PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 1
James Hastings · 1,192,276 words · 1189 reading sections
Section 661
yf<\ . I. — :l general population of C. many were baptized (Ac 18*). None of the b.iptisms in C. were performed by St. Paul himself, except those of Crispus and of Gaius.andof the household of Stephanas (1 Co 1"- "i). It is not certain whether this abstention from personally baptizing was something peculiar in the spe…
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As was the case in most other cities, the Greek populace of C. disliked the Jews ; and the marked reprimand administered to the latter by Gallio, in refusing to entertain the case against St. Paul, seems to have been popular in the city (Ac IS''). Tlie Greeks took and beat Sosthenes, the ruler of the synagogue (who had…
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The preceding paragrajihs show that we are justified in attaching great importance to St. Paul's stay in C, as constituting an epoch in his preaching, in his plans, and in his conscious attitude towards the Rom. government, and also as resulting in the formation of a new Church in the track of ready communication alike…
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the money to Jerus. (Ac 20-'); but it seems possible that the Corinthians asked either St. Paul himself or one of the envoys mentioned in 2 Co 8'*"-- to act as their stewartl. The develo|)ment of tlie Church in C. between A.I). 53 and 57, and the kinds of difficulties that beset the early steps of this young congregat…
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2. The Epistle has been transmitted in the Peshitta, Old Lat., Copt., and other oldest versions of NT as well as in the principal Gr. MSS. Of the latter, the Epistle is contained entire in kBADp»"1 (1413-22 'manu alia antiqua'), E (copy of D), L. FG contain all but 3»-l« 67 i< C all except 718-96 13»-15J0, P all excej…
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• A careful account of the aixuments of the Dutch h.vper- critical school, and of Steck. is ^'iven by Knowling, The WitiuiM 0/ the EjnstteSfCh. iii. ; cf. al.'Jo Schmiedel in Harui-Kojnmentar, vol. ii.; Zahn, Die Brief e de» Pauhu seit 50 Jahren im Fever der Kritik (in ZKW, 1889). The ar^ments of Vdlter (Eompogitian de…
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iloreovLT, if 37 was thu earliest possible dftte for St. Paul's fscape from Damascus (2 Co 11^-, Ac 9'-i*, see Aretas), and 14 years elapsed lietween this and the apostolic conference of Ao I.'*, identified with that of Gal 2, the latter must have occurred alioul 51. Subtracting;, then, from 57, the date of 1 Co, the I…
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7. The history of the Cor. Church after the departure of Apollos for Ephesus is knoA\-n to ns solely from the two Epp. to the Corinthians. That communications passed from time to time between St. Paul and this Church is only what we might expect from our general knowledge of St. Paul's life. In one letter, written not …
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There were, then, those at Corinth who falsely claimed a monopoly of Christ, and the renewed repudiation of this claim in 2 Co 10' lets in a flood of light upon their position. The claim stands in tlie closest connexion with the dispar- agement of St. Paul's apostolic rank. He bad not, like the Twelve, known Christ per…
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analogous to that whicli determines the discussion of the (iSuMOvra. Chapter 13 occupies the same place here as does ch. 9 in the former subject : only the principle of forbearance from privilege eiiiorced in 9 IS here carried to the higher and deeper ground of aydiTTi, itself the greatest of the Spirit's gifts. We the…
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moral tone, of the community C-*). y. The injustice, or unrighteousness, thus shown to exiflt among them is part of a heathen past (*^il, trans- itional, working the argument back to B). D. Fornication. •. li'ot a legitimate use of the body (12. 13*), but fi. A denial of the true destiny of the body (iSb-20). (1) This …
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l^ we have (2i). (6) Implies organic interdependence of all (22-27). (4) Church organization and functions based on these principles (2^-30). (Transition to (,3) (31).] fi. Charity, the greatest gift of all, the principle de- termining the use of ail the rest (123i 13). (1) No gift, miraculous or moral, of any value…
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period to which it belongs. The only express reference to the subject is 15^ ' the strength of sin is the law ' (cf. Ko 7'"^). But the foundatioii-.stone of his preacliing in Corinth, ' Jesus Christ, ami that crucified' (2" S'"-"), is the root of the apo-stle's whole mind and thought on the subject, (b) The doctrine of…
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1. etrirroXai (Co, Eph). 2. a-Cftf^Tai (Co, Eph, -b'cB Ro). (•iayyiAjff-T*/ (Eph) reifAtint (Eph) Sis.««.;« (Ro)i. I. iiidriutU, (Co, Eph, -mt Ro) [wctfixxa^iu^ (Ho) iuvaiuiii, .a^lAATa (Kph)] «fTtX*;-4'('f (Co) [uiTahiicu( (Ro)] Kvfiiptv.irtts (Co) [ir^trrdftAtot (Bo)] [iJj;i. (Ro)) _ ylMJ y>Jrfffiir (Co). Thes…
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are entirely compatible with the closest adherence to the procedure of the Last Supper. Who presiiied, we do not know, but it may oe taken as certain that someone did. In v.** we see the first impulse toward the separation of the Eucharist proner from the common meal in whicli it was embedded (see Weizsacker, p. 601). …
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1 and 2 Co ; the articles give interesting and valuable details as to style, coincidences with Acts, etc. The art. Paulus in PREi by W. Schmidt, contains some useful references ; that in Ersch and Qruber (1880) is by Schmiedel, and represents his earlier viewf on both Epistlee. A. ROBERTSON. CORINTHIANS, SECOND EPISTL…
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The Epistle is a letter of many moods, but all under strong control. ' Joy and hea^nness, anxiety and hope, trust and resentment, anger and love, follow one another, the one as intense as the other. Yet there is no touch of changeablecess, nor any cuntradiction. The circumstances dictate and justify it all, and he is m…
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((•) The person of Titus (cf. in/r. §§ 6, 7) forms the link between the \oyia and the more painful ijuestions between St. Paul and the Church of Corinth. The question whether Titus paid yet a third visit thither depends upon the consideration of the troubles which threatened to estrange St. Paul and the Corinthi.ans. F…
1,366 wordsSECTION 679Section 679
(/) St. Paul entertained, at dillerent times, two distinct plans of travel. The simpler of the two is that announced in 1 Co 10°, and carried out Ac 20', viz. from Ephesus to Macedonia and thence to Corinth. But from 2 Co l'"-" we learn that he had at one time entertained, but (v." in order to spare the Corinthians) ha…
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Let us consider the latter possibility first. St. Paul abandoned his direct visit (i.«. the Complicated Plan) ' in order to spare ' the Corinthians. This excludes at once from consideration the period between the painful letter and 2 Co. Let us suppose then that St. Paul, on receiving from Corinth unfavourable news (pr…
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Let us begin by trying the combination suggested in art. Corinth, which is in substance that of Bishop Lightfoot {Bibl. Essays, p. 282 ff.). The order of events suggested is — 1. Paul at Corinth (A.D. 51?). 2. Apollos at Corinth (52-53!). S.Paul at Ephesus (53-56). [Here Lightfoot inserts the second visit of Paul to Co…
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But .St. Paul (assuming' the year to be 57) must have reached Corinth by the end of November (Ac '203. 6)^ and this pushes back the dispatch (15) of 2 Co into the month of October. Now the new year, according to the Macedonian calendar, bej^an on Sept. 21, and the civil reckoning of the Jews (1 Tisri) coincided within …
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8. We must now, accordingly, endeavour to reach a result with regard to the Integrity of the Epistle. We have seen that the canonical £pp. to the Cor- inthians are the remains of a correspondence which comprised other letters now lost (§ 4, g), and that liossibly not fewer than three lost letters were ad- dressed by St…
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IL C0KINTHIAN8 II. CORINTHIANS 497 a partial hold over them, headlong from the field. The Corinthians are already won 'in part' (I"), but a leaven of dialoyalty exists among them, and the success reported "by Titus must be followed up to be lasting, and the disloyal leaven ellectually stamped out. Add to this that …
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D. FniAL SALtrrATiONS ahd BBKBSicnoif (isii H). 10. Importance of the Epistle.— The Epistle is far less various in its contents than 1 Co, and throws correspondingly less direct light on the theology of St. Paul and on the life of the apostolic Church. All the more important is its contribution to our personal knowled…
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LlTERATrRB. — For works on both Epistlea see previous articif. On ! Co oiilv, Emmerling (Comnicntarv), 1823 ; Fritzs.he, lie locU nmmuUit, 182< ; Burger, 1800; Klbpper, Untersuchtiiujen, 1869, Kommmtar, 1874 (important); Waite (in Spmki-r't Comm.y 1881 (excellent); Denney (in Expositor t Bible), lsS4 ; Uaco, BntitehMtg…
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CORNER See Agriculture. CORNER-STONE (in Job 38« njj jsk, XWos yuK/iiun, in Jer 51 (Gr. 28)^ .1)?^ [;n, Xi^oj (h yuHav).—T:ht corner - stones of important buildings, such as palaces or temples, were sometimes of an exceed- mgly ornate and costly description, and of extra- ordinary dimensions. With the view of giving g…
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CORRDPT.— In older English 'corrupt' (audits derivatives) had the meaning of destroy, consume, and in that sense, not in the sense of taint, it is most freq. in AV. Thus Mt 6" ' where moth and rust doth corrupt' (d<^a>'if«, 'causes to disappear,' RV 'doth consume'); Lk 12'' 'neither moth corrupteth' {Sia<p$flpei, RV ' …
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COS (Kus). — An island off the Carian coast, nearly blocking the entrance to the Ceramic gulf, very fertile (producing ointments, wheat, wines, and, above all, silk), famous for its rich and comfortable country life and tl»e beauty and character of its people, with a city of the same name at its eastern end. It was one…
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The following is a brief summary of the First Creation Story. The week of seven days forms a calendar into which the dill'erent successive stages of the work of creation are divided. The creation of man forms the climax and conclusion of the work on the sixth day, while the close of the narrative describes the seventh …
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the Babylonians reckoned the day from snnrise to sunrise. We may therefore infer that the crea- tion-day was also reckoned from sunrise to sunrise, according to the tradition of the Jewish civil day. Vv.*'" portray the second day's creation-work, viz. the separation of the upper from the lower waters by the formation …
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III. In interpreting this first cosmogony the greatest difiiculties encounter us at the earlier stages of the drama a.s it unfolds to us, and the only means of dispelling the obscurity is a closer ana, moreover, a comparative study of the Heb. Semitic cosmos. An endeavour will therefore be made to throw light on this s…
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At the bej^inning of things nothing existed but limitless Chaos and Spirit (n-KtJtta). A third lactor is introduced in the form of Desire (toI}*;), correspondinp to the ipoti of Greek legend. Desire arose an a blending (tXox*,) of the 'spirit ' with ' love.' The ultim- ate issue, obscurely described and difficult to in…
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Unfortunately, the polemical bias of ;Eusebiua mars the rational consistency of his quotations. He appears to make his excerpts in order to hold them up to ridicule. Thus Bel creates heavenly bodies after his decapitation. There seems to be a confusion here between Bel and Tiamat, as the cuneiform record appears to sho…
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• How widespread this conception was of a primeval rending afunder of sky and earth Into an upper and lower half may be gathered from the New Zealand Maori myth quoted in Tylor, Prim, Cuiture, 1. 32'.! IT. This feature, we are told, is *a far- spread Polynesian legend.' (cf. Schrader, COT i. pp. 43 ff., 52-r)5). This …
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V. According to the biblical narrative, the world was created by a divine command, and every new stage in the creative process is introduced by the formula ' God said.' Another noteworthy feature to which attention has already been called, is the phrase ' l«t us make man ' (v.*), wherein we have a point «i contact ivit…
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VI. We have now concluded our task of expound- ing the biblical conceptions respecting cosmogony and the cosmos. It is manifestly beyond the true scope of this article to deal with the cosmogonies of Egypt, Persia, and India, though these also exhibit interesting parallels with the Scripture narrative. Undoubtedly ther…
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Eroblems would have remained unsolved. Upon this asis, laid broad and clear in Genesis, the revela- tion of the New Covenant of Redemption in Christ Jesus rests. For the mediatorial work of Christ rests on the Fatherhood of the Creator of all things, and on the supreme worth of man, whom Jesus came to save. Owen C. Whi…
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ConnselloF. — This is the only spelling in mod. edd. of AV. It does not, however, occur in AV of 1611, thourfi ' counsellours ' is found thrice, Ezr8", Pr 12** 15^ ; there the spelling is always ' coun- seller' (or ' Counseller,' Is 1*» 9», Dn 6', 1 Es 8"). The Oxf. and Camb. Parallel Bibles restore ' coun- seller' eve…
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COUKSE COVENANT 509 belongs to the earlier parts of the Pentateuch. The conrageous feats of Jonathan and David and others are related with admiration (e.g. 1 S 14. 17). We hear much of ' men of valour' (Jg, S, etc., and esp. Ch). The faint-hearted are not to be allowed to serve in battle (Jg 7^ Dt 20«, 1 Mac 3"). Be…
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The term bfrith occurs well on to 300 times in OT, ana is rendered ' covenant ' in AV with a few exceptions, e.g. 'league,' Jos 9"'-, 2S 3'^-, and some other places ; ' confederacy,' Ob', cf. Gn 14". The word is used in a variety of signifi- cations, appearing to mean not only covenant but also appointment, ordinance, …
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'1 nese two cases may be taken as types. In Gn OQ.sB. mention is made of the ' curse ' (n^ij). The word may also mean ' oath,' and was used just like ' oath ' as a general name for covenant (Ezk 17") ; in l)t29""and Neh 10-"' both words, 'oath' and ' curse,' are used, though the expressions may merely be cumulative to …
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COVENAOT" COVENANT 511 The covenant was an en^jjeraent or bond assumed by Josiah, and dill'ers little in idea from a vow ; and this sen.ie is even clearer when Hezekiah says, ' It is in min«> heart to make a covenant with J' the God of Israel ' (2 Ch 29'», cf. Ezr 10»). From these passaces it appears that hirith is …
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Some modem writers on OT religion contend that these conceptions regarding J" im[ilied in the notion of covenant cannot have existed so early as the dates assigned to these various covenants. They argue that such covenants as those with Abram, David, and Levi, not to mention the Sinaitic covenant, the basis of which is…
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2. The prophets. — The idea of the divine cove- nant appears very little in the prophets down to Jer and Ezk, two propliets directly under the influ- ence of Dt. The notion of covenant in general is not unfamiliar to them (Am 1», Hos 2", Is 28'»-" 3.3'), but a covenant of God with men is not re- 'erred to except Hos 6'…
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• The word, occurring only here, is very obscure ; LXX 'chosen,' so Vulg. and virtually Targ. ; Aq. AvvijAAai*, e#- UOVENAXT COVENANT 313 and that thon wilt walk in his ways, and keep his statutes and commandments and iud<;ments, and hearken unto his voice. And J" has this day avouched thee that thou shalt be his p…
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Eossible that it was the increasing intercourse ctween Israel and the heathen, and the fact that many of the latter were accepting the religion of Israel, which induced the author of P to preserve a record of this covenant. The Abrahamic covenant (Gn 17) was made with Abraham and his seed. It consisted of a promise of …
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In Deutero-Is. (40 ff. ) the assurance of a new covenant reposes on two great conceptions — the universalistic conception of J"asGod, and that of the invincible power of the knowledge of the true God once implanted in the heart of mankind. J" is God alone. Creator, He that giveth breath unto the people, and in this all…
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COVEK CRACKNELS 615 Abrahamic (Gn 17) ; (2) in regarding circumcision as the sign of it ; and (3) in regarding the Sinaitic revelation as subordinate to the covenant and a means of realizing it — though in a different sense from P. The revelation at Sinai was not the making of a covenant, but the giWng of a law. Wit…
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C0YET0OSNES8 The verb covet and its parts are used in a wider .sense in the Scriptures than the noun covetousness, which has alw ays a reference to property, and is a rendering of the Heb. Vi? and the Gr. TrXtopt^la. In OT there are found frequent denunciations of this sin, which is brought into close connexion on the…
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G. E. Post. CRATES (K/xiT77r), a deputy left in charge of the citadel at Jerusalem (Acra) when the regular governor, Sostratus, was summoned to Antioeh by Antiochus Epiphanes, in consequence of a dispute with the high priest Menelaus (2 Mac 4^). Crates is termed the governor of the Cyprians (t4v {tI tCiv Kt/vpluy, RV …
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CREED CREEPING THINGS 517 guarded by a sok-iiin recital of sacred facts. In both respects it is distiii^lshed from the relifrion of revelation. This rests upon facts, which have to be perpetually made visible, and upon an inter- l)retatiiin of those facts, without which they lo.se their vahie and power as a basis fo…
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LiTKRATCKR. — Swtilnsolt. Apontotic nnd Xicfne Ci'ffda; Hciirllt-y, tltirinonitl Siimliotictt ; Ciisjiiiii, rnffftlrucA-le. etc. ; OHi-lleu e. fr'fH. it. y'liii/ftt/nitiolM u. if. (r/tiubenHreifet ', Luiiiby, //ist, of CrfetiH ; Ziilui. Apoat. Sijmb. (1st>*2) ; nnd tlic works of llalin, Harnack, and Swt'tu rt-ferrtMl t…
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S. U. Driver. '•CREMATION.— It is sometimes stated that burn- ing was the ordinary mode of disposing of the dead among all ancient nations, except the Egyptians, who embalmed them ; the Chinese, who buried them in the earth ; and the Jews, who buried them in the sepulchres. This statement requires a gotid deal of quali…
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CRETE. — Crete, the modern Candia, is an island in the .Mediterranean, 60 miles to the S. of Greece. Its greatest length from K. to W. is loO miles, while it.s width varies from .30 to 7 miles. 'I'he orig. inhabitants were prob. a kindred race with those of Asia .Minor. C. plays a prominent part in the legendary, lus w…
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On a gentle S. wind springing up, the attempt was made to reach Phoenix, and the vessel coasted along the S. shore of C. There suddenly, however, blew down from the island ((tar' aur^t) a wind, Euraquilo E.N.E., in the teeth of which it was found inipos.sible to sail, so the ship was allowed to ecud before the pale to …
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CRIMES AND PDNISHMEN'TS.— .4. CRIMES. — The term occurs in tlie Scriptures as a tr. of the foil, words :—B?;fP, Ezk 7^; .1^. Job 31"; DVK, Gn 26"'; alHa, Ac 25", changed in RV to 'charges,' and 'fault' in AV Jn 18» W" to ' crime ' ; (yKXitfui, Ac 25", changed in RV to 'matter.' Crime is an act that subjects the doer t…
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Bribery in general was forbidden, Ex 23', Dt 16"*, and condemned, 2 Ch 19', Job 15", Ps 26'", Pr 6»= H'^, Is 1^ 33", Ezk 22'^. It was a vice to which rulers seem to have been addicted (1 S 8' 12' Am 5'"). Burglary. — See Robbery. Deb[, while it might be a misfortune, could bo incurred so as to expose to penalty where…
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Irreverence and Dnkindness to Parents. — The command to honour father and mother (Ex 20'-), also inculcated in the Koran (xvii. 24. 25), rests on a Sillied relation corresponding to that of the divine creation. God's majesty is violated when parents are dishonoured (Ex 22'*). Hence the following are prohibited: (1) Cu…
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The f()llowing are either alluded to or mentioned in the liihle and the historical or literary works of the i>eople of Israel : — Anathema (ivaOena). — See sep. art. Curse. Banishment. — Tliere was no provision in the Mosaic code for exile, unless it is to be understood that in some instances he wlio was cut oil' fro…
1,082 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.