CHRONOLOGY OF NEW TEST. CHRONOLOGY OF NEW TEST. he cured the paralytic, the third at the Crucifixion (,B<bt. n. xxii. 3). This Father is so ea^jer, it is urped, to swell the number of Passovers that he includes the unnamed feast of 6^ and it is impossible that he should have failed to note so clear ft case 08 6* …
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narrative proves that it cannot have been winter. You cannot allow, he says, as much as eight oi nine months — April to January — after the pass- over of ch. 2, for there is nothing in the story to suggest 80 long a period, and the impression made on the Galileans at that passover was still fresh in their minds when Ch…
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But, Is the minimum duration of the Ministry which results from St. John's Gospel also the maximum ? Is it to be assumed that if the notes of time in 2"-6' can be co-ordinated into a sin^'le year, and those of C^-ll" into a second, no further latitude is possible? This is the crucial question. A negative answer is imp…
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The two preceding arguments are independent of the par- ticular number of passovers recorded in St. John's Gospel ; the two which follow derive their force from tlie result above established, that three passovers, or a minimum of two years, are there assigned to the Slinistr}-. y. An early tradition, dating back certa…
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d. A secure result being thus established from the Gospels for the length of the Ministry, want of space compels the omission of the section on the evidence of antiquity, — evidence the less essential that it is wholly secondary, being based on deductions, some correct, some incorrect, from the Scriptures themselves. S…
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CKKOXOLOGY OF SEW TEST. CHRONOLOGY OF NEW TEST. 411 Si a^ott rp ijfjJfx^ t^ rpiro, Est 4^« firi <p6.yrrr€ nijSi TlifTt ^l rjfUpas Tpth vvicra. Kal jj^fXLv^ taken up in 5^ ( = 15* Vulg.) Koi iyiptro iv t^ ^m^P^ t^ TpirQ . . . ■repi(3d\ero -njy S6^(iv aCrr^s. (These exx. mostly from Field's admirable note on Mt 16-' — …
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The subjoined table (of. Salmon, Introd. to NT. appendix to Lect. XV. ; Mas Lairie, Tr68or de Chronologie, p. 94) gives, flrat, the terminus pofickalit or 14tb of the paschal moon according to the present Christian calendar ; 8etx>ndly, the beginning of the 14tb day, reckoned from the time of the astronomical new moon …
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Nor, in the list of the six passovers of A.D. 28-33 there was one year, a.d. 29, in which the new moon of Nisan is placed as late as April 2, 8 p.m., and the 14th as late as April 15-18; but the argument of the last two paragraphs shows that the previous lunation, if its new moon fell in the early hours of March 4 and …
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But by tnis time the opposite \'iew, which first emerges m the 3rd cent. — in the West, Ps. -Cyprian, Computus de pascha (K.D. 243: HartersCy/>rtan, iii. 248), § 9 manducavit pascha, % 21 passus est luna XV; in the East, Origen on Mt 26'' (Delarue, iii. 895), lesus celebravit more ludaico pasclui corpor- aliter . . . q…
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That Phlegon was here drawing again on Chriatian sources, whether the canonical Gospels or not, appears not to have been mispocted by Origen or Eusebius, but in face of the mention of the *6th hour' cannot admit of doubt. It does not, however, follow that he borrowed the year also from them ; for an annalist, if he has…
1,161 wordsSECTION 565Section 565
Date of the Acts of Pilate. — Tischendorf , the latest editor {EvawjHia Apocrypha, ed. 2, 1876. pp. 312-410), concludes for the beginning of the 2nd cent. ; Lipsius, the latest critic {Die Pilatutt-Acten, 1886. pp. 33, 40), 'not before about the middle of the 4th,' 'probably in the reign of Julian'(A.D. 3'U-:f6.'{). Ap…
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The first reflection su^jgested by this catena la the unanimity with which (apart from some of the Basilidjans) Christian antiquity attributed the Crucifixion to a day not later than March 26 ; the second, that if a confusion between the ra*-x«» rruupirifAst and the wstffx'*- attaa-rettrifj^t be allowed for, the dates,…
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It is not unreasonable, then, to hold that the solitary datrtm preserved by Epiphanius does add a slight a<lditional weight to the probability that the Cruciflxiou should be placed ou Friday March 18, a.d. 29. Conclusion. — To sura up briefly : the separate results of live lines of enquiry harmonize with one another b…
1,132 wordsSECTION 568Section 568
1. Aretasat DorTnniCJi^.— This Aretas (the fourth Aretas in the line of Nabatiean kings, on which dyna-sty see Schurer, HJP I. ii. 348 ff.) reigned within the rough limits B.C. 9- A.D. 40 ; the e.\act dates are unknown, but it is certain (a) that he reigned over 47 years, inscriptions being extant of his 48th ; (|3) th…
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'"t S°ee"t"e'''oerara of Babylon, Tractate /|c.A.A« J. nafto, the yeu, year, fol. 2a: 'Our rabbis teach that a king who micends the throne on the _29th Adar bm completed a J ear as soon as he reaches Nisan 1." .... , , ■>„„-„„ 1 The emperor's answer to the deputation sent U> Rome on this subject is dated in the consul…
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7. Tlie Reign of Herod Agrippa II. and Mar- Triage of Drusilla to Felix. — This Agripp.a, son of Herod Agrippa I., at his fathers ileatli was thought too young to succeed ; but on the death of another Herod, his uncle, king of Chalcis, in the Sth year of Claudius (A.D. 48), he obtained that principality, from which he …
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(i ) Where did Eusebius flx his new year? It is natural to think first of Jan. 1, the commencement of the Roman consular year Hut Eusebius was an Eastern, and in the East the year was all but universally commenced about Septemher. The Jewish civil vear began in September; the old Attic lunar year in Julv; the old Maced…
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s!" josephus, after the mention of Nero's acces- sion, records as all happening under Felix : the death of Azizus, king of Emesa ; the succession of Aristobulus in Chalcis, and readjustment of the dominions of the younger Agnppa ; the jealousy between Felix and the high pneat CHRONOLOGY OF NEW TEST. CHRONOLOGY OF NEW…
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E receded it, the latter must have fallen in the very rst months of Nero's reign, and Festus must have come out as procurator in the summer of A.D. 54 under Claudius, a result which it is hopeless to try and reconcile with the other authorities. Harnack, o.c. p. 238, on the ground of the confusion which besetseven the…
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On thi8 thesiB three remarks ™?K^* "''Hlf'll^J-^^VoThe n the met >il ot simple obser^■ation by .omethmg m the S5a's^;^th^°&ti^^^^^^^^^ from the resSte^r simple observation. Certainly, the days ot he".^m.M ;?.<=/.»;« or Nisan 14 for these vearsaccordmg to gfurt'h^'^v-errnc^^'tlfe It^^nt '^lf!^r^lxf'°^"^oS> ?upphed by…
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That St. Paul also revisited the East results from the Pastoral Epistles ; and even critics who, like Harnack (o.c. p. 239, n. 3), reject these Epistles as a whole, admit that genuine accounts of St. Paul'.'t movements after his release have been in- corporated in them. Put for the journey to Ephesus and Macedonia (1 T…
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Nor was the start on the l9t M.J. made immediately after their return to Antioch. The description introduced at this point (13') of the perKonnfl of the Antiochene ' prophets and teat^hers ' su^^ests at least some further period of settled work ; and ikS the journey westwards meant a start either by sea or over theTaun…
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Duration o/ the Second Mitfionary Journey (Ac 16*^18*^.— That St. Paul should start so late in the year, while it would have been very unnatural when he waa breaking new ground in unknown districts, aa in the lat M.J., was natural enough when he was going primarily to revisit existing Churches ; the winter would be spe…
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Duration o/ the Third Missionary Journey.— But Antioch was no longer an effective centre for St. Paul's work ; it was out of reach of his new Churchea in Macedonia and Achaia, while his 'Galatian* Churches would be supervised quite as easily from Ephesus, whither he waa pledgetl to return if he could (1821). If advanta…
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Thus the second portion of the Acts, from the beginning of the 1st M.J. (13'-28'"), covers a period of fourteen years, certainly not less, and appar- ently not more ; and if the starting-point was rightly placed in a.d. 47, the fourteen years will come to an end in A.D. 61. (b) The Epistles of St. Paul. Of these tlie…
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424 CHRONOLOGY OF NEW TEST. CHRONOLOGY OF NEW TEST. corresponds with the first of Ac ; the second of Ac is omitted ; and the second of Gal answers to the third of Ac (A.D. 49). rniis connexion of Gal Zi-io with Ac 16 Is generally accepted, and a strong argument for it is the common atmosphere of crisis which pervade…
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Conclusion. — This article may be concluded by a comparison of the dates here adopted (col. ii.) with schemes preferred by three representative writers — Hamack (col. i.), who throws everything early; Lightfoot (col. iv.), who throws all the latter part late ; and Ramsay (col. iii.), who in- vestigates independently, b…
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CHURCH {4KK\ri<Tia).~YoT the history of the word iKK\-T)(Tla and its relation to such Heb. terms as "^ns and niy, see art. Congregation. In the present art. we shall discus* — L Dbfinition of Ciuirch w NT. IL Tub AtTi'AL CiM'Hcn. (A) Conditions of Membership. \B) The Life of the Church. i. The Public Worship, li. Ch…
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(^) Thr Church and the Kinndom (of Heaven) af Oorf.— The fundamental concej>tion underlying the various meanings o( the kingdom of God is that of the Kinnship {fSxfiXttei) of Uo<l or Christ. lU^Ai^a in Greek was a word with a wider range of significaricp than we genenilly attach to the Eng. word ' king- dom.' and the s…
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• He 12® wetrnytipii ictti iicxXr;a-iei wparrerijutf is not to the point as an instance of a distinctively Christian usage of ixxArriK. It is plain from the connexion with xattiyjfiu that ixxXr,e,a is used here in a quite general meaning, ' assembly,' without refer- eDC« to it« technical Christian significance. i. The…
1,122 wordsSECTION 585Section 585
Srobably referring to the Jewish Sabbath. The ewish Christians themselves observed the Sabbath, and some attempted to force its observance upon the Gentiles (Gal 4'°, Col 2'"). But the Sabbath and metho<l of its observance are e8t)ecially dis- tinguished from the Lord'B day [cf. Ign. loc. cit. ' no longer sabbatizing (…
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(fi) PraiifT wtiH made stAndlng(Mk ir^)or kneenng(Ao 203*216) with uplifted hands (1 Ti 2f). Kveu if the words of the prayer were uttered by one person only, the nmyer was reganled a» that of Ibe whole congregiitlon. Thus in Ac 4'i4-30 the prayer it given verbally, but Is ascribed to the whole assembly iij^Oufx^iat *!/…
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The forms in which the teaching or prayer or praise might be delivered were three. From the prophet it came as a direct revelation from God, with all the force of a verbally inspired message, expressed in ordinary language, and therefore needing no explanation of its meaning. From the speaker in a torujue also it came …
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The * breaking of bread ' originally took place daily ('2*«). In the Didaehe, however, it is enjoined weekly, on the Lord's day (cf. also Ac 207, 1 Co 162). It was held in the evening, as on the occasion of its institution (cf. Ac •ZO'ff- and the word SiiTi.#» ( = evening meal) in 1 Co 11W-21). The whole ceremony was a…
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'^ tlllu^'fa^ni'relatloni which distinguish the Christian home. The chie, .""'^'t^t^ul^'onT. "clu'^i" ™1' w'TiXhe* 7^^ the Church «■" ""^i '" Hnw the C »rch"^The cx«l relation I C^orre^lti^ .^Ct^ St. i^'th'erbyral:!, bolie, in Chn. 430 CHUKCH CHUKCH mode him free (e.g. he Bays of himself, ' not being myself under…
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attitude of favour observed by Christian teachera towards the civil authorities, although they do not wholly account for it, since the principles upon which civU obedience is enjoined are independent of personal like or dislike. ' The powers that be are ordained of God,' says St. Paul (Ro 13'). The Christians are exhor…
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Tiie city - church was comjiosed of a ntimber of these house-churches, and it grew by the addi- tion of new congregations. The first household which had received the apostle gener.ally became the centre of these smaller groups. To its mem- bers, the first-fruits {d.Trapx'n) of the city, a special respect was due (1 Co …
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as riirc: iiinx'lt (Ro 61'), ut^tit*,^,; uytmitttr^t Xty^r (2 Ti 1'3, cf. 22), M l^iyyH T^c wurruH (1 Ti 41). The especial frequency of eucb expressions in the PasUiral Epp. illustrates the more stereotyped fonn which this teaching assumed when death and imprison inent were removing the apostles from personal contjict…
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(2) if that fails, it la to be followed by formal reproof in th« presence of witneseea ; (8) in case he atill refuses to repair the wrong, the matter is to be reported to the Church, by whom the offender shall be excommunicated, ' be to thee as the GentiU and the publican ' (Mt IS^*-''''). The object of the punishment …
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f)retations of tongues, working of miracles, gifts of lealing, 1 Co V2'^- ^, are not gifts connected with government, and need not be considered here.) In making this division, ' supernatural ' and ' natural ' gifts, we are, indeed, guilty of drawin" a distinction which was not present to the minds of the first Christi…
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• The idea of popular election had become by no meAns an csauntia] eleiiieiil in the raeanin^ of x*'^*^***'* '" later Greek. It is still seen in some insUinces, e.g. 2 Co 8'^, .los. Ant. VII. xi. 1, but hris quite (JiBiipperired in many Othere, «.9. Jos. Ant. VI. xiii. 9, t«* vri nZ Ulav Kl^fi^cTant^ivei .iflMTjJ.i*.…
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good. Here we have a status, unofficial indeed, but recognized by the community and the apostle. Compare the position of Stephanas at Corinth (1 Co le"). (c) This position becomes gradually of a more definite and official character. The work of ruling gravitates more exclusively to these presidents, and the appointment…
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But with the apjiointnient of those who were to manage the lAily ndaire u( the coniniunit.v it won dilTorenl. The early con- dition c( thines In wliich this work woa |>ertormeit l).v the chance ti.div' I'jal in the vohintArj' exen'i»e ot his i-ill, led (a« in Cnniith)tod.»o.^er. For the niannt'enientol cvervilay a>lnii…
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XiiToufiywfif «aj miroi ri,* XiircfpyiKf tw, Tp»0r,Tii K/ti >,>ctr««>*i'. The y»p in this passage is most naturally referred_ hack to ifieut T»v Kt/oiov; this is the main thought which r/>«i7(, iC''-'^" yt^fm, and ii^oKiuMffAit*vt descrilie more exactly. But If the 436 CHURCH CHURCH ment of finance, the daily admin…
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(2) Spiritual Functions. — The 'ruler' had at first no exclusive right within the assemblies for wor- ship except that he presided. The right of the ' word ' belonged to every one who iiossessed a gift of speaking, and this was possessed in an eminent degree by the ' pro]]hets,' who were regarded with a higher respect …
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hurches. Christ prayed for the unity of His • Wliile this article is in the press, another very important oontribution to the literature of the subject has appeared in Hort' s Christian Ecelesia, 1887. t future believers ( Jn 17^- ^), that they might be one, cf. Jn 1(J" '(Dther sheep have I wfiich are not of this fo…
1,119 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.